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We developed and optimized a new fiber optic sensor using palladium foils attached to optical fiber Bragg gratings (FBG) for hydrogen measurements. Fifteen in parallel processed sensors were characterized and qualified in two custom tailored experimental set ups and their response to a 5% hydrogen/nitrogen gas mixture and the same gas bubbled troug...
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... strain change can be measured via peak wavelength change of the back reflected light with a FBG. After evaluating different design concepts aiming for high hydrogen sensitivity, a sensor based on a 100 μm thick palladium foil and a bare (uncoated) FBG was chosen [5], see Figure 1. A new manufacturing process was developed to further improve the sensor sensitivity [6], which includes a vacuum bagging process of a palladium(foil)-fiber-composite. ...
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... However, FBG sensors are not well-suited for high-frequency dynamic measur ments due to their limited response time [149]. Rapid changes in strain or temperature ca [138]. ...
... However, FBG sensors are not well-suited for high-frequency dynamic measurements due to their limited response time [149]. Rapid changes in strain or temperature can result in incomplete or inaccurate measurements. ...
Optical fibre sensors are an essential subset of optical fibre technology, designed specifically for sensing and measuring several physical parameters. These sensors offer unique advantages over traditional sensors, making them gradually more valuable in a wide range of applications. They can detect extremely small variations in the physical parameters they are designed to measure, such as analytes in the case of biosensing. This high sensitivity allows them to detect subtle variations in temperature, pressure, strain, the refractive index of analytes, vibration, and other environmental factors with exceptional accuracy. Moreover, these sensors enable remote sensing capabilities. Since light signals are used to carry information, the sensing elements can be placed at distant or inaccessible sites and still communicate the data back to the central monitoring system without signal degradation. In recent times, different attractive configurations and approaches have been proposed to enhance the sensitivity of the optical fibre-based sensor and are briefly explained in this review. However, we believe that the choice of optical fibre sensor configuration should be designated based on the specific application. As these sensors continue to evolve and improve, they will play an increasingly vital role in critical monitoring and control applications across various industries.
In the present research, novel next generation, flexible carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and Graphene structures utilized for the channel nanomaterials used in the field effect transistors (FETs). CNTs and Graphene when incorporated for the flexible soft electronic devices improves the conductivity due to high intrinsic carrier mobility for electrons. These flexible and stretchable semiconductors replace conventional silicon-based semiconductor due to high processibility, mechanical strength, flexibility, and low cost in production of the materials. Various methods and strategies incorporated for developing improvised CNT and Graphene based materials such as selection of the gate, dielectric, synthesis, applications, source/drain barrier selection, formation of conducting flexible mechanical layer and sensor utility as flexible electronic devices were discussed. CNTs and Graphene based FETs can be incorporated for flexible, stretchable and highly conducting FETs and to realize the functionalities that could not be achieved using conventional Si based FETs. It is worth mentioning that there are obstacles to improvise the material performance of the CNT and Graphene based stretchable electronics such as reproducibility, easy fabrication methods, reliability, understand the material geometry and their combination process. The experiments carried out to understand the insights of the relationship between CNTs, Graphene as stretchable electronic devices and their fabrication process, conductivity, sensitivity, properties used to improve the materials used in soft electronic devices.
