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Aniline-doped plasma polymerized cineole (PPCin) thin films were produced on glass substrates by plasma polymerization technique under varying Radio Frequency (RF) power levels. PPCin thin films were produced at 30 min deposition time and at 50, 75 and 100 W RF energies. Surface morphologies of pure and aniline-doped PPCin thin films obtained on gl...
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Citations
... 16 1,8-cineole has previously been used as a plasma precursor to create coatings on different surfaces such as glass substrates and polystyrene nanofibers. One study focuses exclusively on characterizing the PECVD coating, 17 while most others explore the coating antimicrobial properties. 2,6,18 Past work solely utilized continuouswave (CW) plasma deposition where the power persists throughout the treatment. ...
The current clinical standards for infected chronic wounds are oral and topical antibiotics. These strategies are problematic because antibiotic resistance can occur with prolonged use. As an alternative to clinical methods, essential oils show promise in preventing bacterial growth. Specifically, 1,8-cineole—an active component in eucalyptus oil—exhibits antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial properties. Applying 1,8-cineole directly onto a wound is challenging, however, due to its volatile nature. To combat this issue, plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) has been established as a method to deposit a stable 1,8-cineole-derived film on model surfaces (e.g., glass and electrospun polystyrene nanofibers). The current study represents an extension of previous work, where both pulsed and continuous 1,8-cineole plasmas were used to deposit a 1,8-cineole-derived film on two commercially available wound dressings. Three surface analyses were conducted to characterize the plasma-modified dressings. First, water contact angle goniometry data demonstrated a decrease in hydrofiber wettability after treatment. Through scanning electron spectroscopy, the surface morphology of both materials did not change upon treatment. When comparing pulsed and continuous treatments, deconvolution of high-resolution C1s x-ray photoelectron spectra showed no differences in functional group retention. Importantly, the chemical compositions of treated wound dressings were different compared to untreated materials. Overall, this work seeks to elucidate how different PECVD parameters affect the surface properties of wound dressings. Understanding these parameters represents a key step toward developing alternative chronic wound therapies.
... Organic polymer thin films have sparked substantial scientific attention in recent years due to their intriguing properties and plentiful reallife applications in gas sensors, supercapacitors, several protective coverings, and various electronic features, including thin film transitions, photodiode, and detector, light-emitting diodes (LEDs), organic photovoltaics [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. The organic polymer thin films can be synthesised using prevalent processing practices, such as thermal evaporation, atomic layer and electro-deposition, chemical vapour deposition (CVD), magnetron sputtering, pulsed plasma CVD, ion beam sputtering, plasma-enhanced CVD, sol-gel, and plasma polymerisation techniques [8][9][10][11][12]. ...
Plasma polymerised N, N, 3, 5 tetramethylaniline (PPTMA) thin films were produced through plasma polymerisation process using aniline derived -N(CH3)2 as a precursor where N, N, 3, 5 tetramethylaniline (TMA) was used at ambient temperature. As-deposited and iodine incorporated PPTMA layers with smooth and pinholes-free surfaces of several thicknesses (d) with structural and electrical (direct current, DC) features were evaluated via various characterisation techniques. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic analyses showed that carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen were present on the thin films’ surface with different possible groups C=O, C-H, C-N, and C=C. Both sets of PPTMA films for DC electrical assessment followed Ohmic and non-ohmic conduction in the low (VLower) and high (VHigher) voltage areas, respectively. At the VHigher region for both films, space-charge-limited conduction (SCLC) tackle is found to be operative, and the current density (J) increases with T and d. The total trap concentration, the free carrier concentration, and the carrier mobility of PPTMA thin films were changed from 4 ± 0.05 × 1030 m⁻³, 2 ± 0.04 × 1021 m⁻³ and 1.3 ± 0.02 × 10⁻¹³ m² V⁻¹s⁻¹ to 1.2 ± 0.06 × 10²⁷ m⁻³, 3.7 ± 0.03 × 1022 m⁻³, and 1.5 ± 0.05 × 10⁻¹² m² V⁻¹s⁻¹ respectively, due to the gradual iodine addition. The activation energy (ΔE) values of iodine-doped and as-deposited PPTMA films at an applied voltage (VA = 2 V) from lower (TL) to higher (TH) temperatures were ~ 0.11 to ~ 0.73 eV (at VA =10 V, 0.10-0.75 eV) and 0.19 to 0.83 eV (at VA =10 V, 0.18-0.87 eV), respectively. The conductivity of iodine-doped PPTMA films was higher compared to the as-deposited ones.
... The research interest in organic thin film coatings has been acquiring popularity in the past several years because of their enchanting characteristics and widespread applications in various sensors and coatings, nonlinear optics, molecular and microelectronic devices, surface hardening of tools, sacrificial layers, passivation of metals, multiple components of spaceships, and optoelectronic devices [1][2][3][4][5]. Organic thin film based coatings also have found possible usages in different electronic devices, such as photodiodes and detectors, organic solar cells, light-emitting diodes (LEDs), and thin film transitions [6][7][8]. However, in recent years, polymer thin film coatings achieved from organic compounds have been drawn appreciable attention by the scientific community for their potential utilization, particularly in organic electronics [9][10][11][12]. ...
... However, at present, plasma polymerization (PPT) is being used, as PPT is inexpensive and can be employed upon all kinds of surfaces in a short period [27,28]. However, many studies have been reported to investigate the chemical, optical, thermal, and alternating and direct current electrical properties of organic polymer thin films using PPT [7,8,10,[29][30][31][32]. There are also some reports on the impact of heat treatment and aging on the various characteristics of the as-deposited PP thin films [18,[33][34][35][36][37]. ...
This article presents a comprehensive analysis on vacuum deposited Iodine-doped plasma polymerized monomer N, N, 3, 5 tetramethylanilin (PPTMA) thin film coatings to comprehend the structural, morphological, chemical, optical, and electronic properties. The as-deposited PPTMA thin film coatings were characterized by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared spectroscopy (IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDAX) spectroscopy, and ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry, respectively. The amorphous nature of the PPTMA thin film coatings was established via XRD analysis. The surfaces of the PPTMA thin film coatings were observed to be smooth and uniform. The IR studies pointed out that the I-atoms get connected to amine nitrogen sites of the TMA structure. The absorption peaks detected at 1683 and 1577 cm⁻¹ indicated the existence of aromatic ring stretching, and the C-C stretched vibrations due to the I-doping into the PPTMA thin film coatings. It was further noticed that the iodine doping resulted the N-H, C-N stretching vibrations shifting towards higher wave number sides of 3384 cm⁻¹, and 1384 cm⁻¹ respectively. In a similar fashion, the optical absorption peaks were also shifted towards the longer wavelength sides (from 300 nm to 380 nm). The direct energy band gaps of the PPTMA coatings were decreased 3.20 eV to 3.04 eV with increasing I-content. Similar types of behaviors were also observed for the indirect energy band-gaps and Urbach energy values of the PPTMA thin film coatings. However, the refractive index, high frequency dielectric constant, and static dielectric constant were gradually increased with the monotonic increase of coatings thickness due to subsequently enhanced I-content.
... In the spectrum of the 1,8-cineol monomer (Fig. 5), there are many characteristic bands which indicate asymmetric (2966 and 2926 cm -1 ) and symmetric stretching of the C-H groups (2883 and 2854 cm -1 ) [44] as well as the bending of the C-H groups (1465, 1446, 1375, 1080 and 1053 cm -1 ) [44]. The bands corresponding to the stretching of the C-C bonds are observed at 1360, 1306, 1271 and 1215 cm -1 . ...
... In the spectrum of the 1,8-cineol monomer (Fig. 5), there are many characteristic bands which indicate asymmetric (2966 and 2926 cm -1 ) and symmetric stretching of the C-H groups (2883 and 2854 cm -1 ) [44] as well as the bending of the C-H groups (1465, 1446, 1375, 1080 and 1053 cm -1 ) [44]. The bands corresponding to the stretching of the C-C bonds are observed at 1360, 1306, 1271 and 1215 cm -1 . ...
... The bands corresponding to the stretching of the C-C bonds are observed at 1360, 1306, 1271 and 1215 cm -1 . The band at 1167 cm -1 corresponds to stretching of the C-O groups [44]. In addition, strong or weak bands located at 1016, 984, 920, 843, 812, 763 and 574 cm -1 are assigned to deformation vibrations of C-H [25,44,45]. ...
In this study, it was aimed to fabricate new effective alternative counter electrodes (CEs) in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). For this purpose, firstly, single-layer graphene (SLG) thin films were grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. Then, these films were separately functionalized with 1,8-Cineole (ppCin/SLG), D-Limonene (ppLim/SLG), and thiophene (ppTh/SLG) by plasma polymerization. Number of layers in CVD-grown graphene determined by Raman, transmission electron microscope (TEM) and Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy. Chemical structures of plasma polymerised (pp) thin films were investigated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Photovoltaic parameters of DSSCs were calculated and electrocatalytic properties of CEs were investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Polymer functionalization greatly enhanced the electrical conductivity and electrocatalytic activity properties of graphene compared to that of SLG. The efficiencies of DSSCs with ppCin/SLG and ppLim/SLG CEs were 1.10% and 1.02%, respectively. As a result, the cell efficiencies of ppCin/SLG and ppLim/SLG could be as alternative materials to Pt counter-electrode.
... The plasma polymerization technique was used to produce polymer thin films on FTO/graphene [36][37][38][39][40]. The aniline used as monomer was gradually leaked into the vacuum environment of the system by means of sensitive valves. ...
In this study, it was aimed to produce graphene/polyaniline nanocomposite thin films as counter electrode materials by PECVD system and to determine the photovoltaic performances of these counter electrodes in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Graphene/polyaniline counter electrode (GPCE) material was produced in two different steps. Firstly, a single-layer and multilayer graphene thin films were produced on the fluorine-doped tinoxide (FTO) substrates. Then, polyaniline (PANI) thin films were grown on each graphene thin films using plasma polymerization technique, and eventually the production of the graphene/PANI nanocomposite was completed. The fabricated graphene/PANI nanocomposites were used in place of platinum (Pt)-counter electrode which is widely used in DSSCs and the photovoltaic performance of these counter electrodes was investigated. The DSSCs consisted of titanium dioxide (TiO 2) nanotube photoanode, N719 dye, iodolyte liquid electrolyte, and graphene/PANI nanocomposite counter electrode. I-V measurements were carried out in order to calculated photoconversion efficiency (PCE) and it was found that the these efficiency of GPCEs changed between 0.56 and 1.36% according to the number of graphene layers. The photovoltaic performance of DSSC, consisting of TiO 2 nanotube photoanode and Pt-counter electrode was 1.1%.
... The plasma polymerization technique was used to produce polymer thin films on FTO/graphene [36][37][38][39][40]. The aniline used as monomer was gradually leaked into the vacuum environment of the system by means of sensitive valves. ...
In this study, it was aimed to produce graphene/polyaniline nanocomposite thin films as counter electrode materials by PECVD system and to determine the photovoltaic performances of these counter electrodes in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Graphene/polyaniline counter electrode (GPCE) material was produced in two different steps. Firstly, a single-layer and multilayer graphene thin films were produced on the fluorine-doped tinoxide (FTO) substrates. Then, polyaniline (PANI) thin films were grown on each graphene thin films using plasma polymerization technique, and eventually the production of the graphene/PANI nanocomposite was completed. The fabricated graphene/PANI nanocomposites were used in place of platinum (Pt)-counter electrode which is widely used in DSSCs and the photovoltaic performance of these counter electrodes was investigated. The DSSCs consisted of titanium dioxide (TiO 2) nanotube photoanode, N719 dye, iodolyte liquid electrolyte, and graphene/PANI nanocomposite counter electrode. I-V measurements were carried out in order to calculated photoconversion efficiency (PCE) and it was found that the these efficiency of GPCEs changed between 0.56 and 1.36% according to the number of graphene layers. The photovoltaic performance of DSSC, consisting of TiO 2 nanotube photoanode and Pt-counter electrode was 1.1%.
... In the literature, such polymers are attributed to conductive polymers such as polypyrrole, polyaniline and polyThiophene (Lakshmi et al., 2015). The conductivity of such polymers can be increased by controlling the coating parameters of the polymers obtained by chemical, electrochemical, photochemical and plasma polymerisation (Bayram, 2018;. PolyThiophene is the most preferred conductive polymer in electronic applications due to both its electrical properties and conductivity control (Kausar, 2016). ...
... Given these studies, it is understood that there is not enough study of the production of PolyThiophene thin films using the plasma polymerisation technique. However, there are some studies that we have done, in which we have used organic volatile molecules and have studied the morphological, chemical and optical properties of the polymer films we have obtained (Bayram, 2018;. In one study, it was determined that the anilinedoped cineole thin films have an optical refractive indices ranging from 1.24-1.57 ...
... In one study, it was determined that the anilinedoped cineole thin films have an optical refractive indices ranging from 1.24-1.57 as increased the RF power (Bayram, 2018). In another research done by us, we have obtained polymer thin films from the terpene molecule at various RF powers, and we have found that these films are strongly antibacterial against S. Aureus . ...
In this study, it is aimed to obtain plasma polymerized Thiophene (ppTh) thin films by Radio Frequency (RF) plasma polymerization technique and to determine optical, chemical and morphological properties of these films. ppTh thin films were fabricated at 25, 50, 75 and 100 W RF power, 15 minutes coating duration and 500 mTorr base pressure. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), FTIR and Uv-Vis spectroscopy were performed to analyze of ppTh thin films. Functional groups of thin films were determined by FTIR spectroscopy, and it was investigated how coating parameters affect the chemical structure of these films. Optical properties such as absorbance, transmittance and optical band gap were determined by Uv-Vis spectroscopy. The optical band gaps of the ppTh thin films were determined to be 2.97 eV, 3.13 eV, 3.17 eV and 3.68 eV with increasing RF power, respectively. In addition, all thin films were highly transparent in the visible region (500 nm), and this transparency tended to increase with increasing RF power. SEM analysis showed that the thin films had nanosphere structure and the radius of these spheres was about 90 nm.
... It is understood that there are some differences for the polymer thin films obtained on substrates at various RF energies. For the monomer, bands at 1624 cm -1 and 1668 cm -1 are associated with C-C stretching [28][29][30][31], while 970 cm -1 , 744 cm -1 and 686 cm -1 can be assigned to C-H deformation [32]. Weak bands at 1448 cm -1 indicate bending of C-H groups in the spectrum [28,29]. ...
... On the other hand, by examining the spectra of polymer thin films, a large peak at 3685 cm -1 represents the OH stretching [33,34], indicating the presence of alcohol. The bands 1054 cm -1 and 1346 cm -1 represent the bonds of the C-H bending [31]. The band at 1054 cm -1 corresponds to the very strong C-H symmetric bend, while at 1346 cm -1 it represents the weak symmetric bending. ...
... However, it has been determined that there are cavities similar to each other on the thin films surfaces obtained at 15 W and 30 W RF powers. It is assumed that the polymer thin films obtained when examined in terms of both the average roughness and the maximum peak are smooth and uniform [26,31]. ...
... The topographical features of PP-PSMs fabricated at suitable parameters have been shown to be uniform, pinhole free, with films being highly-adherent to the substrate [154,[158][159][160][161][162][163]. The uniformity indicates that polymerization reactions occurred on the surface of the substrate in preference to the gas phase. ...
The persistent issue of bacterial and fungal colonization of artificial implantable materials and the decreasing efficacy of conventional systemic antibiotics used to treat implant-associated infections has led to the development of a wide range of antifouling and antibacterial strategies. This article reviews one such strategy where inherently biologically active renewable resources, i.e., plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) and their naturally occurring combinations (i.e., essential oils) are used for surface functionalization and synthesis of polymer thin films. With a distinct mode of antibacterial activity, broad spectrum of action, and diversity of available chemistries, plant secondary metabolites present an attractive alternative to conventional antibiotics. However, their conversion from liquid to solid phase without a significant loss of activity is not trivial. Using selected examples, this article shows how plasma techniques provide a sufficiently flexible and chemically reactive environment to enable the synthesis of biologically-active polymer coatings from volatile renewable resources.
... The topographical features of PP-PSMs fabricated at suitable parameters have been shown to be uniform, pinhole free, with films being highly-adherent to the substrate [154,[158][159][160][161][162][163]. The uniformity indicates that polymerization reactions occurred on the surface of the substrate in preference to the gas phase. ...
The persistent issue of bacterial and fungal colonization of artificial implantable materials and decreasing efficacy of conventional systemic antibiotics used to treat implant-associated infections has led to the development of a wide range of antifouling and antibacterial strategies. This article reviews one such strategy where inherently biologically active renewable resources, i.e. secondary plant metabolites (SPMs) and their naturally occurring combinations (i.e. essential oils) are used for surface functionalization and synthesis of polymer thin films. With a distinct mode of antibacterial activity, broad spectrum of action and diversity of available chemistries, secondary plant metabolites present an attractive alternative to conventional antibiotics. However, their conversion from liquid to solid phase without significant loss of activity is not trivial. Using select examples, this article shows how plasma techniques provide a sufficiently flexible and chemically reactive environment to enable the synthesis of biologically-active polymer-coatings from volatile renewable resources.
