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![Representation of the most common skin disorders [32-43].](publication/355731233/figure/fig2/AS:1094897775984642@1638055380084/Representation-of-the-most-common-skin-disorders-32-43.png)
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![Figure 3. Representation of the most common skin disorders [32-43].](publication/355731233/figure/fig2/AS:1094897775984642@1638055380084/Representation-of-the-most-common-skin-disorders-32-43_Q320.jpg)
The multifunctional role of the human skin is well known. It acts as a sensory and immune organ that protects the human body from harmful environmental impacts such as chemical, mechanical, and physical threats, reduces UV radiation effects, prevents moisture loss, and helps thermoregulation. In this regard, skin disorders related to skin integrity...
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Context 1
... inflammatory skin diseases such as atopic dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis, psoriasis, etc., are a consequence of infiltration of inflammatory T cells [31]. The schematic representation of various skin disorders is shown in Figure 3 [32-43]. The permeation of matter through the SC is possible primarily through passive diffusion in three ways: Transcellular (the bulk of flux), intercellular, and appendageal [24][25][26]. ...
Context 2
... inflammatory skin diseases such as atopic dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis, psoriasis, etc., are a consequence of infiltration of inflammatory T cells [31]. The schematic representation of various skin disorders is shown in Figure 3 [32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43]. ...
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Lipid-based nanosystems enable intracellular delivery of drugs in the oral cavity for the treatment of local diseases. To rationally design such systems, suitable matrix compositions and particle properties need to be identified, and manufacturing technologies that allow reproducible production have to be applied. This is a prerequisite for the rel...
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... Nanotechnology has witnessed the development of various nanocarriers, each designed to address specific challenges in drug delivery. To understand the unique advantages of Aquasomes as nanocarriers, it is essential to compare them with other prominent nanocarrier systems, such as liposomes, micelles, and polymeric nanoparticles 13,14,32,33 . A comparative analysis of aquasomes with other nanocarriers is shown in Table 2. ...
Nanotechnology has revolutionized the field of drug delivery, providing novel strategies to enhance drug efficacy and reduce side effects. Among these advancements, Aquasomes have emerged as promising nanocarriers, representing a unique class of colloidal delivery systems. Aquasomes are three-dimensional, self-assembling nanocomposites composed of a solid core coated with a layer of biocompatible polymers and stabilized by surfactants. Notably, the hydrophilic nature of Aquasomes allows them to encapsulate hydrophobic drugs, thereby overcoming solubility and stability challenges commonly associated with conventional drug formulations. The versatility of Aquasomes in encapsulating a wide range of drug molecules, including small molecules, proteins, and nucleic acids, expands their potential in various therapeutic areas. The applications of aquasomes are examined in targeted drug delivery, enabling site-specific release and minimizing off-target effects in this review. Moreover, the advantages of Aquasomes in improving drug stability and bioavailability are analyzed, and comparative assessments with other nanocarriers are presented. The potential challenges and ongoing research efforts to optimize Aquasome formulations for clinical translation are also discussed. Aquasomes offer a promising outlook for nanotechnology-based drug delivery, showing great potential in addressing existing limitations of conventional drug formulations. The constant progress in Aquasome research fuels optimism for their integration into mainstream therapeutics, revolutionizing medical treatments and patient outcomes.
... In recent years, lipid nanocarriers have become increasingly significant due to their numerous advantages in treating skin diseases [72]. They enable the delivery of drugs to deeper skin layers, maintaining and possibly increasing skin hydration due to the structural similarity between the nanocarrier lipid matrix and that of the stratum corneum [73]. ...
Research progresses have led to the development of different kinds of nanoplatforms to deliver drugs through different biological membranes. Particularly, nanocarriers represent a precious means to treat skin pathologies, due to their capability to solubilize lipophilic and hydrophilic drugs, to control their release, and to promote their permeation through the stratum corneum barrier. A crucial point in the development of nano-delivery systems relies on their characterization, as well as in the assessment of their interaction with tissues, in order to predict their fate under in vivo administration. The size of nanoparticles, their shape, and the type of matrix can influence their biodistribution inside the skin strata and their cellular uptake. In this respect, an overview of some characterization methods employed to investigate nanoparticles intended for topical administration is presented here, namely dynamic light scattering, zeta potential, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, Fourier transform infrared and Raman spectroscopy. In addition, the main fluorescence methods employed to detect the in vitro nanoparticles interaction with skin cell lines, such as fluorescence-activated cell sorting or confocal imaging, are described, considering different examples of applications. Finally, recent studies on the techniques employed to determine the nanoparticle presence in the skin by ex vivo and in vivo models are reported.
... 1. Transferosomes act as drug vectors, remaining intact after penetrating the skin. [71][72][73][74][75][76][77][78][79][80]. The formation of an "osmotic gradient" due to the evaporation of water on the skin surface is the mechanism for penetration (65) . ...
... Fatty acid vesicles will serve as an effective carrier for increasing drug penetration into the stratum corneum resulting in lower toxicity 5. Sphingolipids, which are predominantly composed of amide and ester linkages, make up sphingosomes (32,80,81) . ...
Transdermal drug delivery has gained significant attention as a non-invasive and convenient method for administering drugs. However, the stratum corneum, the outermost layer of the skin, poses a significant barrier to drug permeation. To overcome this challenge, vesicular carriers have emerged as promising systems for enhancing drug delivery through the skin. This review highlights recent advances in the development of vesicular carriers for transdermal drug delivery. Liposomes, niosomes, transfersomes, ethosomes, and solid lipid nanoparticles are among the commonly used vesicular carriers. These carriers offer advantages such as improved drug solubility, prolonged drug release, and enhanced drug stability. Additionally, they can encapsulate a wide range of drugs, including hydrophilic and lipophilic compounds. Various strategies have been employed to optimize vesicular carriers for transdermal drug delivery. These include modifying the vesicle composition, size, and surface charge to enhance skin penetration. The incorporation of penetration enhancers, such as surfactants, has also been explored to improve drug permeation across the skin. Furthermore, advancements in nanotechnology have led to the development of novel vesicular carriers, such as nanostructured lipid carriers and elastic liposomes. These carriers offer improved drug loading capacity, sustained release profiles, and enhanced skin penetration. Moreover, the use of vesicular carriers has shown promise in delivering a wide range of therapeutic agents, including small molecules, peptides, proteins, and genetic material. The ability to encapsulate and deliver these diverse drug entities opens new possibilities for transdermal drug delivery in various therapeutic areas.
... Previous research reported that curcumin-loaded NLCs demonstrated extended release, which proves beneficial for psoriasis treatment. The small particle size (less than 200 nm) of the NLC formulation exhibits a greater surface area, beneficial for skin permeation [63,64]. The 200 nm formulations presented smooth surfaces, as well as a good integrity of the lipid skin bilayer when compared to other particle sizes [65]. ...
Capsaicin and curcumin, the active components of chili and turmeric, are prone to instability when exposed to light. Therefore, this research aimed to enhance the photostability of both extracts via the use of antioxidants, natural sunscreen, and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs). NLCs were chosen for this this study due to their advantages in terms of stability, drug loading capacity, occlusive effect, skin penetration, and controlled release. The photostability of each extract and extracts mixed with antioxidants, including grape seed extract, tea extract, and chlorogenic acid, were determined. Chlorogenic acid can enhance the photostability of capsaicin from 6.79 h to 16.50 h, while the photostability of curcumin increased from 9.63 h to 19.25 h. In addition, the use of natural sunscreen (sunflower oil) also increased the photostability of capsaicin and curcumin. The mixed extracts were then loaded into NLCs. The particle size of the formulation was 153.73 nm with a PDI value of 0.25. It exhibited high entrapment efficiency (more than 95%). In addition, it effectively reduced the decomposition of capsaicin and curcumin. Importantly, the natural stabilizers chosen for NLC fabrication significantly improved the photostability of curcumin and capsaicin by 600% and 567% compared to the unstabilized counterparts. This improvement contributes to the sustainability and bioavailability of these compounds in both cosmeceutical and pharmaceutical products.
... To overcome the challenges for these molecules to reach specific targets and escape from the endosomal system, an efficient and safe delivery formulation is needed [27]. Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are an efficient formulation for therapeutic mRNA delivery to the target tissue [27,28]. Previous studies have tested the local delivery of VEGF-A-modified mRNA to diabetic wounds in mice in vivo. ...
... Importantly, mRNA requires stabilization and protection to prevent degradation once it has reached the step of translation in the target tissue. LNP has been widely used and shows promising effects and acceptable safety [27,28]. In this study, we have used the LNP MC3 as a formulation tool to deliver VEGF-A and FGF1 mRNAs to a wound via topical application. ...
Background: Diabetic foot ulcers (DFU) pose a significant health risk in diabetic patients, with insufficient revascularization during wound healing being the primary cause. This study aimed to assess microvessel sprouting and wound healing capabilities using vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A) and a modified fibroblast growth factor (FGF1). Methods: An ex vivo aortic ring rodent model and an in vivo wound healing model in diabetic mice were employed to evaluate the microvessel sprouting and wound healing capabilities of VEGF-A and a modified FGF1 both as monotherapies and in combination. Results: The combination of VEGF-A and FGF1 demonstrated increased vascular sprouting in the ex vivo mouse aortic ring model, and topical administration of a combination of VEGF-A and FGF1 mRNAs formulated in lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) in mouse skin wounds promoted faster wound closure and increased neovascularization seven days post-surgical wound creation. RNA-sequencing analysis of skin samples at day three post-wound creation revealed a strong transcriptional response of the wound healing process, with the combined treatment showing significant enrichment of genes linked to skin growth. Conclusion: f-LNPs encapsulating VEGF-A and FGF1 mRNAs present a promising approach to improving the scarring process in DFU.
... It gives the skin its thickness and aids in keeping the skin supple. [24] 3 Lipid nanovesicles for transdermal delivery Vesicular systems for drug administration are a highly organized collection of lipids that contain water and one or more concentric bilayers of molecules. Vesicular systems, which include liposomes, niosomes, ethosomes, and, transfersomes are classified as particle-carrying systems. ...
... [29]The vesicle membrane's surfactants have a high degree of distortion, allowing them to pass through skin pores that are much smaller than they are. [24]The concentric bilayer deformability rises when the vesicle bilayeris destabilized, which is straight away related to the edge activator or surfactant containing a single chain having a high radius of curvature. [41]Due to their smaller size which is not more than 300nm and high elasticity which is 5-8 folds more as compared to liposomes andpass intracellularly through skin layers as they can easily deform. ...
In the modern era, there are numerous ways for drug delivery. The change in time has led to the progress of drug delivery systems gaining significant development. Even though most of the drugs are administered orally i.e., in conventional dosage form it has its limitations too like poor patient compliance, metabolism in the liver's first passage, poor absorption, and fluctuations in plasma level.Because our skin is indeed the largest organ, transdermal medication administration has received increased attention in recent years. Many lipids nanovesicles like Liposomes, Niosome, Ethosome, and Transfersomes have been developed as a carrier for transdermal drug delivery. But out of them, Transfersomes are the ones which are of great interest as they show better permeation among all as most of the other carriers cannot pass through the stratum corneum. The method of transdermal medication administration has been used to provide controlled and targeted action and can act as topical and dermal preparation. This review provides basic information about Transfersomes, their mechanism of action, applications, and comparison with other lipid nanocarriers.
... This includes extended release of drugs for improved clinical efficacy, reduction in toxicity and side effects, and minimisation in the frequency of drug administration and alleviating patient discomfort [20]. Currently, liposomal gels find applications as drug carriers for treating various diseases, primarily in the fields of cancer [21], ophthalmology [22], and dermatology, and as dressings for healing surgical wounds [23]. However, they possess vast untapped potential to be used for numerous other disease areas. ...
With the extensive applications of nanomaterials in drug delivery in recent years, nanocarriers with composite polymers, represented by liposomal gels, have been studied for drug delivery for numerous diseases. The drug is loaded inside the liposomal gel and is endowed with specific temperature, pH, enzyme, light, electric field and other stimulating materials; further, the release of the loaded drug is controlled by specific stimuli. Liposomal gels provide better stability for drug formulation and obtaining higher targeting and stimulus responsiveness compared to single nano-drug-loaded materials. Hence, the toxic side effects of drugs can be effectively reduced and the drug delivery efficiency, therapeutic efficacy and safety can be considerably improved. At present, research on liposome gels as drug delivery carriers is still under developing stage, and their advantages as drug carriers will be more useful in practice and become a powerful tool for human beings to cure diseases in the future. In the future studies, the synthesis and stimuli-responsive mechanism of liposomal gels can be further explored to expand their applications in the field of disease treatment and provide more innovative solutions for precision medicine and individualised therapy. This review explores the application of liposome gels with stimuli-responsiveness as drug carriers for treating diseases, the advantages of liposome gels as drug carriers, the methods and principles of their fabrication, the stimuli-responsiveness of liposome gels for targeted release against diseases and its current challenges and opportunities to suggest certain methods and ideas for the development of smarter precision-targeted hybrid nanosystems in the future.
... Investigators have supported the development of the TDDS and have continued to refine the transport carriers for the TDDS in an effort to increase permeation efficiency. TDDSs have gone through four stages of evolution since their introduction in 1981 [12]. Though drugs that may be applied as patches are rare, they are routinely combined with other permeation-promoting techniques in the first-generation TDDS. ...
Skin diseases are among the most prevalent non-fatal conditions worldwide. The transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) has emerged as a promising approach for treating skin diseases, owing to its numerous advantages such as high bioavailability, low systemic toxicity, and improved patient compliance. However, the effectiveness of the TDDS is hindered by several factors, including the barrier properties of the stratum corneum, the nature of the drug and carrier, and delivery conditions. In this paper, we provide an overview of the development of the TDDS from first-generation to fourth-generation systems, highlighting the characteristics of each carrier in terms of mechanism composition, penetration method, mechanism of action, and recent preclinical studies. We further investigated the significant challenges encountered in the development of the TDDS and the crucial significance of clinical trials.
... Therefore, widespread preparations of nano-based anti-aging creams have become more popular, and there are several products that have been commercialized. The most well-known NLCs on the market were launched by Dr. Rimpler GmbH, Lancôme, and Yamanouchi [114,125]. ...
Successful aging" counters the traditional idea of aging as a disease and is increasingly equated with minimizing age signs on the skin, face, and body. From this stems the interest in preventative aesthetic dermatology that might help with the healthy aging of skin, help treat or prevent certain cutaneous disorders, such as skin cancer, and help delay skin aging by combining local and systemic methods of therapy, instrumental devices, and invasive procedures. This review will discuss the main mechanisms of skin aging and the potential mechanisms of action for commercial products already on the market, highlighting the issues related to the permeation of the skin from different classes of compounds, the site of action, and the techniques employed to overcome aging. The purpose is to give an overall perspective on the main challenges in formulation development, especially nanoparticle formulations, which aims to defeat or slow down skin aging, and to highlight new market segments, such as matrikines and matrikine-like peptides. In conclusion, by applying enabling technologies such as those delivery systems outlined here, existing agents can be repurposed or fine-tuned, and traditional but unproven treatments can be optimized for efficacious dosing and safety.
... • During storage, gelling of the dispersed phase occurs. • Another disadvantage is the initial burst release that typically happens with these delivery systems (Stefanov & Andonova, 2021). ...
... Numerous studies ascertained the pH responsively of Niosomes centred on Span® 20 and coated through pH insertion peptide or prepared byproducts of Tween® 20 by diverse pH-sensitive residuals similar to glycine, N-methyl-glycine, N, N-dimethyl-glycine (Schwendener, 2014;Stefanov & Andonova, 2021). These revealed enhanced cytotoxicities over typical niosomes on tumour cells, signifying the part as expedient implements for better intracellular target delivery. ...
Numerous nanotech arenas in therapeutic biology have recently provided a scientific platform to manufacture a considerable swath of unique chemical entities focusing on drugs. Recently, nanoparticulate drug delivery systems have emerged to deliver a specific drug to a specified site. Among all other carriers, lipids possess features exclusive to nanostructured dosage forms. The bioavailability of orally administered drugs is typically negatively affected by their poor water solubility, resulting from the unique chemical moieties introduced. Because of their unique advantages, lipid nanoparticles must become increasingly predictable as a robust delivery mechanism. The enhanced biopharmaceutical properties and significance of lipid-based targeting technologies such as liposomes, niosomes, solid-lipid nanoparticles, and micelles are highlighted in this review. Pharmaceutical implications of lipid nanocarriers for the transport and distribution of various therapeutic agents, such as biotechnological products and small pharmaceutical molecules, is a booming topic. Lipid nanoparticles as drug delivery systems have many appealing properties, including high biocompatibility, ease of preparation, tissue specificity, avoidance of reticuloendothelial systems, delayed drug release, scale-up feasibility, nontoxicity, and targeted delivery. The use of lipid nanoparticles to enhance the transport of biopharmaceuticals is currently considered state-of-the-art. Similarly, we critically examine the upcoming guidelines that therapeutic scientists should handle.
