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Abstract Hybrid processing in millimeter wave (mmWave) communication has been proposed as a solution to reduce the cost and energy consumption by reducing the number of radio‐frequency (RF) chains. However, the impact of the inevitable residual transceiver hardware impairments (RTHIs), including the residual additive transceiver hardware impairment...
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... PSM2 offers the best time savings in ULA representing low computational complexity without compromising the spectral efficiency (SE) shown in Fig. 3a and 3b for ULA, that of UPA is similar. The result is better performing at high SNR compared to an orthogonal matching pursuit (OMP) based estimator [45]. Added to the advantage provided by the basis pursuit (BP) based estimators, it is observed that the spectral efficiency is highly degraded when any of the impairment is modeled as a function of the channel gain [45] and unchanged when modeled as a function of the signal. ...
... The result is better performing at high SNR compared to an orthogonal matching pursuit (OMP) based estimator [45]. Added to the advantage provided by the basis pursuit (BP) based estimators, it is observed that the spectral efficiency is highly degraded when any of the impairment is modeled as a function of the channel gain [45] and unchanged when modeled as a function of the signal. The Frobenius norm and vector norm are used for normalization in the ULA and UPA configurations respectively, to achieve the best NMSE performance in PSM 1-2. ...
In this paper, a three-dimensional geometric channel model characterized by channel gain, angle of arrival, and departure (AoA/AoD) is used to develop a non-ideal and more realistic system representation that accounts for additional signal perturbations other than additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN). Hinged on this, compressive sensing (CS) based channel estimation technique is proposed for millimeter-wave (MM-Wave) massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems with inherent challenges due to hardware impairment (HI). The proposed estimator named dual singular value decomposition (SVD) and Marquardt, abbreviated as DSM estimator aims at tolerating complexity and improving channel estimation accuracy at reasonable trade-offs in the system. The normalized mean square error (NMSE) performance of the proposed channel estimation scheme, with modified Marquardt's global minimum search, achieves higher accuracy at below 0 dB (LoS)/-3 dB (NLoS) signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for uniform linear array (ULA) configuration and performs better for uniform planar array (UPA) configuration. A low-rank range of unit difference is adopted for matrix decomposition twice (dual SVD) per SNR in ULA/UPA setting. The proposed estimator's result shows early convergence during the simulation and a linearly scaled complexity in comparison with one of the earlier proposed schemes in literature in particular the super-resolution channel estimation with gradient descent optimization.
... However, none of the above works are directly applicable to HBFSs. Among the recent works which consider HBFSs with impairments other than IQI, [40] and [41] studied the performance of HBFS when non-linear effects of power amplifiers are considered, [42] studied the effects of residual transceiver hardware impairments in a pointto-point HBFS, [43] proposed a Householder based analog combiner to increase the sum-rate of a UL massive MU-MIMO HBFS for a ill-conditioned MIMO channel, and [44] studied the performance of a massive MU-MIMO HBFS with reciprocity calibration imperfections. However, IQI was not considered in [40]- [44]. ...
... Proof: Please see Appendix H. From Theorem 3, it can be deduced that for a massive MU-MIMO HBFS serving K UEs with N RF RF chains; the extra (N RF − K) RF chains are used to provide optimal FD performance for (N RF − K) UEs, while the remaining (2K − N RF ) RF chains are used to provide hybrid beamforming performance for the remaining (2K − N RF ) UEs. Next, we discuss the insights provided by the closed-form expression given in (42) for the general K ≤ N RF ≤ 2K scenario. ...
... Corollary 7 provides the asymptotic sum-rate expression for the case when there is no IQI and K ≤ N RF ≤ 2K. Hence, from (42) and (43), the difference between R N oIQI sum and R W C sum in the high SNR and large antenna regime can be approximated as ...
In this paper, we consider the uplink (UL) communication of a massive multi-user (MU) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) hybrid beamforming system (HBFS) in which the transmitting user-equipments are affected by IQ imbalance (IQI). We first show that if the transmitter IQI is not compensated, it will result in a finite ceiling of the UL achievable sum-rate at high signal-to-noise ratio, which only depends on the transmitter IQI matrices and is independent of the propagation channel and the choice of the hybrid combining matrices. This justifies the need for transmitter IQI compensation in massive MU-MIMO HBFS. Therefore, we propose a novel zero-forcing based transmitter IQI compensation algorithm to be implemented at the base station which effectively mitigates the undesired effects of transmitter IQI and is applicable for any channel model and any choice of the number of RF chains. For uncorrelated Rayleigh fading channel, we derive an approximate closed-form expression of the UL sum-rate achieved by the massive MU-MIMO HBFS with the proposed transmitter IQI compensation. Finally, numerical results are presented which confirm the effectiveness of the proposed transmitter IQI compensation algorithm in mitigating the undesired effects of transmitter IQI in different channel environments.
In order to improve the quality of millimeter wave communication in indoor environment and ensure the maximum use of link resources. It is proposed to construct indoor communication transmission characteristics through multi sphere link model and indoor millimeter wave reflection blocking model. At the same time, the improved PMVC algorithm and CTRA algorithm are used to optimize the resource scheduling of links in indoor central scenes and edge scenes respectively. The simulation results show that compared with the original PVC algorithm and greedy algorithm, PMVC has a maximum link throughput of 5.01 Gbps under the optimized scheduling of the improved vertex coloring algorithm, while the maximum throughput of the traditional vertex coloring algorithm and greedy algorithm are 4.73 Gbps and 4.57 Gbps respectively. In the case of fixed link transmission beam width, as the number of link flows increases, the slot throughput of the link decreases continuously. Under the width of 30, the maximum slot throughput of PMVC algorithm is 2.75 Gbps, and the maximum slot throughput of greedy algorithm is 2.48 Gbps; When the beam width is 60, the maximum slot throughput of PMVC algorithm and greedy algorithm is 2.25 Gbps and 1.55 Gbps respectively. The proposed PMVC resource scheduling method can effectively alleviate the shortage of indoor spectrum resources and reduce indoor transmission interference of millimeter wave.
