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Starting position for the reaching movement. The reaching movements started with the upper extremity in a neutral position at the side of the body and the tip of the second finger in contact with a pressure switch. The kinematic was characterized using an optoelectric system and infrared light-emitting diodes positioned on five upper limb landmarks. As seen on the Figure, electromyography activity was also recorded, but the data were not analyzed in this study.
Source publication
Background:
Tasks chosen to evaluate motor performance should reflect the movement deficits characteristic of the target population and present an appropriate challenge for the patients who would be evaluated. A reaching task that evaluates impairment characteristics of people with shoulder impingement syndrome (SIS) was developed to evaluate the...
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Citations
... In particular, studying the drinking task, a common daily activity task associated with basic shoulder movements [33], could not only increase knowledge about a basic daily activity task [33] but also facilitate comparison with other studies. The drinking task has already been considered in the study of other populations [13,32,34,35] and includes a phase, the reaching phase, reported as reliable to assess the upper limb motor performance in subjects with shoulder pain [36]. ...
... Similarly, there are conflicting reports regarding UT's activity level, with some studies indicating a decreased activity of this muscle and others recommending promoting higher UT activity levels [22,40,41]. Furthermore, it is unclear whether some of the kinematic and muscular changes identified during the lowering phase of shoulder movements in the scapular plane [42,43] would differ if assessed in a more challenging task, such as movement in the frontal plane, which is more associated with shoulder complex changes like decreased subacromial space [36]. On the other hand, assessing other parameters related to the upper limb function, such as movement quality (goal-directed movements [44]; temporal and performance efficiency; or even movement planning [34,45]), could significantly contribute to evaluating the association between scapular alterations and global upper limb function parameters. ...
... The bottle was positioned at a height corresponding to 90° of shoulder elevation [35] in the scapular plane (a position commonly assumed during daily activities [72]) and at a distance equal to the length between the acromion and the trapezium-metacarpal joint of the assessed limb [32]. Participants performed five repetitions of the drinking task at a self-paced speed [32,34,36], with a 30 s rest interval between repetitions, following the verbal instruction "You can drink" [32] (see Figure 1). As the drinking task was the only movement performed at a self-paced rhythm and without a reference to guide the plane of movement, movement quality variables were only assessed for this task. ...
Despite the existence of several studies about the scapula’s position and motion, in shoulder pain conditions, there are still conflicting findings regarding scapular adaptations and reduced research about the scapula’s role during functional tasks. The present study aimed to compare scapular-related kinematic and electromyographic outcomes during different shoulder movements (with and without load) and the drinking task, between symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects. Forty subjects (divided into two groups) participated in this cross-sectional observational study. Scapulothoracic motion, scapulohumeral rhythm, and movement quality (considering trunk compensation, time-to-peak acceleration, and smoothness), as well as the relative surface electromyographic activity and muscle ratio considering the trapezius, serratus anterior, and levator scapulae (LS), were assessed. The symptomatic group presented the following: (1) changes in scapular upward rotation (p = 0.008) and winging (p = 0.026 and p = 0.005) during backward transport and drink phases; (2) increased muscle activity level of the middle trapezius (MT) in all tasks (p < 0.0001 to p = 0.039), of LS during shoulder elevation with load (p = 0.007), and of LS and LT during most of the drinking task phases (p = 0.007 to p = 0.043 and p < 0.0001 to p = 0.014, respectively); (3) a decreased serratus anterior lower portion activity level (SAlow) during shoulder lowering with load (p = 0.030) and drink phase (p = 0.047); and (4) an increased muscular ratio between scapular abductors/adductors (p = 0.005 to p = 0.036) and elevators/depressors (p = 0.008 to p = 0.028). Compared to asymptomatic subjects, subjects with chronic shoulder pain presented scapular upward rotation and winging adaptations; increased activity levels of MT, LT, and LS; decreased activity levels of SAlow; and increased scapular muscle ratios.
... This laid the foundation for exploring recurrent patterns and structures in time series data. Applied recurrence analysis to study upper limb kinematics during reaching tasks revealed the existence of recurrent patterns in joint angle time series, emphasizing the potential for identifying motor control strategies [35][36][37]. [38] employed recurrence quantification analysis to characterize the temporal structure and periodicities in joint angle time series during walking. Investigations by This study delves into the understanding the kinematics of human shoulder during Arnold Press Exercise, combining horizontal and vertical components of shoulder joints (i.e. ...
This research investigates the kinematic characteristics of shoulder and scapula movement during the Arnold press exercise, focusing on the joints of interest including the acromion (l-ai), lateral tip of the scapula (l-ts), C7 vertebra, and T8 vertebra. Using motion capture technology, three-dimensional coordinates of these anatomical landmarks were recorded to capture the dynamic motion patterns. State space reconstruction was performed with optimized embedding dimensions determined to be 7 for l-ai, 8 for l-ts, and 1 for both C7 and T8. Recur- rence Quantification Analysis (RQA) was employed to analyze the recurrence properties of the reconstructed state space, revealing %recurrence rate values of 0.8933 for l-ai, 0.2358 for l-ts, 1.2973 for C7, and 1.2916 for T8.Additionally, recur- rence entropy values were computed to be 20.17 for l-ai, 26.18 for l-ts, 26.44 for C7, and 26.30 for T8, indicating the level of predictability and complexity in the motion patterns. Furthermore, Lyapunov exponents were calculated to assess the system’s sensitivity to initial conditions, with values of 0.3724 for l-ai, -0.3230 for C7, 0.2904 for T8, and 0.27 for l-ts. These findings provide valuable insights into the dynamic behavior and coordination of shoulder and scapula movement during the Arnold press exercise, with implications for optimizing exercise performance and injury prevention strategies.
... The main role of the upper limb is to position the hand in space in order to carry out varied activities requiring coordinated multi-joint movement [1][2][3][4]. To enable this, the glenohumeral joint has more mobility than any other joint in the body thanks to the absence of bony limitations [1]. ...
Introduction:
The main role of the upper limb is to position the hand in order to carry out varied activities requiring coordinated multi-joint movement, which requires mobility and stability at the glenohumeral joint. This is made possible by the interaction between active and passive structures as well as the integration of information coming from multiple systems. This interaction can be compromised by factors such as muscle fatigue and lack of visual feedback, leading to decreased performance. Several studies have investigated their isolated effect without looking at their combined effect.
Objective:
To measure the specific and the combined effects of shoulder muscles fatigue and of lack of visual feedback on shoulder motor control during a reaching task with the arm in an elevated position.
Methods:
60 healthy participants were randomly assigned to one of four experimental groups: 1) control with visual feedback; 2) control without visual feedback; 3) fatigue with visual feedback; 4) fatigue without visual feedback. Subjects had to perform 10 trials of a reaching task in the KINARM robotic arm. Kinematic variables of interest were time taken to complete the task, final error, initial angle of deviation and area under curve. Non-parametric ANOVAs were used.
Results:
Analyses showed that there were statistically significant differences (p < 0,01) for the time taken to complete the task (1.15 s compared to 0.70 s), the area under the curve (0.015m2 compared to 0.009m2) and the final error (0.025 m compared to 0,011 m) between those who had visual feedback and those who did not. No statistically significant fatigue or feedback X fatigue interaction effects were found for all kinematic variables.
Conclusion:
Findings show that lack of visual feedback had an impact on the reaching task performance while fatigue did not. In addition, fatigue did not increase the effect of the lack of visual feedback.
... A recent study assessing intra-rater reliability in stroke patients reported fatigue as a factor that could have contributed to decreased measurement reliability for scapula upward rotation (Pain et al., 2018). Variations in skin motion artefacts (because of scapula sliding under the skin during movements of the shoulder) may also have played a part, which could have been more prominent in the ReachHigh task (Roy et al., 2010). ...
Background
It is important to monitor progress during rehabilitation of stroke patients. To that end, clinical function tests may be supported by three-dimensional kinematic measures. The aim of this study was to evaluate the inter- and intra-rater reliability of three-dimensional kinematic measures of shoulder movements in stroke patients with reduced shoulder function.
Methods
Seventeen patients were tested in three sessions by two trained raters. Three-dimensional motion capture was performed of the more affected upper extremity and the trunk. Measures of movements of the scapula and humerus related to the trunk, the trunk related to the laboratory, the forearm related to the humerus, and temporospatial measures were obtained during two reach tasks from the Wolf Motor Function Test, ReachLow and ReachHigh. Inter- and intra-rater reliability was quantified with intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC).
Findings
In general, range of movements of scapula, shoulder, trunk and elbow and movement time and reach length showed high inter-rater reliability (ICC∞ 0.84–0.98) and intra-rater reliability (ICC∞ 0.75–1.00), A minimum of five trials per task were required to achieve reliable ICC estimates.
Interpretation
Selected three-dimensional kinematic measures can be used reliably to evaluate specific movements of the shoulder in stroke patients with reduced shoulder function.
... for the patients being evaluated. 37,38 In order to be defined as having satisfactory shoulder function, the sum score of the 4 WMFT shoulder items had to reach a level of 17 or more. This level indicates that at least one of the four items included in the sum-score, was performed with a score of 5 defined as "normal, " which can be interpreted as non-compensatory on the WMFT-FAS scale. ...
Background
Several predictors have been associated with upper extremity (UE) recovery after stroke, but characteristics that predict shoulder function after constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT) have not yet been identified.
Objectives
To identify predictors associated with satisfactory shoulder function in patients with reduced shoulder function at admission to CIMT.
Methods
One hundred and seventy five patients were treated using CIMT while in a specialized inpatient hospital. Satisfactory shoulder function was defined according to the functional ability scale of the Wolf Motor Function test. Predictors of satisfactory shoulder function after CIMT were identified using multivariable logistic regression.
Results
Better distal arm function and good proximal shoulder function on admission to CIMT were strong predictors of satisfactory shoulder function, while age and time of admission to CIMT since stroke were not. Seventeen percent of all CIMT-participants with reduced shoulder function pre-CIMT reached a level of satisfactory shoulder function after CIMT.
Discussion
A stantial part of patients with reduced shoulder function reached a level of satisfactory shoulder function after CIMT. Intensive CIMT training, comprising tasks that require both distal and proximal UE function, may increase shoulder function in patients with a potential functional reserve.
... Three-dimensional systems have already been used in several studies to determine scapular position and rotation 1,13,14 . Among them, electromagnetic system for tracking of human movement allows noninvasive, three-dimension, extensive and detailed analysis of the position and movement of body segments 15 . ...
... Although it was not possible to compare findings of this study with those previously reported in literature, studies on the reliability of measures of the dynamic movements of shoulder with the same system also found reliability results from good to excellent and SEM values similar to those shown here 9,13,14 . ...
Electromagnetic systems for motion analysis are claimed as a precise technique for tracking position and orientation of human body segments. To date, reliability electromagnetic tracking was described only for the dynamic assessment of the scapula motion, and no reliability studies on its resting posture or positioning were found. The aim of this study was to analyze intra- and inter-session reliabilities and absolute errors of the scapular orientation and position at habitual resting posture in healthy individuals. Twenty-two shoulder symptom-free individuals non participants in professional or recreational sports activities involving upper extremities were volunteers in this study. The equipment used was 3SPACE Liberty system (Polhemus Inc.). The same examiner collected the kinematic data from subjects in two different sessions, with an interval from seven to ten days. Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC2,1 and ICC2, k) and Standard Error of Measurement (SEM) were calculated. Inter-session reliability ranged from good to excellent (ICC from 0.66 to 0.96) and intra-session reliability was excellent (ICC ≥ 0.97). SEM values found for linear distances were smaller than 0.02 cm and scapular rotations ranged from 0.72° to 5.48°. Results of this study demonstrated that electromagnetic data acquisition of scapula habitual posture is a reliable tool for defining scapular position and orientation in sedentary shoulder symptom-free individuals.
... This study identified statistical and clinically meaningful differences in shoulder kinematics. Differences of $5°for ST upward/downward rotation (McClure et al., 2006), and for clavicular motions (Roy et al., 2010) were considered clinically meaningful based on prior studies of differences in kinematics between those with and without shoulder pain. Also, moderate to large effect sizes were demonstrated for majority of the statistical differences. ...
... Considering that FM patients present several tender points in the cervical and shoulder girdle regions, along with alterations in activity of the trapezius muscle (Gerdle et al., 2010), scapular kinematics might probably be altered in FM patients. Normal shoulder kinematics are vital to everyday activity performance (Roy et al., 2010), given that the shoulder is the reaching guide joint (Vandenberghe et al., 2010). Compromised shoulder movement can cause substantial disability and affect the person's ability to carry out work and daily activities such as eating, dressing, and personal hygiene (Mitchell et al., 2005). ...
... Considering that FM patients present several tender points in the cervical and shoulder girdle regions, along with alterations in activity of the trapezius muscle (Gerdle et al., 2010), scapular kinematics might probably be altered in FM patients. Normal shoulder kinematics are vital to everyday activity performance (Roy et al., 2010), given that the shoulder is the reaching guide joint (Vandenberghe et al., 2010). Compromised shoulder movement can cause substantial disability and affect the person's ability to carry out work and daily activities such as eating, dressing, and personal hygiene (Mitchell et al., 2005). ...
Background
: The core feature of fibromyalgia is pain, which may play a role in various mechanisms that might lead to alterations in shoulder kinematics. Alterations in muscle activity and presence of tender points in the shoulder girdle have already been described in this population, however there is lack of evidence on three-dimensional scapular motion in women with fibromyalgia.
Methods
: Forty women with fibromyalgia and 25 healthy women (control group) matched in terms of age, weight and height, took part in this study. Three-dimensional scapular kinematics of the dominant arm were collected during elevation and lowering of the arm in the sagittal and scapular planes. Pain was evaluated by the Visual Analogue Scale and the Numerical Pain Rating Scale. Group comparisons were performed with one-way ANOVA for pain and two-way ANOVA for the kinematic variables (scapular internal/external rotation, upward/downward rotation and anterior/posterior tilt), with group and humeral elevation angle as categorical factors. Significance level was set at p < 0.05.
Findings
: Fibromyalgia women presented higher pain scores (p < 0.001) than control group. Fibromyalgia women also presented greater scapular upward rotation (p < 0.001, both planes) and greater scapular posterior tilt (p < 0.001, both planes) than the control group.
Interpretation
: Women with fibromyalgia present greater scapular upward rotation and posterior tilt in the resting position and during arm elevation and lowering of the arm in sagittal and scapular planes. These alterations may be a compensatory mechanism to reduce pain during arm movement.
... Furthermore, manual goniometry is often focused only on the extreme values of the ROM while ignoring the variability in joint mobility across the range. A more in-depth characterization of the joint mobility can be obtained using motion capture systems with active or passive markers6789. Although quantification and visualization of reachable/functional workspace is achievable through such a motion capture system, large costs and space requirements often limit their utility in clinical settings. ...
Background:
The concept of reachable workspace is closely tied to upper limb joint range of motion and functional capability. Currently, no practical and cost-effective methods are available in clinical and research settings to provide arm-function evaluation using an individual's three-dimensional (3D) reachable workspace. A method to intuitively display and effectively analyze reachable workspace would not only complement traditional upper limb functional assessments, but also provide an innovative approach to quantify and monitor upper limb function.
Methodology/principal findings:
A simple stereo camera-based reachable workspace acquisition system combined with customized 3D workspace analysis algorithm was developed and compared against a sub-millimeter motion capture system. The stereo camera-based system was robust, with minimal loss of data points, and with the average hand trajectory error of about 40 mm, which resulted to ~5% error of the total arm distance. As a proof-of-concept, a pilot study was undertaken with healthy individuals (n = 20) and a select group of patients with various neuromuscular diseases and varying degrees of shoulder girdle weakness (n = 9). The workspace envelope surface areas generated from the 3D hand trajectory captured by the stereo camera were compared. Normalization of acquired reachable workspace surface areas to the surface area of the unit hemi-sphere allowed comparison between subjects. The healthy group's relative surface areas were 0.618±0.09 and 0.552±0.092 (right and left), while the surface areas for the individuals with neuromuscular diseases ranged from 0.03 and 0.09 (the most severely affected individual) to 0.62 and 0.50 (very mildly affected individual). Neuromuscular patients with severe arm weakness demonstrated movement largely limited to the ipsilateral lower quadrant of their reachable workspace.
Conclusions/significance:
The findings indicate that the proposed stereo camera-based reachable workspace analysis system is capable of distinguishing individuals with varying degrees of proximal upper limb functional impairments.
