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![Schematic of the condensation model [3].](publication/315985561/figure/fig3/AS:1086525475422208@1636059268547/Schematic-of-the-condensation-model-3.jpg)
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![Schematic of the condensation model [3].](publication/315985561/figure/fig3/AS:1086525475422208@1636059268547/Schematic-of-the-condensation-model-3_Q320.jpg)
![Ice on turbine blade [13, 14].](publication/315985561/figure/fig4/AS:1086525475422217@1636059268613/Ice-on-turbine-blade-13-14_Q320.jpg)
![Blade contamination and erosion [15, 16].](publication/315985561/figure/fig5/AS:1086525475426304@1636059268672/Blade-contamination-and-erosion-15-16_Q320.jpg)
Damp air with high humidity combined with foggy, rainy weather, and icing in winter weather often is found to cause turbine performance degradation, and it is more concerned with offshore wind farm development. To address and understand the high humidity effects on wind turbine performance, our study has been conducted with spread sheet analysis on...
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Citations
... Nakakita et al. presented a model for predicting the approximate flow of fluid on an aircraft wing surface and introduced the model and an extensive ice-shaped path in aeroicing simulations to predict the effects of moisture content, droplet size, and pressure elevation [18]. Yue et al. studied the high-humid aerodynamic effect on the performance of marine wind turbine blades through computational fluid dynamic (CFD) analysis and found that the condensation around the edge of the blade causes higher drag, which results in turbine performance degradation [19]. Hochart et al. conducted a study on the performance of wind turbines under condensation conditions and explained that the installation of only one-third of the blade ice-making system could avoid freezing, maintain 90% of the [20]. ...
Low-pressure exhaust gas recirculation (LP-EGR) systems are applied to diesel engines because they reduce nitrogen oxide emission by lowering the internal temperature of the cylinder by mixing the oxides with intake air. However, low-temperature ambient conditions include a large amount of vapor in the mixed gas flowing into the intercooler; when heat is exchanged, the water vapor condenses and is adsorbed on the surface of the intercooler fin to form a liquid film. Condensation occurs as the thermal resistance between the vapor and solid surface increases with the thickness of the liquid film and causing a corrosion due to condensation of the surface. In this study, the amount of condensation was predicted through calculations based on thermodynamic studies. Factors that can cause condensation inside the intercooler (fuel, air, and LP-EGR) were selected as variables. A mathematical formula was established to predict the convergence form of condensation or the amount of condensation over time at various temperature and relative humidity conditions. The formula predicted the condensation amount in the intercooler of the diesel engine, compared it to the actual amount of condensation in the test evaluation with an error of less than 4%. Additionally, because the formula can predict the amount of condensation by changing the heat exchange area of the intercooler, the application range of the formula was expanded to predict the condensation in the intercoolers of gasoline vehicles with different heat exchange areas and fuel types. The condensation error was within 2%, indicating a high consistency. Validation of the formula predicts a reliable amount of condensation under various operating and ambient temperature conditions, which means that both the time and cost of the test evaluation require the determination of the cause before solving the actual condensation problem.
... According to Chamanehpour (2017), regions characterized by lower temperatures are deemed more suitable for wind turbine installation. Also, several studies demonstrated that the air density influenced the power from a wind turbine (Danook et al., 2019;Yue et al. 2017;Guerrero-Villar et al., 2019;Kassem et al., 2021aKassem et al., , 2021bKassem et al., , 2021c. ...
Evaluating the wind resources in Sudan is of paramount importance for advancing wind power projects. This assessment constitutes a crucial step in enhancing energy security, alleviating environmental issues, and effectively addressing the prevailing electricity crisis. However, due to the lack of meteorological data including wind speed, gridded satellite data are key to next-generation wind resource assessment and forecasting. Consequently, for the first time, the main aim of the present study is to assess the potential of wind energy as an alternative means of electricity supply in 60 selected locations throughout Sudan, utilizing satellite and reanalysis data. Three gridded datasets (TerraClimate, NASA POWER data, and ERA-5) are used to assess the wind resource and for potential wind farm installation in the future. The results indicate that the gridded datasets have influenced the evaluation of wind energy potential in the country due to biases in these datasets. The biases in the wind energy evaluations are predictable from the statistical differences between gridded datasets and measures and can be used to select the best dataset. Accordingly, the results demonstrated that four locations are deemed suitable for the installation of the wind farm in the future. Furthermore, this study seeks to propose a techno-economic model to analyze the cost of wind energy production, taking into account eight standard wind turbines as well as the Barber wind turbine design (a type of Ferris wheel wind turbine). The results indicate that Barber wind turbines have proven to be highly competitive when compared to their eight conventional commercial counterparts. As a result, this research highlights the potential for wind turbines to offer a reliable, cost-effective, and uninterrupted source of clean electricity, particularly in regions plagued by frequent power outages.
... On the other hand, foggy weather and frost caused by water vapor condensation also lead to reduced efficiency. 48 In Table 1 we can see a summary of what was said about VCC Condensation systems. ...
Although science has made great strides in recent years, access to fresh water remains a major challenge for humanity due to water shortage for two-thirds of the world's population.
... Damp air with high humidity combined with foggy, rainy weather and icing in winter weather often causes turbine performance degradation, that difficult the offshore wind farm development [87,88]. Foggy weather with micro water droplets (including rainy weather) may cause higher drag and degrades turbine performance. ...
A novel procedure is introduced to optimise floating turbines' placement in a wind farm. In the approach, the ‘Weighted Product Model (WPM)'is used, which is a Multi-Criteria Decision Method (MCDM). The turbine position is made by the mean of technical, economic, and environmental criteria. Moreover, experts' knowledge is introduced in the framework through the Ranking Method (RM). As test cases, two areas previously identified as potential locations for a floating wind farm are grid-characterised on square cells representing the turbine locations. As a result, the methodology proposed presents the optimal arrangement of the wind turbines in the wind farms based on the WPM-RM method. The results confirm the usefulness of the method for wind turbines micro-siting on floating wind farms.
... The authors classified and defined the typical flow regimes in swirling gas-liquid flow by visual observations. The Eulerian wall film (EWF) model in FLUENT software showed the advantages of high computational efficiency in simulating liquid wall film flow (Yue et al., 2017). Yue et al. (Yue et al., 2019) used an Eulerian wall film (EWF) model to numerically study the effects of fluid properties and operational conditions on the flow behavior of an upper swirling liquid film in a GLCC demister. ...
In many processes, the product gas stream contains liquid droplets that easily condense or solidify, which can deteriorate demister performance and even block equipment during gas–liquid separation. We proposed a falling film co-current flow cyclone demister (F2CFCD) to solve the above problems. The novel idea is that an additional stream of solvent fluid is added to the gas stream containing the droplets. After injecting the demister, the solvent fluid forms a film on the wall of F2CFCD. When the droplets are separated to the wall surface by centrifugal force, they are dissolved by the liquid film, thereby avoiding crust formation. In this work, the gas–liquid flow characteristics and the performance of F2CFCD are investigated numerically and experimentally. A hot-wire anemometer (HWA) is used to measure the gas velocity, and a conductivity method is used to measure the liquid film thickness. A coupled numerical model of the RSM-DPM and Eulerian wall film (EWF) model is applied to discuss the effect of the gas–liquid flow rate on the flow field in the demister. The liquid volume flow rates ranges from 0.5–10.5 m³/h, and the gas volume flow rates range from 640–894 m³/h. The gas flow pattern and the liquid film flow regimes are explored in the F2CFCD. A film thickness model is established to evaluate the average film thickness in the waterfall regime. Experimental observations illustrate that F2CFCD has a high separation efficiency for droplets under all conditions.
... A detailed review including the effects of icing on modeling procedures for wind turbines was recently presented by Martini et al. [57]. Besides, Ye et al. [58] considered various scenarios in their numerical simulations, including damp air, humidity, water condensation and icing on the blades of an offshore turbine. Their results hinted that thin films developed over blades due to condensation of water did not influence the aerodynamics or power generation of the turbine. ...
Offshore wind turbines are becoming increasingly popular due to their higher wind energy harnessing capabilities and lower visual pollution. Researchers around the globe have been reporting significant scientific advancements in offshore wind turbines technology, addressing key issues, such as aerodynamic characteristics of turbine blades, dynamic response of the turbine, structural integrity of the turbine foundation, design of the mooring cables, ground scouring and cost modelling for commercial viability. These investigations range from component-level design and analysis to system-level response and optimization using a multitude of analytical, empirical and numerical techniques. With such wide-ranging studies available in the public domain, there is a need to carry out an extensive yet critical literature review on the recent advancements in offshore wind turbine technology. Offshore wind turbine blades’ aerodynamics and the structural integrity of offshore wind turbines are of particular importance, which can lead towards system’s optimal design and operation, leading to reduced maintenance costs. Thus, in this study, our focus is to highlight key knowledge gaps in the scientific investigations on offshore wind turbines’ aerodynamic and structural response. It is envisaged that this study will pave the way for future concentrated efforts in better understanding the complex behavior of these machines.
... The main advantages of using composite materials are having the best mechanical properties and being light in weight. Wind turbine blades have the highest cost component of a turbine [40,49], and an average of ten kg of blade material is needed per one kW of power generation [81]. The performance of the blade mainly depends upon its geometry and the type of airfoil [82]. ...
... Wind is a form of solar energy, thus the result of the uneven heating of the atmosphere through the sun, the irregularities of the earth's surface, and the rotation of the earth [81]. The kinetic energy in the wind, thus, depends on the density of the air. ...
... In other words, the denser the air, the more energy obtained by the wind turbine. A very high humidity combined with foggy, rainy weather, and icing in winter often reduces turbine performance [81]. At normal atmospheric pressure and 15°Celsius, air density is 1.225 kg/m 3 , but it decreases slightly with increasing humidity. ...
The share of wind-based electricity generation is gradually increasing in the world energy market. Wind energy can reduce dependency on fossil fuels, as the result being attributed to a decrease in global warming. This paper discusses and reviews the basic principle parameters that affect the performance of wind turbines. An overview presents the introduction and the background of energy consumption, following the order of the elaboration of wind turbines, including mathematical models, categories of wind turbines were critically discussed. Moreover, it also focuses on materials that are commonly considered for wind turbine manufacturing, and the process used to recycle them. The scale of recycling methods for fiberglass and thermoplastic is presented in the respective section. Various parameters that reduce the function of wind turbines are explained in depth. This review also discusses various environmental impacts of wind turbines. Future research studies are suggested in the conclusion section.
... In fact, measuring wind speed is necessary to calculate the annual energy production of a wind farm. Therefore, in the literature, several studies demonstrated that the air density influenced the power from a wind turbine (Danook et al. 2019;Yue et al. 2017;Guerrero-Villar et al. 2019;Ulazia et al. 2019). For example, Danook et al. (2019) found that the humid air implies lower density resulting in lower power from a wind turbine. ...
... For example, Danook et al. (2019) found that the humid air implies lower density resulting in lower power from a wind turbine. Yue et al. (2017) concluded that at high temperatures, the high humidity effect on air density cannot be ignored for annual energy production calculations. ...
With the increasing consumption of fossil fuel, reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions has become a serious issue that has attracted worldwide attention. Therefore, Lebanon is currently interested in utilizing renewable energy technologies to reduce energy dependence on oil reserves and GHG emissions. The present study is focused on solar and wind power potential and the economic viability of wind/solar systems for the Rayak region in Lebanon for the first time. The input data sources for the study including the Meteorological data for wind speed and NASA database for solar energy. In the assessment of wind energy, a two-parameter Weibull distribution function was used to analyze the characteristics of wind speed. Yearly and seasonal Weibull parameters were calculated for 10 m height using the Maximum likelihood method. In addition, yearly and seasonal wind power density values were calculated. The results showed that the mean annual wind speed and wind power density values were 5.884 m/s and 124.534 W/m2, respectively, during the investigation period. It can be concluded that the value of wind power density at the region was classified as marginal wind power potential and high-scale wind turbines can be used to gather wind energy potential in the region. Furthermore, predicting wind speed depends on various atmospheric factors and random variables. Therefore, 63 ANN models are developed by varying the meteorological parameters to predict the daily wind speed in the selected region. All the models with various combinations are validated and the performances of the models are analyzed using root mean squared error. The results demonstrated that the most relevant input variables for predicting the daily wind speed were found to be temperature, pressure, and relative humidity. In the assessment of wind energy, average monthly global solar radiation data were evaluated. It is found that the annual global solar radiation was 1877.41 kWh/m2, which indicates the selected region has high solar resources and is categorized as an excellent potential class. Moreover, this study provides a comprehensive and integrated feasibility analysis of 100 MW grid-connected wind and solar projects economic projects that can be developed in the country to reduce the electricity crisis and GHG emissions. Several different economic and financial indicators were calculated. The results indicate that the wind farm is a more economical option than the solar plant because of the higher values of NPV, BCR, ALCS, and IRR as well as the lower values of EB, SB, and LCOE.
... Additionally, the software often became unresponsive as it dealt with million droplets in the domain. Another CFD related work associated with wind turbine was conducted by Yue e al. [93]. However, the methodology was different. ...
This work investigates the impact of rain on the power production of a wind turbine, including structural flexibility effects. Wind turbines are subjected to numerous conditions, including the change of weather, such as snow, hail and rain. In the available literature, the main focus has been given to the effects of snow rather than rain. In this study, a strong one–way fluid–structure interaction (FSI) approach was utilised to investigate the interconnected characteristics of the fluid and structural domains. The Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) approach incorporated with multiple reference frame (MRF), discrete phase modelling (DPM) and wall–film model were used to investigate the aerodynamic behaviour of the selected geometries. The NACA 0012 and S809 aerofoils were used as the validation test cases, and then similar methodology was applied for the NREL Phase VI wind turbine. The structural response of the wind turbine was accounted by a three dimensional finite element method (FEM) utilising the shell theory. Parametric studies are included in this work to analyse the effect of rain characteristics towards the surrounding airflow. It was found that the presence of rain negatively affected the aerodynamics of these selected geometries, measured in terms of lift, drag and torque production. For the NREL Phase VI wind turbine, a maximum torque reduction by 19.97% was obtained when the freestream velocity was varied. The aerodynamic penalties were more evident by increasing the rainfall rate up to 18.0% drop of torque respectively from rainfall rate of 3.75 g/m3 to 30.0 g/m3. Nonetheless, higher torque production was found for larger raindrop diameter. An increase by 11.27% of torque was observed when the diameter is increased from 3 mm to 6 mm. In terms of structural response, the thrust showed a dominant influence. Additionally, the amount of the total deformation was dominated by the z deformation in the direction of the thrust. The blades deflections were found between 3.71% and 27.30%, measured in terms of total deflections. Both blades experienced different amount of deformation because they depended on the intensity of the rain droplets at their vicinity, due to the behaviour of the rain particles. Then, the associated stress analysis of the wind turbine was measured in term of von–Mises stress. Similarly, higher von-Mises stress was recorded for the rainy case than the dry condition. As a conclusion, the presence of rain has detrimental effects on the aerodynamic and structural characteristics of a wind turbine.
... Tidal and wind energy are among the most promising renewable energy resources, with offshore energy resources producing approximately 330,000 TWh of electricity annually [1,2]. In recent years, there has been an increasing trend towards the development of large offshore wind installations which operate more consistently than onshore wind resources [3]. Offshore wind and tidal energy resources are both exposed to severe operating conditions such as high humidity and aggressive marine environments. ...
Turbine blades form the main component for energy generation in renewable energy generation technologies such as wind and tidal energy. Non-crimp fabric (NCF) based fibre reinforced composite materials, with E-glass and carbon fibres have been widely used as the main materials for blades. However, sustainable composites using naturally derived fibres such as basalt, are being developed to reduce environmental impact. Basalt fibres require no chemical additives, solvents or hazardous materials for production and are recyclable. However, little information is available in the literature on the moisture ageing effects on failure modes of NCF based basalt fibre reinforced epoxy composites. Ageing is particularly important for applications in coastal wind and tidal turbine installations, which are exposed to high humidity. The current study analyses the effect of moisture ageing on flexural, interlaminar shear and in-plane shear properties and associated failure modes of NCF based basalt fibre reinforced epoxy composite at different stress levels. The results showed no significant impact on flexural stiffness of the composite, but in-plane shear stiffness and strength (flexural, interlaminar shear and in-plane shear) of the composite demonstrated a significant reduction following moisture absorption. Similar failure modes were observed in both dry and wet conditions.
