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Scanning electron micrographs of test microorganisms with strongly active crude extracts. Cryptococcus neoformans ATCC 90112 (A-E), Cryptococcus neoformans ATCC 90113 (F), Candida albicans NCPF 3153 (G-I) and a clinical isolate of Microsporum gypseum (K-L) after incubation with 10% DMSO (A, G and J), amphotericin B (B and H), miconazole (K), hexane extract from the mycelia of Penicillium sp. PSU-ES43 (C), hexane extract from the mycelia of PSU-ES190 (D), ethyl acetate extract from the mycelia of Fusarium sp. PSU-ES73 (E and F), ethyl acetate extract from the mycelia of Trichoderma sp. PSU-ES38 (I), and hexane extract from the mycelia of Hypocreales sp. PSU-ES26 (L) for 16 h at 4 times their MIC values. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072520.g002
Source publication
Endophytic fungi from three commonly found seagrasses in southern Thailand were explored for their ability to produce antimicrobial metabolites. One hundred and sixty endophytic fungi derived from Cymodoceaserrulata (Family Cymodoceaceae), Halophilaovalis and Thalassiahemprichii (Family Hydrocharitaceae) were screened for production of antimicrobia...
Contexts in source publication
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... effects of the most active crude extracts against their susceptible test microorganisms were investigated by SEM (Figure 2). SEM images of the targeted cells; C. neoformans, C. albicans and M. gypseum revealed ultrastructural changes due to the active extracts and standard antifungal agents. ...
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... images of the targeted cells; C. neoformans, C. albicans and M. gypseum revealed ultrastructural changes due to the active extracts and standard antifungal agents. Control yeast cell treated with DMSO had well defined, intact shapes with smooth surfaces (Figure 2A and G). C. neoformans treated with x4 MIC concentrations of PSU- ES43CH ( Figure 2C), PSU-ES190CH ( Figure 2D), and PSU- ES73CE ( Figure 2E and F) showed considerable morphological alterations including deformation, shrinkage, collapsed and broken cells. ...
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... images of the targeted cells; C. neoformans, C. albicans and M. gypseum revealed ultrastructural changes due to the active extracts and standard antifungal agents. Control yeast cell treated with DMSO had well defined, intact shapes with smooth surfaces (Figure 2A and G). C. neoformans treated with x4 MIC concentrations of PSU- ES43CH ( Figure 2C), PSU-ES190CH ( Figure 2D), and PSU- ES73CE ( Figure 2E and F) showed considerable morphological alterations including deformation, shrinkage, collapsed and broken cells. In amphotericin B treated cells, rough surfaces were noticed ( Figure 2B). ...
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... images of the targeted cells; C. neoformans, C. albicans and M. gypseum revealed ultrastructural changes due to the active extracts and standard antifungal agents. Control yeast cell treated with DMSO had well defined, intact shapes with smooth surfaces (Figure 2A and G). C. neoformans treated with x4 MIC concentrations of PSU- ES43CH ( Figure 2C), PSU-ES190CH ( Figure 2D), and PSU- ES73CE ( Figure 2E and F) showed considerable morphological alterations including deformation, shrinkage, collapsed and broken cells. In amphotericin B treated cells, rough surfaces were noticed ( Figure 2B). ...
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... images of the targeted cells; C. neoformans, C. albicans and M. gypseum revealed ultrastructural changes due to the active extracts and standard antifungal agents. Control yeast cell treated with DMSO had well defined, intact shapes with smooth surfaces (Figure 2A and G). C. neoformans treated with x4 MIC concentrations of PSU- ES43CH ( Figure 2C), PSU-ES190CH ( Figure 2D), and PSU- ES73CE ( Figure 2E and F) showed considerable morphological alterations including deformation, shrinkage, collapsed and broken cells. In amphotericin B treated cells, rough surfaces were noticed ( Figure 2B). ...
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... yeast cell treated with DMSO had well defined, intact shapes with smooth surfaces (Figure 2A and G). C. neoformans treated with x4 MIC concentrations of PSU- ES43CH ( Figure 2C), PSU-ES190CH ( Figure 2D), and PSU- ES73CE ( Figure 2E and F) showed considerable morphological alterations including deformation, shrinkage, collapsed and broken cells. In amphotericin B treated cells, rough surfaces were noticed ( Figure 2B). Similarly, cell wall invaginations were observed in C. albicans treated with x4 MIC of PSU-ES38CE ( Figure 2I), whereas perforation was noticed in the cell surface of amphotericin B treated cells ( Figure 2H). ...
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... amphotericin B treated cells, rough surfaces were noticed ( Figure 2B). Similarly, cell wall invaginations were observed in C. albicans treated with x4 MIC of PSU-ES38CE ( Figure 2I), whereas perforation was noticed in the cell surface of amphotericin B treated cells ( Figure 2H). For M. gypseum, broken cells were observed in both samples treated with P ( Figure 2K) and miconazole ( Figure 2L) as compared to normal DMSO-treated cells ( Figure 2J). ...
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... amphotericin B treated cells, rough surfaces were noticed ( Figure 2B). Similarly, cell wall invaginations were observed in C. albicans treated with x4 MIC of PSU-ES38CE ( Figure 2I), whereas perforation was noticed in the cell surface of amphotericin B treated cells ( Figure 2H). For M. gypseum, broken cells were observed in both samples treated with P ( Figure 2K) and miconazole ( Figure 2L) as compared to normal DMSO-treated cells ( Figure 2J). ...
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... cell wall invaginations were observed in C. albicans treated with x4 MIC of PSU-ES38CE ( Figure 2I), whereas perforation was noticed in the cell surface of amphotericin B treated cells ( Figure 2H). For M. gypseum, broken cells were observed in both samples treated with P ( Figure 2K) and miconazole ( Figure 2L) as compared to normal DMSO-treated cells ( Figure 2J). The surface roughness of the treated cells was also increased. ...
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... cell wall invaginations were observed in C. albicans treated with x4 MIC of PSU-ES38CE ( Figure 2I), whereas perforation was noticed in the cell surface of amphotericin B treated cells ( Figure 2H). For M. gypseum, broken cells were observed in both samples treated with P ( Figure 2K) and miconazole ( Figure 2L) as compared to normal DMSO-treated cells ( Figure 2J). The surface roughness of the treated cells was also increased. ...
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... cell wall invaginations were observed in C. albicans treated with x4 MIC of PSU-ES38CE ( Figure 2I), whereas perforation was noticed in the cell surface of amphotericin B treated cells ( Figure 2H). For M. gypseum, broken cells were observed in both samples treated with P ( Figure 2K) and miconazole ( Figure 2L) as compared to normal DMSO-treated cells ( Figure 2J). The surface roughness of the treated cells was also increased. ...
Citations
... Using a (Model: RE100-Pro rotatory evaporator, the solvent extracts are condensed. Derived metabolites were directly used to assess the in-vitro assays (Supaphon et al., 2013). ...
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has emerged as one of the most serious worldwide public health issues of the twenty-first century. The expeditious rise of AMR has urged the development of new, natural effective therapeutic strategies against drug-resistant pathogens. Endophytic fungi, which inhabit distinctive environments like endosymbiotic relationships with plants, are gaining interest as alternative reservoirs for novel compounds that exhibit a broad range of chemical diversity and unique modes of action by releasing a variety of secondary metabolites with antimicrobial properties. The objective of the current research was to isolate and identify endophytic fungal species from leaves of Tradescantia pallida and to investigate their antagonistic effects on Multi-Drug-Resistant human pathogens. Endophytic fungus TPL11 and TPL14 showed maximum inhibition in agar plug and agar well diffusion assay. The ethyl acetate crude extract effectively suppressed growth of MRSA (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) ATCC 43300,700699 strains and VRE (Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus) with the Inhibition zone of 22 ± 0.05, 23 ± 0.11 and 24 ± 0.11 mm respectively with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 3.125 µg/mL. Whereas TPL11 fungus revealed antibiosis of 22 ± 0.05 and 21 ± 0.15 mm against MRSA(ATCC 43300,700699) and 24 ± 0.05 mm for VRE with MIC of 6.25,3.125 and 1.56 μg/mL respectively. The MIC (Minimum inhibitory concentration) index further confirmed that both the extracts were bacteriostatic against MRSA and bactericidal against VRE. The isolates TPL11 and TPL14 were identified as Fusarium oxysporum and Nigrospora sphaerica by 18S rRNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencing. To our insight, it is the first report to reveal the presence of F.oxysporum and N.sphaerica in T.pallida and their antibacterial activity.
... Also, the endophytic fungus T. radicus caused a larger inhibition zone, as compared to those caused by A. flavus and A. quadrilineatus, against the growth of the pathogenic fungus Fusarium 1 Figure 2 (2D, 2E, 2K). This zone between the two growing fungi implies antibiosis, which is important as it indicates the effectiveness of the endophytic fungus in producing mycotoxins or antibiotics to inhibit the growth of the pathogenic fungus (48). From the results of the antagonistic activities of the endophytic fungi isolated from A. vera plant against some of the plant-pathogenic fungi on the solid medium in the dual culture, demonstrate that some of the endophytic fungi showed the ability to compete with the pathogenic fungi for space or food. ...
... Based on these different activities, endophytic fungi can be used efficiently in biological control against fungal pathogens. The results of the antagonistic efficacy shown in this study are consistent with those of (45) and (26) and (48) in terms of the comparable growth inhibition rates of these pathogenic fungi and others caused by endophytic fungi isolated from different plants. ...
The present study was aimed to test the antagonistic activity of endophytic fungi isolated from Aloe vera leaves against a number of plant-pathogenic fungi. The results showed that the highest antagonistic activity was exerted by Penicillium chermesinum against the pathogenic fungus Rhizoctonia solani, with an inhibition rate of 78.57%. Also, Talaromyces verruculosus and P. chermesinum showed their highest antagonistic activities against pathogenic fungus Fusarium 1 with inhibition rates of 61.79% and 61.53%, respectively, while T. verruculosus showed an inhibition rate of 62.91% against the pathogenic fungus Fusarium 2. Most of the endophytic fungi showed the least percentage of inhibition against Macrophomina phaseolina compared to the rest of the pathogenic fungi. The fungal filtrates showed a concentration-dependent inhibition rate against the plant pathogens, with a range of 0.00-48.13%. The highest inhibitory activity of Aspergillus niger was recorded at a concentration of 60% against Fusarium 2, R. solani, and Fusarium 1, with rates of 48.13, 37.39, and 36.66%, respectively. The results also showed the ineffectiveness of all fungal filtrates against the pathogenic fungus M. phaseolina. Chemical analysis of the filtrates of the endophytic fungi which showed antagonistic activity against pathogenic fungi was also conducted by using GC-MS. The results showed the presence of effective compounds with biological effects, such as Pentadecanoic acid, Oleic Acid, Limonene, cis-Vaccenic acid, Hexanedioic acid, bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester, Cycloheptasiloxane, and tetracamethyl-.
... isolated from marine organisms was discovered to produce novel compounds like sesquiterpenes and cytochalasins [41,42] while Xylaria produced like xylariphilone [5], cytochalasin D [43], and phenolics compounds [18]. These compounds were reported to have antimicrobial [18,20,44], cytotoxic [22], antifungal [17], and antioxidant activities [18]. On the other hand, B. bassiana produced iron siderophores and solubilize phosphate, promoting plant growth [39,45]. ...
Sordariomycete is one of the dominant components of the endophytic community in seagrasses. However, there are still many species under this group that still need to be described. Among the tropical seagrasses, the Philippines had the least number of endophytic Sordariomycete reported. This study reports the isolation of endophytic Sordariomycete from Enhalus acoroides, Cymodocea serrulata, and Thalassia hemprichii. Seagrass samples were collected from the coastal areas of Hilutungan Channel, Cebu, Central Philippines using a sterilized razor. Explants from seagrass samples were surface-sterilized, inoculated in culture plates, and incubated for 14 days at 27±2°C. Fungi that grew from the edge of explants were purified and identified through morphological and molecular methods using ITS sequences. Molecular phylogeny was inferred by neighbor-joining with 1000 bootstrap replications. Three species of Sordariomycete were identified in this study. Fungal isolates from the rhizomes and roots of Cymodocea serrulata had 99.84% nucleotide similarity with Eutypella sp. Isolates from the rhizomes and roots of Enhalus acoroides had a 100% match identity with Beauveria bassiana. While the isolate from the leaf of Thalassia hemprichii had a 99% nucleotide affinity to Xylaria apoda. These isolates formed a well-supported clade with their closest match taxa at 100% bootstrap support. The estimate of evolutionary divergence between the isolates’ sequences and their reference taxa was 0.0, suggesting no nucleotide base substitutions per site. The identification of seagrass isolates as Eutypella sp., Beauveria bassiana, and Xylaria apoda is hereby supported. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that endophytic fungi from the Philippine seagrass did not cluster with any fungal species previously reported from the Philippines, suggesting different species. To our knowledge, Eutypella sp., Beauveria bassiana, and Xylaria apoda were the first reports of endophytic Sordariomycete in Philippine seagrasses. The isolation of these endophytes is promising because these genera are a rich source of novel compounds and biocontrol agents.
... Con esta metodología se detectaron varios géneros de hongos que complementan la amplia información de hongos endófitos que han sido aislados de pastos marinos de la familia Hydrocharitacea a través de técnicas de aislamiento tradicional (Newell y Fell, 1980;Mata Cebrián et al., 2013,) incluida T. testudinum y que en su mayoría corresponden a ascomicetos, como ha sido registrado previamente (Supaphon et al., 2017). Algunos de ellos son comunes en rizomas y hojas de pastos marinos como Penicillum y Aspergillus (Rodríguez, 2008;Supaphon et al., 2013;Venkatachalam et al., 2015;Ettinger y Eisen, 2020) que también han sido aislados de aguas del Caribe colombiano (Santos-Acevedo, 2018). Otros, aunque son patógenos de plantas, han sido registrados en ambientes marinos como Steccherinum, Bipolaris, Beauveria, Cercospora, Alternaria (Manamgoda et al., 2014;Jones et al., 2015), o son parásitos de hongos (Papiliotrema), o se han registrado en palmas estuarinas como Hyphoderma (Loilong et al., 2012). ...
... Sin embargo, se detectaron varios Basidiomicetos típicos de ambientes terrestres y saprófitos With this methodology, several fungi genera were identified which complement the large amount of information on endophyte fungi that have been isolated from seagrasses in the family Hydrocharitacea by means of traditional isolation techniques (Newell and Fell, 1980;Mata Cebrián et al., 2013), including T. testudinum, which mostly correspond to Ascomycota as previously recorded (Supaphon et al., 2017). Some of them are common in the rhizomes and leaves of seagrasses such as Penicillum and Aspergillus (Rodríguez, 2008;Supaphon et al., 2013;Venkatachalam et al., 2015;Ettinger and Eisen, 2020), which have also been isolated in waters of the Colombian Caribbean (Santos-Acevedo 2018). Others, although they are plant pathogens, have been recorded in marine environments, such as Steccherinum, Bipolaris, Beauveria, Cercospora, and Alternaria (Manamgoda et al., 2014;Jones et al., 2015), are parasites of fungi (Papiliotrema), or have been recorded in estuarine palms such as Hyphoderma (Loilong et al., 2012). ...
Se evaluó la presencia de hongos endófitos en hojas de Thalassia testudinum a través del secuenciamiento de la región ITS encontrando abundancias de Ascomicetos (35,9 %), Basidiomicetos (2,9 %) y un alto porcentaje (60 %) de secuencias no clasificadas dada la limitada base de datos existentes. La familia más abundante fue Saccharomycetales _fam_Incertae_sedis (Ascomicetos) aunque un gran número de secuencias no pudieron ser identificadas a este nivel, mientras que, en Basidiomicetos la familia más abundante fue Sporidiobolaceae. A nivel de género se observó variedad tanto de Ascomicetos como de Basidiomicetos, incluyendo levaduras y hongos filamentosos y se evidenció diferencia entre áreas de muestreo. Los resultados demuestran que la microbiota endófita de T. testudinum es muy variada e incluye géneros no descritos previamente de los que se desconoce su interacción con el hospedero y su papel en el mantenimiento de la salud de estas praderas de pastos marinos en el Caribe Colombiano.
... In recent years, aquatic plant-derived fungi have proved themselves to be an interesting study object due to their unique living conditions in comparison to those from terrestrial origins [6][7][8]. Seagrasses are principally monocotyledons of four families (Posidoniaceae, Zosteraceae, Hydrocharitaceae and Cymodoceaceae) with permanent residence in marine environments [9]. Most studied seagrass-derived fungi are Fusarium sp. ...
... PSU-ES64 from Halophila ovalis and Pestalotiopsis sp. PSU-ES194 from Enhalus acoroides, with the production of a b-resorcylic macrolide, phthalide, as well as meroterpenoid, isocoumarin, and phenol derivatives [7,10,11]. Despite the prosperous potential in exploiting novel compounds, few studies have been conducted on seagrass-derived ascomycetes. ...
... E 109 21.965') and symbolized as N33.2. The isolation of N33.2 from the aquatic plant was carried out following the method described previously by [7], whereby surface sterilization by 10% ethanol and 3% sodium hypochlorite in combination with incubation on potato dextroseseawater agar (PDA-SW) were applied. The fungus was genetically identified by BLASTn analysis of the ITS sequence using the universal eukaryotic primers ITS1 and ITS4 [17,18] and morphologically characterized following [19]. ...
Genus Penicillium comprising the most important and extensively studied fungi has been well-known as a rich source of secondary metabolites. Our study aimed to analyze and investigate biological activities, including in vitro anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic properties, of metabolites from a marine-derived fungus belonging to P. levitum. The chemical compounds in the culture broth of P. levitum strain N33.2 were extracted with ethyl acetate. Followingly, chemical analysis of the extract leaded to the isolation of three ergostane-type steroid components, namely cerevisterol (1), ergosterol peroxide (2), and (3β,5α,22E)-ergosta-6,8(14),22-triene-3,5-diol (3). Among these, (3) was the most potent cytotoxic against human cancer cell lines Hep-G2, A549 and MCF-7 with IC50 values of 2.89, 18.51, and 16.47 µg/mL, respectively, while the compound (1) showed no significant effect against tested cancer cells. Anti-inflammatory properties of purified compounds were evaluated based on NO-production in LPS-induced murine RAW264.7 macrophages. As a result, tested compounds performed diverse inhibitory effects on NO production by the macrophages, with the most significant inhibition rate of 81.37 ± 1.35% at 25 µg/mL by the compound (2). Interestingly, compounds (2) and (3) exhibited inhibitory activities against pancreatic lipase and α-glucosidase enzymes in vitro assays. Our study brought out new data concerning the chemical properties and biological activities of isolated steroids from a P. levitum fungus.
... 16 In folk medicine, seagrasses have been employed for many therapeutic purposes such as skin diseases, fever, wounds, stomach problems, muscle pains and as a remedy against different kinds of rays. 17 They also provide different pharmacological activities like antioxidant, 18 anti-microbial, 19 anti-viral, 20 stomach problems, 21 anti-diabetic, 22 wounds, 23 tranquillizer, 24 anti-cancer 25 activities etc. These plants have bioactive constituents with potential pharmacological uses, but their use is limited owing to scarce scientific evidence. ...
... The extraction of bioactive compounds was carried as described by the method of Supaphon et al. [25]. Briefly, fungal strains were grown in PDB for three weeks in static circumstances at 28 °C. ...
Crop loss brought on by phytopathogens is a significant issue that affects the entire world. Synthetic pesticides have been used for years to prevent economic losses caused by phytopathogens, raising severe worries about the environment and public health. Therefore, today, there is growing interest in using helpful microorganisms to control plant pathogens. In this way, Aspergillus chevalieri AGH-1 OP593083 and Aspergillus egyptiacus AGH-4 OP593080 isolated from wheat rhizosphere have been applied as plant growth-promoting fungi (PGPF) for combating early blight disease caused by Alternaria solani ( A. solani ) and inducing the defense system and growth promotional strategies in Vicia faba . Two milligrams per milliliter ethyl acetate crude extracts of A. chevalieri and A. egyptiacus demonstrated effective antifungal efficacy against A. solani with an inhibition zone of 18 and 16 mm respectively compared with 20 mm attained by fluconazole as a positive control. Moreover, the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were (0.25 and 0.5 mg/ml) for A. chevalieri and A. egyptiacus extracts respectively. Data showed that A. chevalieri was the best isolate producing indole acetic acid (IAA) and siderophores (+ + +) followed by A. egyptiacus (+ +). Also, the best isolates capable of phosphate solubilization in the soil was A. egyptiacus (+ + +), followed by A. chevalieri (+ +). It is interesting that the PGPF isolates used, whether single or mixed, showed a significant improvement in all growth and yield as well as photosynthetic pigments in Vicia faba . Moreover, A. chevalieri and A. egyptiacus played an important role in improving plant immunity by increasing phenol, proline, and antioxidant enzymes (POD and PPO) activities, as well as reducing oxidative stress by reducing MDA and H 2 O 2 . We can conclude that A. chevalieri and A. egyptiacus are considered eco-friendly safe strong inducers of Vicia faba plant immunity alternatives to chemical pesticides against A. solani early blight to preserve plant, soil, and human health.
... Ethyl acetate extract with the highest antibacterial activ ity was investigated its effect on bacteria using SEM anal ysis based on Supaphon et al. (2013). The bacteria were treated with ethyl acetate extract at four times of MIC con centration and incubated for 18 h. ...
One of promising bio-prospect as producer of an antibacterial compound is endophytic fungi that live in endemic plants. This research is aimed to evaluate the endophytic fungi antibacterial compound from Mangifera casturi, an South Kalimantan endemic plant that has ethnobotanical utilisation in the pharmaceutical field. The bioactive compounds of 13 endophytic fungi were extracted using ethyl acetate and evaluated for antibacterial activity using disc diffusion assay. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was measured by the serial broth dilution method. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was used to examine cell damage due to the effect of the extract. The antibacterial compounds then were detected using GC-MS analysis. The endophytic fungi were identified morphologically and molecularly based on ITS rDNA sequence. Among 13 isolates, endophytic fungi identified as Botryosphaeria rhodina AK32 able to produce antibacterial compounds that exhibited the highest activity and have a broad spectrum, moreover capable against resistant bacteria (MRSA) with 1.56% of MIC value for all of the test bacteria. AK32 ethyl acetate extract was inhibiting the cell wall synthesis and penetrate the outer membrane of bacteria. Based on GC-MS, antibacterial compounds of AK32 ethyl acetate extract were di-n-octylphthalate, phenol, 2-methyl-, 4-pentadecyne, 15-chloro-, benzeneacetonitrile, and benztriazole.
... Recent studies have shown that endophytic fungi with the ability to produce active substances that inhibit pathogenic fungi can be isolated and screened from different tissues and organs of healthy plants [13][14][15][16][17][18]. For example, the organic crude extracts isolated from Trichoderma erinaceum significantly inhibited the mycelial growth of Pythium ultimum [19]. ...
Background
To explore the community composition and diversity of the endophytic fungi in Taxillus chinensis, samples of the parasites growing on seven different hosts, Morus alba, Prunus salicina, Phellodendron chinense, Bauhinia purpurea, Dalbergia odorifera, Diospyros kaki and Dimocarpus longan, were isolated. The strains were identified by their morphological characteristics and their internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences.
Results
150 different endophytic fungi were isolated from the haustorial roots of the seven hosts with a total isolation rate of 61.24%. These endophytic fungi were found to belong to 1 phylum, 2 classes, 7 orders, 9 families, 11 genera and 8 species. Among of them, Pestalotiopsis, Neopestalotiopsis and Diaporthe were the dominant genera, accounting for 26.67, 17.33 and 31.33% of the total number of strains, respectively. Diversity and similarity analyses showed that the endophytic fungi isolated from D. longan (H’=1.60) had the highest diversity index. The highest richness indexes were found in M. alba and D. odorifera (both 2.23). The evenness index of D. longan was the highest (0.82). The similarity coefficient of D. odorifera was the most similar to D. longan and M. alba (33.33%), while the similarity coefficient of P. chinense was the lowest (7.69%) with M. alba and D. odorifera. Nine strains showed antimicrobial activities. Among them, Pestalotiopsis sp., N. parvum and H. investiens showed significant antifungal activity against three fungal phytopathogens of medicinal plants. At the same time, the crude extracts from the metabolites of the three endophytic fungi had strong inhibitory effects on the three pathogens. Pestalotiopsis sp., N. parvum and H. investiens had the strongest inhibitory effects of S. cucurbitacearum, with inhibitory rates of 100%, 100% and 81.51%, respectively. In addition, N. parvum had a strong inhibitory effect on D. glomerata and C. cassicola, with inhibitory rates of 82.35% and 72.80%, respectively.
Conclusions
These results indicate that the species composition and diversity of endophytic fungi in the branches of T. chinensis were varied in the different hosts and showed good antimicrobial potential in the control of plant pathogens.
... A selected endophytic fungal strain was cultivated in potato dextrose broth (PDB) for 14 days at 25 °C under static conditions [53]. After fermentation, an ethyl acetate solvent was used to extract the extracellular secondary metabolites [54]. ...
Background
A significant threat to the public's health is the rise in antimicrobial resistance among numerous nosocomial bacterial infections. This may be a detriment to present initiatives to enhance the health of immune-compromised patients. Consequently, attention has been devoted to exploring new bioactive compounds in the field of drug discovery from endophytes. Therefore, this study is the first on the production of l-tyrosine (LT) as a promising bio-therapeutic agent from endophytic fungi.
Results
A new endophytic fungal isolate has been identified for the first time as Rhizopus oryzae AUMC14899 from Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) and submitted to GenBank under the accession number MZ025968. Separation of amino acids in the crude extract of this fungal isolate was carried out, giving a higher content of LT, which is then characterized and purified. LT exhibited strong antibacterial and anti-biofilm activities against multidrug-resistant Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. The recorded minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranged from 6 to 20 µg/ml. In addition, LT caused a strong reduction in biofilm formation and disrupted the preformed biofilm. Moreover, results indicated that LT supported cell viability, evidencing hemocompatibility and no cytotoxicity.
Conclusion
Our findings suggest that LT has potential as a therapeutic agent due to its potential antibacterial, anti-biofilm, hemocompatibility, and lack of cytotoxic activities, which may also increase the range of therapy options for skin burn infections, leading to the development of a novel fungal-based drug.
