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RBC hemolysis in response to NP exposure at 300 cm 2 /ml. (A) NPs were dispersed in 0.9% saline (NP uncoated ), 5% FBS in saline (NP serum corona ), or undiluted LLF (NP surfactant corona ). Saline and 0.1% Triton X-100 (TX-100) in saline were used as negative and positive control, respectively. Data are expressed as percentage hemolysis compared with complete hemolysis. (B) Partial restoration of hemolysis of NP serum corona or NP surfactant corona by incubating with PLA 2 and proteinase K. Values are mean ± SEM and n ¼ 4-6 for hemolysis assay. Significance versus vehicle control ***p < 0.001.
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The toxicology of nanoparticles (NPs) is an area of intense investigation that would be greatly aided by improved understanding of the relationship between NP structure and inflammogenicity. To evaluate how their physicochemical parameters influence toxicity, we assembled a panel of 15 metal/metal oxide NPs and attempted to relate various physicoch...
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... acute inflammatory effects of NP were evaluated by determining the percentage of total granulocytes (neutrophils, (Supplementary fig. ...
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... membrane to investigate the likely effects of NP fP on its integrity. The hemolysis assay was carried out under protein-free conditions in physiological saline, i.e., when the fP acid was effective and under these conditions, Al 2 O 3 NP, CeO 2 NP a , Co 3 O 4 NP, CuONP a , and NiONP were significantly hemolytic compared with vehicle control ( Fig. 2A). ZnONPs were excluded from the assay because they adsorb hemoglobin, which confounds the assay (Supplementary fig. 3). When NPs were coated with a corona of 5% FBS or LLF, the hemolytic potential of NPs was abolished (Fig. 2A). However, enzymatic digestion of the corona using PLA 2 and proteinase K and testing in the hemolysis assay, ...
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... Al 2 O 3 NP, CeO 2 NP a , Co 3 O 4 NP, CuONP a , and NiONP were significantly hemolytic compared with vehicle control ( Fig. 2A). ZnONPs were excluded from the assay because they adsorb hemoglobin, which confounds the assay (Supplementary fig. 3). When NPs were coated with a corona of 5% FBS or LLF, the hemolytic potential of NPs was abolished (Fig. 2A). However, enzymatic digestion of the corona using PLA 2 and proteinase K and testing in the hemolysis assay, where the fP acid is expressed, partially restored hemolytic potentials except for CuONP a (Fig. ...
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... the assay (Supplementary fig. 3). When NPs were coated with a corona of 5% FBS or LLF, the hemolytic potential of NPs was abolished (Fig. 2A). However, enzymatic digestion of the corona using PLA 2 and proteinase K and testing in the hemolysis assay, where the fP acid is expressed, partially restored hemolytic potentials except for CuONP a (Fig. ...
Citations
... The size of the particles was determined by measuring the Brownian motion of the particles or the displacement of the nanoparticles in the suspension by Zeta-DLS (Zetasizer model, Malvern, UK). The zeta potential of nanoparticles was analyzed as an index to determine the stability of the sample and the size of the nanoparticles [42][43][44]. Finally, after examining the results of all the analyses performed, the appropriate concentration was selected to obtain the most desirable nanoparticle with confidence, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) and crystal structure characterization of the nanoparticles was done with the X Pert Pro XRD device of the Panalytical Company. ...
The occurrence of antibiotic resistance on common bacterial agents and the need to use new generations of antibiotics have led to the use of various strategies for production. Taking inspiration from nature, using bio-imitation patterns, in addition to the low cost of production, is advantageous and highly accurate. In this research, we were able to control the temperature, shake, and synthesis time of the synthesis conditions of Bacillus megaterium bacteria as a model for the synthesis of magnetic iron nanoparticles and optimize the ratio of reducing salt to bacterial regenerating agents as well as the concentration of salt to create iron oxide nanoparticles with more favorable properties and produced with more antibacterial properties. Bacterial growth was investigated by changing the incubation times of pre-culture and overnight culture in the range of the logarithmic phase. The synthesis time, salt ratio, and concentration were optimized to achieve the size, charge, colloidal stability, and magnetic and antibacterial properties of nanoparticles. The amount of the effective substance produced by the bacteria was selected by measuring the amount of the active substance synthesized using the free radical reduction (DPPH) method. With the help of DPPH, the duration of the synthesis was determined to be one week. Characterizations such as UV–vis spectroscopy, FTIR, FESEM, X-ray, and scattering optical dynamics were performed and showed that the nanoparticles synthesized with a salt concentration of 80 mM and a bacterial suspension to salt ratio of 2:1 are smaller in size and have a light scattering index, a PDI index close to 0.1, and a greater amount of reducing salt used in the reaction during one week compared to other samples. Moreover, they had more antibacterial properties than the concentration of 100 mM. As a result, better characteristics and more antibacterial properties than common antibiotics were created on E. coli and Bacillus cereus.
... TEOS amount and pH value had the most effect on zeta potential as per the coded equations. After analysis, we found that, with an elevation of TEOS level, zeta potential decreases, which aligns with the reaction reported by Cho et al. [74]. [75]. ...
Hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles (HMSNs) are considered appealing nanovehicles for drug delivery due to their exceptional drug loading and release potential. This study plans to synthesize HMSNs using a novel, quick, and economical procedure in co-relation with traditional mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) and optimize their synthesis by using the RSM-CCD approach. The influence of independent variables, i.e., CTAB (X1), TEOS (X2), and pH (X3), was evaluated by a 3-factorial design and ANOVA. RSM-CCD depicted the best synthesis formulation. CTAB: 0.3 g, TEOS: 3 ml, pH: 11.5. Optimized MSNs and HMSNs were characterized by DLS, XRD, SEM, FTIR, TEM, BET, XPS, and FE-SEM. Subsequently, hemocompatibility analysis revealed excellent compatibility of the nanosamples toward human RBCs. The drug loading efficiency of SF-MSNs and SF-HMSNs was 13.71 ± 0.33 % and 51.31 ± 0.94 %, respectively. A drug dissolution study revealed that sorafenib (SF) was released sustainably, with a cumulative release percentage of 67 % (HMSNs) and 77 % (MSNs) at 72 h, proving the superiority of SF-HMSNs over sustained release. In-vitro cell culture studies explored the anti-tumorigenic prospects of free and encapsulated SF. Cell cytotoxicity was assessed by MTT assay against A549 cells, indicating enhanced toxicity for optimized SF-HMSNs. The IC 50 value substantially decreased from 10.5 to 5.8 μg/ml (a 1.8-fold decrease) after encapsulation. Additionally, In-vitro assays reflected MMP-mediated apoptotic cell death in A549 cells due to increased drug sensitivity and ROS generation. Collectively, these findings suggest that HMSNs are an ideal drug delivery vehicle due to the sustainable release of SF for NSCLC treatment.
... Therefore, it is vital to focus on the interaction between micro(nano)plastics and phagolysosomes or phagolysosomal conditions, vesicles filled with degradative liquids having acidic pH and a mild physiological oxidizing environment to understand the role of pulmonary alveolar macrophages in the lungs (Russier et al. 2011;Stefaniak et al. 2011). Furthermore, studies using acellular, in vitro, and in vivo models have shown that the dispersion of toxic substances into particles as in metal dissolution, the degrading action of particles, and the producing of free radical in phagolysosomal acidic conditions were faster than other lung fluids (Stefaniak et al. 2011(Stefaniak et al. , 2014Cho et al. 2012;Innes et al. 2021). Numerous simulant lung fluids have been employed in this field (Kastury et al. 2018;Innes et al. 2021), but examination under recommended conditions is necessary for examining the particlemedium interaction. ...
... This observation also aligns with the study by Shi et al. (2022) who indicated that the availability/occurrence of functional groups such as carbonyl and amine in the PS micro(nano)plastics increased the cytotoxicity of PS micro(nano)plastics on A549 cells ). In addition to the functional group dependence of the cell inhibition via MTT and CCK-8 tests, the increase in inhibition was correlated with the particle surface potentials (particle negativity) (r CCK-8 : -0.83 and r CCK-8 : -0.84 for low and high doses; r MTT : -0.70 and r MTT : -0.78 for low and high doses); hence, more cationic surfaces are known to be more cytotoxic (Cho et al. 2012). The zeta potential is also a marker of particle stability, and higher negative and positive zeta potentials are more stable than the lower levels (Berg et al. 2009;Baysal et al. 2017). ...
The occurrence of micro(nano)plastics into various environmental and biological settings influences their physicochemical and toxic behavior. Simulated body fluids are appropriate media in which to understand the degradation, stability, and interaction with other substances of any materials into the human body. When the particles enter the human body via inhalation which is one of the avenues for micro(nano)plastics, they first come into contact with the lung lining fluid under neutral conditions and then are phagocytosed under acidic conditions to be removed. Therefore, it is important to examine the physicochemical transformation and toxicity characteristics after interaction with phagolysosomal simulant fluid. Here we focused on exploring how the physicochemical differences (e.g., surface chemistry, elemental distribution, surface charge) of micro(nano)plastics under pH 4.5 phagolysosome conditions impact cytotoxicity and the oxidative characteristics of lung epithelia cells. The cytotoxicity of lung epithelia cells to those treated with phagolysosomal simulant fluid and non-treated micro(nano)plastics were tested by various viability indicators including CCK-8, MTT and LDH. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity background was examined through the oxidative processes (e.g., reactive oxygen species, antioxidant, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and reduced glutathione). The results showed that all tested surface physicochemical characteristics were significantly influenced by the phagolysosome conditions. The staged responses were observed with the treatment duration, and significant changes were calculated in carbonyl, carbon-nitrogen, and sulfonyl groups. Moreover, the negativity of the zeta potentials declined between exposure of 2 h to 40 h and then increased at 80 h compared to control owing to the chemical functional groups and elemental distribution of the plastic particles. The tested viability indicators showed that the micro(nano)plastics treated with phagolysosomal simulant fluid were cytotoxic to the lung epithelia cells compared to non-treated micro(nano)plastics, and superoxide dismutase was the dominant enzyme triggering cytotoxicity due to the particle degradation and instability.
... mg/L in 50% ethanol, with no migration seen in n-heptane. The dissolution of ZnO nanoparticles in artificial lysosomal fluids (pH = 5.5) was larger than that in interstitial fluids (pH = 7.4), and Zn nanoparticle migration is predominantly determined by the pH of the media [134]. In a study conducted by Ozaki et al., the migration of silver (Ag) and zinc (Zn) from food contact polymers containing nanosilver and silver ions (Ag + ) labels into various food simulants was evaluated [135]. ...
The purpose of this chapter is to provide a detailed review of the applications of nanomaterials in the food and agriculture sectors. The report starts off with an introduction to the subject matter, during which it discusses the growing application of nanomaterials in a variety of professional fields. The subsequent section of the chapter concentrates on the nanomaterials that are frequently used in the food and agriculture industries. These nanomaterials include nanoparticles of silver, gold, iron oxide, titanium dioxide, and zinc oxide. One of the most important features that have been talked about is the impact that the various forms, sizes, and structures of nanomaterials have on the roles that they play in food and agriculture applications. Because of their numerous qualities, nanomaterials have the potential to improve the quality of food, increase agricultural output, and provide new solutions to problems faced by various industries. The use of nanoparticles in the food and agricultural industries is investigated from a variety of perspectives, including the increased qualities of these materials, the possible applications they could have, and the obstacles connected with integrating them. In addition, the chapter discusses the dangers posed by active nanoparticles in terms of toxicity and safety, placing an emphasis on the significance of conducting exhaustive risk assessments and adhering to regulatory guidelines. In conclusion, the purpose of this chapter is to lay a foundation of knowledge regarding nanoparticles by concentrating on the many types of nanoparticles and the features of those nanoparticles that are often employed in the food and agriculture industry. It puts light on the crucial role that nanoparticles play in food applications and brings attention to the necessity of resolving safety concerns. The next chapters in the book go deeper into various applications of nanomaterials, providing a more in-depth examination of the benefits and drawbacks associated with these applications.
... The electron characterization methods (e.g., SEM and TEM) employ accelerated electron beams, while the thermodynamic characterization methods (e.g., TGA) use a thermodynamic parameter such as temperature or pressure as a probe [97]. Table 4. Physicochemical (PCC) properties of AgNPs and methods of characterization recommended by the U.S. Environemntal Protection Agency (EPA) [97,116,[133][134][135][136][137]. ...
Antibiotic resistance in bacteria is a major problem worldwide that costs 55 billion USD annually for extended hospitalization, resource utilization, and additional treatment expenditures in the United States. This review examines the roles and forms of silver (e.g., bulk Ag, silver salts (AgNO3), and colloidal Ag) from antiquity to the present, and its eventual incorporation as silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in numerous antibacterial consumer products and biomedical applications. The AgNP fabrication methods, physicochemical properties, and antibacterial mechanisms in Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial models are covered. The emphasis is on the problematic ESKAPE pathogens and the antibiotic-resistant pathogens of the greatest human health concern according to the World Health Organization. This review delineates the differences between each bacterial model, the role of the physicochemical properties of AgNPs in the interaction with pathogens, and the subsequent damage of AgNPs and Ag+ released by AgNPs on structural cellular components. In closing, the processes of antibiotic resistance attainment and how novel AgNP–antibiotic conjugates may synergistically reduce the growth of antibiotic-resistant pathogens are presented in light of promising examples, where antibiotic efficacy alone is decreased.
... The titration process, which ends at point E, removes protons from the system according to their relative acidities, following the order H3O(aq) + >> bM-OH2 + > aM-OH >> bM-OH (the last step is not achieved in the experiment shown in Figure 3). Other possible approaches to determine the IEP and the particle surface charges are based on electrokinetic (or zeta) potential measurements [53,54]. Another technique which can be applied to the quantitative determination of OH functionalities is thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). ...
The study of molecular recognition patterns is crucial for understanding the interactions between inorganic (nano)particles and biomolecules. In this review we focus on hydroxyls (OH) exposed at the surface of oxide particles (OxPs) which can play a key role in molecular initiating events leading to OxPs toxicity. We discuss here the main analytical methods available to characterize surface OH from a quantitative and qualitative point of view, covering thermogravimetry, titration, ζ potential measurements, and spectroscopic approaches (NMR, XPS). The importance of modelling techniques (MD, DFT) for an atomistic description of the interactions between membranes/proteins and OxPs surfaces is also discussed. From this background, we distilled a new approach methodology (NAM) based on the combination of IR spectroscopy and bioanalytical assays to investigate the molecular interactions of OxPs with biomolecules and membranes. This NAM has been already successfully applied to SiO2 particles to identify the OH pa erns responsible for the OxPs' toxicity and can be conceivably extended to other surface-hydroxylated oxides.
... In addition, overexpression of JUND gene impairs placental vascularization and embryonic growth (Kashif, 2012). Oxidative stress (due to reactive oxygen species formation via interaction with biomolecules or particle surface interactions) (Angelé-Martínez, 2017) and pronounced inflammatory responses are the commonly observed adverse effects after CuO NP exposure in both cellular and animal studies (Strauch, 2017;Lai, 2018;Cho, 2012). ...
The growing nanoparticulate pollution (e.g. engineered nanoparticles (NPs) or nanoplastics) has been shown to pose potential threats to human health. In particular, sensitive populations such as pregnant women and their unborn children need to be protected from harmful environmental exposures. However, developmental toxicity from prenatal exposure to pollution particles is not yet well studied despite evidence of particle accumulation in human placenta. Our study aimed to investigate how copper oxide NPs (CuO NPs; 10-20 nm) and polystyrene nanoplastics (PS NPs; 70 nm) impact on gene expression in ex vivo perfused human placental tissue. Whole genome microarray analysis revealed changes in global gene expression profile after 6 h of perfusion with sub-cytotoxic concentrations of CuO (10 µg/mL) and PS NPs (25 µg/mL). Pathway and gene ontology enrichment analysis of the differentially expressed genes suggested that CuO and PS NPs trigger distinct cellular response in placental tissue. While CuO NPs induced pathways related to angiogenesis, protein misfolding and heat shock responses, PS NPs affected the expression of genes related to inflammation and iron homeostasis. The observed effects on protein misfolding, cytokine signaling, and hormones were corroborated by western blot (accumulation of polyubiquitinated proteins) or qPCR analysis. Overall, the results of the present study revealed extensive and material-specific interference of CuO and PS NPs with placental gene expression from a single short-term exposure which deserves increasing attention. In addition, the placenta, which is often neglected in developmental toxicity studies, should be a key focus in the future safety assessment of NPs in pregnancy.
... Zeta potential is the electric potential created between the charged groups associated with the surface of a particle and the suspension medium and can be used to derive information concerning the particle surface charge [58]. As cell membranes are negatively charged, the degree of interaction between a particle and a cell surface or the membrane of an organelle may be influenced by the ζ-potential of a nanoparticles in contact with it [59]. ...
In this work, we present an analysis of the antibacterial activity of TiS3 nanostructures in water and 0.9% NaCl solution suspensions. TiS3 nanoribbons 1–10 µm long, 100–300 nm wide, and less than 100 nm thick were produced by the direct reaction of pure titanium powder with elemental sulphur in a quartz tube sealed under vacuum. For the toxicity test of a bioluminescent strain of E. coli we used concentrations from 1 to 0.0001 g L−1 and also studied fresh suspensions and suspensions left for 24 h. The strongest toxic effect was observed in freshly prepared water solutions where the luminescence of bacteria decreased by more than 75%. When saline solution was substituted for water or when the solutions were stored for 24 h it resulted in a considerable decrease in the TiS3 antibacterial effect. The toxicity of TiS3 in water exceeded the toxicity of the reference TiO2 nanoparticles, though when saline solution was used instead of water the opposite results were observed. In addition, we did not find a relationship between the antibacterial activity of water suspensions of nanoribbons and the stability of their colloidal systems, which indicates an insignificant contribution to the toxicity of aggregation processes. In 0.9% NaCl solution suspensions, toxicity increased in proportion to the increase in the zeta potential. We suppose that the noted specificity of toxicity is associated with the emission of hydrogen sulphide molecules from the surface of nanoribbons, which, depending on the concentration, can either decrease or increase oxidative stress, which is considered the key mechanism of nanomaterial cytotoxicity. However, the exact underlying mechanisms need further investigation. Thus, we have shown an important role of the dispersion medium and the period of storage in the antibacterial activity of TiS3 nanoribbons. Our results could be used in nanotoxicological studies of other two-dimensional nanomaterials, and for the development of novel antibacterial substances and other biomedical applications of this two-dimensional material.
... Zeta potential can influence biocompatibility with the environment, and the change in the environment's pH or ionic strength can also affect NP stability in the medium (Sizochenko et al., 2021). NP with positive zeta potential has been shown to be associated with increased hemolytic potential, inflammation, and recruitment of granulocytes in the lung (Cho et al., 2012). Because these are inorganic engineerable materials, they can be more precisely engineered to have specific sizes and structures. ...
The use of nanoparticles (NPs) as a therapeutic delivery system has expanded markedly over the past decade, particularly regarding applications targeting the skin. The delivery of NP-based therapeutics to the skin requires special consideration owing to its role as both a physical and immunologic barrier, and specific technologies must not only take into consideration the target but also the pathway of delivery. The unique challenge this poses has been met with the development of a wide panel of NP-based technologies meant to precisely address these considerations. In this review article, we describe the application of NP-based technologies for drug delivery targeting the skin, summarize the types of NPs, and discuss the current landscape of NPs for skin cancer prevention and skin cancer treatment as well as future directions within these applications.
... Workers' exposure to Al 2 O 3 NPs can mainly occur by inhalation. Occupational exposures to these dusts are described in the literature to have deleterious health effects on the respiratory and nervous systems [3,[6][7][8][9]. Therefore, it is necessary to improve understanding of NPs toxicity in order to redesign strategies to mitigate/reduce environmental and/or health impact [10]. ...
... These results are consistent with those obtained by inhalation but provide information on the persistence over time of the observed acute effects. BALF analysis of Wistar rats exposed to Al 2 O 3 NPs (6.3 nm, crystallinity unknown, 0.5 mL at 300 cm 2 /mL) by IT also induced acute pulmonary inflammation [7]. Increases in polymorphonuclear cells were measured in BALF 24 h after exposure. ...
... The effects observed in this study seem to be correlated with the surface properties of Al 2 O 3 NPs (surface charge represented by the zeta potential in particular). Indeed, a correlation between the zeta potential and the influx of granulocytes or the hemolytic power has been observed for NPs with a high zeta potential [7]. ...
Alumina nanoparticles (Al2O3 NPs) can be released in occupational environments in
different contexts such as industry, defense, and aerospace. Workers can be exposed by inhalation to these NPs, for instance, through welding fumes or aerosolized propellant combustion residues. Several clinical and epidemiological studies have reported that inhalation of Al2O3 NPs could trigger aluminosis, inflammation in the lung parenchyma, respiratory symptoms such as cough or shortness of breath, and probably long-term pulmonary fibrosis. The present review is a critical update of the current knowledge on underlying toxicological, molecular, and cellular mechanisms induced by exposure to Al2O3 NPs in the lungs. A major part of animal studies also points out inflammatory cells
and secreted biomarkers in broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and blood serum, while in vitro studies on lung cells indicate contradictory results regarding the toxicity of these NPs.
