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Phylogenetic relationships among long-tailed shrews of the genus Sorex from Mexico based on 77 mtDNA sequences of the cytochrome b gene. The tree represents the maximum likelihood analysis. Numbers indicate bootstrap probability values of nodal support. Bayesian method identified the same supported clades.
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We present a molecular phylogeny of North American species of long-tailed shrews of the genus Sorex. Our focus is on Mexican and Guatemalan species to begin understanding their evolutionary relationships and to test the validity of nominal species. Seventy-seven sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene were analyzed, including 19 specimens...
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Citations
... Molecular analyses have shown a congruence between the values of genetic divergence among the mountain faunas (e.g., Campylopterus, Cryptotis, Glaucomys, Papogeomys, Habromys, Peromyscus aztecus, Reithrodontomys, among others) at both sides of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec (Arellano et al. 2005;Edwards and Bradley 2002;León-Paniagua et al. 2007;Esteva et al. 2010;Ornelas et al. 2013;Rovito et al. 2015;Sullivan et al. 1997. Thus, our results suggest that the Isthmus of Tehuantepec does not always act as a biogeographic barrier (Pleistocene). ...
The historical relationships of nine areas of endemism of the tropical montane cloud forests (TMCFs) were analysed based on a temporal cladistic biogeographical approach. Three cladistic biogeographical analyses were conducted based on 29 cladograms of terrestrial taxa by partitioning them into three time-slices, namely, Miocene, Pliocene, and Pleistocene. The results showed different area relationships over time. For the Miocene and Pliocene time slices, the Isthmus of Tehuantepec acted as a geographic barrier that fragmented the TMCFs into two portions: west of the Isthmus and east of the Isthmus. In the case of the Pleistocene, the TMCFs were broken into two portions, one related to the Neotropical region and the other to the Nearctic region. Furthermore, the analyses allowed us to detect the influences of different geological and paleoclimatological events on the distribution of the TMCFs over time. Therefore, the TMCFs current distribution might have been driven by geological events during the Miocene-Pliocene, whereas climatic fluctuations have the highest impact during the Pleistocene.
... The subspecies R. m. albilabris and R. m. microdon are distributed in the Oaxacan Highlands and the mountains of Chiapas and northern Guatemala, respectively. Between these two regions, the Isthmus of Tehuantepec constitutes an effective geographic barrier which has presumably acted to gene flow, and thus favoring speciation events (Sullivan et al 2000;León-Paniagua et al. 2007;Esteva et al. 2010;Hardy et al. 2013), in which the high genetic divergence between populations on either side of the Isthmus has resulted in hypotheses about the occurrence of a vicariance event that affected the small mammal fauna of this Mexican region (e.g., Rogers et al. 2007). The distribution of R. m. wagneri is restricted to the Neovolcanic Belt. ...
The Reithrodontomys tenuirostris species group is considered “the most specialized” within the genus Reithrodontomys from morphological and ecological perspectives. Previous studies based on molecular data recommended changes in the taxonomy of the group. In particular, R. microdon has been the most taxonomically questioned, with the suggestion that it constitutes a complex of cryptic species. We analyzed the phylogenetic relationships of the R. tenuirostris species group using DNA sequences from the mitochondrial Cytochrome b gene and Intron 7 of the nuclear beta fibrinogen gene. In addition, divergence times were estimated, and possible new taxa delimited with three widely used species delimitation methods. Finally, possible connectivity routes based on shared haplotypes were tested among the R. microdon populations. All species were recovered as monophyletic with the exception of R. microdon, whose individuals were grouped into four different haplogroups, one of which included specimens of R. bakeri. Diversification within the R. tenuirostris species group began about 3 Ma, in the Pleistocene. The bGMYC and STACEY delimitation methods were congruent with each other, delimiting at the species-level each haplogroup within R. microdon, while the mPTP suggested a greater number of species. Moreover, none of the haplogroups showed potential connectivity routes between them, evidencing lack of gene flow. Our results suggest the existence of a higher number of species in the R. tenuirostris group, because we show that there are four species within what is currently recognized as R. microdon.
... Ma, with different lineages exhibiting distinct morphotypes that are likely to represent separate species [51]. Similarly, divergence of 11 tropical Sorex species from Mexico and Guatemala is estimated to have begun 8.91 Ma, but continued until as recently as the species-level split between S. cinereus and S. milleri at 0.68 Ma [52]. These comparative data are thus consistent with recognition of species-level status for Nesophontes paramicrus and N. zamicrus based on our genetic data. ...
Background:
The Caribbean offers a unique opportunity to study evolutionary dynamics in insular mammals. However, the recent extinction of most Caribbean non-volant mammals has obstructed evolutionary studies, and poor DNA preservation associated with tropical environments means that very few ancient DNA sequences are available for extinct vertebrates known from the region's Holocene subfossil record. The endemic Caribbean eulipotyphlan family Nesophontidae ("island-shrews") became extinct ~ 500 years ago, and the taxonomic validity of many Nesophontes species and their wider evolutionary dynamics remain unclear. Here we use both morphometric and palaeogenomic methods to clarify the status and evolutionary history of Nesophontes species from Hispaniola, the second-largest Caribbean island.
Results:
Principal component analysis of 65 Nesophontes mandibles from late Quaternary fossil sites across Hispaniola identified three non-overlapping morphometric clusters, providing statistical support for the existence of three size-differentiated Hispaniolan Nesophontes species. We were also able to extract and sequence ancient DNA from a ~ 750-year-old specimen of Nesophontes zamicrus, the smallest non-volant Caribbean mammal, including a whole-mitochondrial genome and partial nuclear genes. Nesophontes paramicrus (39-47 g) and N. zamicrus (~ 10 g) diverged recently during the Middle Pleistocene (mean estimated divergence = 0.699 Ma), comparable to the youngest species splits in Eulipotyphla and other mammal groups. Pairwise genetic distance values for N. paramicrus and N. zamicrus based on mitochondrial and nuclear genes are low, but fall within the range of comparative pairwise data for extant eulipotyphlan species-pairs.
Conclusions:
Our combined morphometric and palaeogenomic analyses provide evidence for multiple co-occurring species and rapid body size evolution in Hispaniolan Nesophontes, in contrast to patterns of genetic and morphometric differentiation seen in Hispaniola's extant non-volant land mammals. Different components of Hispaniola's mammal fauna have therefore exhibited drastically different rates of morphological evolution. Morphological evolution in Nesophontes is also rapid compared to patterns across the Eulipotyphla, and our study provides an important new example of rapid body size change in a small-bodied insular vertebrate lineage. The Caribbean was a hotspot for evolutionary diversification as well as preserving ancient biodiversity, and studying the surviving representatives of its mammal fauna is insufficient to reveal the evolutionary patterns and processes that generated regional diversity.
... The most recent taxonomic scheme for the species of Soricidae of the New World, including the populations occurring in Guatemala and Honduras, was presented by Woodman (2018). Previously, the subgenera Sorex and otisorex were thought to occur in North America and Nuclear Central America (NCA) (Diersing & Hoffmeister 1977;Junge & Hoffmann 1981;Hutterer 2005;Carraway 2007;Ohdachi et al. 2006;Dubey et al. 2007;Esteva et al. 2010). The absence or presence of a post mandibular foramen and canal, the size of U3 respect to U4, and the presence or absence of a pigmented ridge on lingual side of unicuspids have been the main characteristic used for identification on these subgenera (but see George 1988 andCarraway 2007). ...
... Although material from Mexico and Guatemala was not included, this author suggested that five additional species occurring south into Mexico and Guatemala should be also included in this new subgenus. Later, Esteva et al. (2010) recognized only the subgenus otisorex for this region. Although the arrangement suggested by George (1988) matches for Guatemalan populations in clade B of Esteva et al. (2010) of S. saussurei Merriam, now recognized as S. salvini Merriam (Woodman et al. 2012;Matson & Ordoñez-Garza 2017), and S. veraepacis, which are separated in two clades (B1 and B2), these authors did not consider it. ...
... Later, Esteva et al. (2010) recognized only the subgenus otisorex for this region. Although the arrangement suggested by George (1988) matches for Guatemalan populations in clade B of Esteva et al. (2010) of S. saussurei Merriam, now recognized as S. salvini Merriam (Woodman et al. 2012;Matson & Ordoñez-Garza 2017), and S. veraepacis, which are separated in two clades (B1 and B2), these authors did not consider it. George's (1988) suggestion of the new subgenus was accepted by Woodman (2018) but subsequently the Guatemalan populations were considered to be represented only by the subgenus otisorex (Matson & Woodman 2019). ...
The only known species of the genus Sorex in Honduras is Sorex mccarthyi Matson & Ordóñez-Garza, which is endemic to Celaque National Park. This species shows the presence of a postmandibular foramen and canal, a characteristic that is useful to distinguish between species south of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec and unique to the Sorex salvini species group. Recently, two specimens of Sorex were collected in 2018 at Cusuco National Park, northwestern Honduras. These specimens lack the distinctive characteristics possessed by the S. salvini species group and belong to the Sorex veraepacis species group. Previously, the S. veraepacis species group was only known from the highlands of the southern Mexican state of Chiapas and Guatemala. Principal component analysis shows that specimens from Sierra de Omoa are different in size and shape with respect to other known species (i.e., S. veraepacis Alston, S. ibarrai Matson & McCarthy and S. madrensis Matson & Ordóñez-Garza). We describe these two specimens, currently known only from an isolated cloud forest in the Sierra de Omoa, Honduras, as a new species.
... Various authors (Diersing and Hoffmeister, 1977;Junge and Hoffmann, 1981;Hutterer, 2005;Carraway, 2007) considered the genus Sorex, in the New World, to be composed of 2 subgenera, Sorex and Otisorex. More recently, Ohdachi et al (2006), Dubey et al. (2007), and Esteva et al. (2010), based upon molecular data, suggested that only the subgenus Otisorex occurs in this region, placing S. saussurei Merriam, 1892 into that subgenus rather than into the subgenus Sorex. Thus, while several subgenera of Sorex are recognized worldwide (Hutterer 2005), only 1 is represented in Guatemala (Esteva et al., 2010;Matson and Ordóñez-Garza, 2017). ...
... More recently, Ohdachi et al (2006), Dubey et al. (2007), and Esteva et al. (2010), based upon molecular data, suggested that only the subgenus Otisorex occurs in this region, placing S. saussurei Merriam, 1892 into that subgenus rather than into the subgenus Sorex. Thus, while several subgenera of Sorex are recognized worldwide (Hutterer 2005), only 1 is represented in Guatemala (Esteva et al., 2010;Matson and Ordóñez-Garza, 2017). ...
Shrews (Soricidae) are the only members of the mammalian order Eulipotyphla that occur in Central and South America. In Guatemala, 15 species have been recorded belonging to the genera Cryptotis and Sorex, 3 of which are new and undescribed. Additionally, 2 species are expected to be discovered in the country based on their known distributions. Most species appear to have limited reproduction throughout the year. We review the taxonomy and natural history of these species .
... Currently, many zoologists investigate shrew systematics and phylogeny using molecular methods (e.g., Ohdachi et al. 2006;Dubey et al. 2007;Willows-Munro and Matthee 2009;Esteva et al. 2010;Bannikova et al. 2018, among others). Several convincing phylogenetic models of soricid evolution have been suggested during the last dozen years; all of them include the members of two modern subfamilies, Soricinae and Crocidurinae, with an extra one if the Myosoricinae Kretzoi, 1965 is considered a separate subfamily. ...
Soricid (Lipotyphla: Soricidae) inner tooth structures have been described for the first time using high-resolution X-ray computed micro-tomography. The endodontic morphology of shrews is complex and according to our results can be used (i) for the description of additional odontological features, (ii) for phylogenetic investigations on a morphological basis, and (iii) for determining the homology of the tooth elements. The results of the original analysis revealed a gradual process of dentine formation and, correspondingly, decreasing pulp volume in immature and mature specimens of Sorex mirabilis. However, analysis of the age-related changes also revealed an irregularity in the dentine deposition within different parts of a pulp cavity. We named this irregularity “selective pulp overgrowth”. This process was confirmed by the analyses of specimens of Sorex minutissimus, Neomys fodiens and Blarina brevicauda. Attempts to explain selective overgrowth led us to consider the functions of tooth pulp. According to dentistry investigations, one of the several functions of pulp is dentine innervation. We assume that dentine innervation is a significant feature of soricid teeth. A list of twelve characters displays the possible application of pulp endocast morphology to phylogenetic investigations. We suggest that pulp endocast analysis be added to the analysis of the tooth surface to achieve the broadest and most productive use of tooth morphology.
... Уровень функциональной активности Сytb играет важнейшую роль в жизнеобеспечении и возможности адаптации организма к различным экологическим условиям. Вариабельность нуклеотидной последовательности гена сytb, кодирующего данный фермент, широко используется в популяционной генетике и молекулярной филогеографии различных видов млекопитающих (abram-abramson et al., 2012;Dąbrowski et al., 2013;Boratynski et al., 2014;переверзева, павленко, 2014;григо-al., 2014;переверзева, павленко, 2014;григо-al., 2014;переверзева, павленко, 2014;григо-., 2014;переверзева, павленко, 2014; григорьева и др., 2015; Малярчук и др., 2015; переверзева и др., 2018), включая пред-., 2015; переверзева и др., 2018), включая представителей рода Sorex , 2003Demboski, Cook, 2003;Banniko-Demboski, Cook, 2003;Banniko-, Cook, 2003;Banniko-Cook, 2003;Banniko-, 2003;Banniko-Bannikova et al., 2010Esteva et al., 2010;Hope et al., 2010Hope et al., , 2011. ...
... Subfamilies and species groups are based on molecular genetic analyses by George (1988), Cook (2001, 2003), Maldonado et al. (2001Maldonado et al. ( , 2004, Shafer and Stewart (2007), Esteva et al. (2010), and Hope et al. (2010,2012,2014). My interpretation of this body of work is that it indicates the existence of three subgenera in North America: Otisorex, which is equivalent to Esteva et al.'s (2010) turneri. The latter two subspecies were included, however, on the basis of geography alone because no sequences from them were analyzed (Hope et al., 2014). ...
... Remarks: Subgenus Otisorex; Sorex veraepacis group. Kerr, 1792 FIGURES 4, 11, 24-27 Remarks: Type species of subgenus Otisorex; southern clade of the Sorex cinereus group (Hope et al., 2012); clade A2 of Esteva et al. (2010). Molecular analyses of the Sorex cinereus group (Demboski and Cook, 2003;Hope et al., 2012) have provided intriguing insight into relationships among species and populations, including low genetic divergence among a number of recognized arctic species and the presence of unrecognized cryptic species. ...
... Distribution: Mexico: highlands in southern Durango, southern Zacatecas, and northern Jalisco, 2,300-2,900 m (Carraway, 2007). Remarks: Subgenus Otisorex; southern clade of the Sorex cinereus group (Hope et al., 2012); clade A2 of Esteva et al. (2010). Esteva et al. (2010) showed S. emarginatus embedded within S. milleri, and Hope et al. (2012) showed S. milleri embedded within S. cinereus. ...
The mammalian taxonomic order Eulipotyphla comprises the living families Erinaceidae (gymnures, hedgehogs, and moonrats), Solenodontidae (solenodons), Soricidae (shrews), and Talpidae (desmans and moles), as well as the recently extinct Nesophontidae (nesophontids). Morphological and molecular studies continue to alter our view of relationships within and among these families, and this research has added considerably to our understanding of the diversity, distributions, and relationships of many of the New World (i.e., North and South America and associated islands) species that comprise them. Currently, there are more than 450 recognized living species worldwide, making the Eulipotyphla the third most speciose order of mammals. In this work, I attempt to summarize the taxonomic results of recent studies, provide a guide to the most appropriate current applications of New World taxonomic names and their synonyms, and indicate current understanding of their distributions. The eulipotyphlans of this region currently include 111 recognized species of shrews, seven species of moles, and both living species of solenodons.
... The Isthmus of Tehuantepec is a narrow continental area separating the Gulf Coast and the Pacific Ocean that is the product of a complex geologic history of tectonic uplift and sea level change over the past 6 million years since the late Miocene (Barrier, Velasquillo, Chavez, & Gaulon, 1998;Ferrusquía-Villafranca, 1993). Periodic episodes of geographic isolation imposed by uplift of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec and glacial oscillations in sea level have served as important biogeographic events for other taxa, including freshwater fishes (Huidobro, Morrone, Villalobos, & Alvarez, 2006), insects (Halffter, 1987), snakes (Bryson, García-Vázquez, & Riddle, 2011;Castoe et al., 2009;Daza, Castoe, & Parkinson, 2010), shrews (Esteva, Cervantes, Brant, & Cook, 2010), and other birds (Barber & Klicka, 2010;Cortés-Rodríguez et al., 2013 (Escalante, Navarro-Sigüenza, & Peterson, 1993), alongside more than 30 endemic amphibians (García, 2006), over 120 endemic nonavian reptiles (García, 2006), numerous mammals (Escalante, Szumik, & Morrone, 2009;García-Trejo & Navarro-Sigüenza, 2004), and terrestrial invertebrates (Morrone & Márquez, 2001). This region comprises the northwestern limits of the Neotropical lowlands that characterize the Mexican transition zone (Halffter & Morrone, 2017). ...
Phenotypic and genetic variation are present in all species, but lineages differ in how variation is partitioned among populations. Examining phenotypic clustering and genetic structure within a phylogeographic framework can clarify which biological processes have contributed to extant biodiversity in a given lineage. Here, we investigate genetic and phenotypic variation among populations and subspecies within a Neotropical songbird complex, the White-collared Seedeater (Sporophila torqueola) of Central America and Mexico. We combine measurements of morphology and plumage patterning with thousands of nuclear loci derived from ultraconserved elements (UCEs) and mitochondrial DNA to evaluate population differentiation. We find deep levels of molecular divergence between two S. torqueola lineages that are phenotypically diagnosable: One corresponds to S. t. torqueola along the Pacific coast of Mexico, and the other includes S. t. morelleti and S. t. sharpei from the Gulf Coast of Mexico and Central America. Surprisingly, these two lineages are strongly differentiated in both nuclear and mitochondrial markers, and each is more closely related to other Sporophila species than to one another. We infer low levels of gene flow between these two groups based on demographic models, suggesting multiple independent evolutionary lineages within S. torqueola have been obscured by coarse-scale similarity in plumage patterning. These findings improve our understanding of the biogeographic history of this lineage, which includes multiple dispersal events out of South America and across the Isthmus of Tehuantepec into Mesoamerica. Finally, the phenotypic and genetic distinctiveness of the range-restricted S. t. torqueola highlights the Pacific Coast of Mexico as an important region of endemism and conservation priority.
... This clade is isolated from the remaining species of the genus (M. antauges, M. gadovii, M. juarezi, and M. viridiflava) by the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, a well-known geographical break and biological barrier for many taxa (e.g., Arellano et al., 2005;Barber and Klicka, 2010;Chippindale et al., 1998;Daza et al., 2010;Esteva et al., 2010;García-Moreno et al., 2006;León-Paniagua et al., 2007;Mulcahy et al., 2006a;Ornelas et al., 2013;Sullivan et al., 2000;Vázquez-Miranda et al., 2009). Central America is divided into the northwestern "Nuclear Central America" and the southeastern "Isthmian Link" by the Santa Elena Fault (James, 2007); in turn, Nuclear Central America is divided into the Maya and Chortis geological blocks by the Motagua Fault zone (James, 2007;Marshall, 2007). ...
The widely distributed, Central American anguid lizard Mesaspis moreletii is currently recognized as a polytypic species with five subspecies (M. m. fulvus, M. m. moreletii, M. m. rafaeli, M. m. salvadorensis, and M. m. temporalis). We reevaluated the species limits within Mesaspis moreletii using DNA sequences of one mitochondrial and three nuclear genes. The multi-locus data set included samples of all of the subspecies of M. moreletii, the other species of Mesaspis in Central America (M. cuchumatanus and M. monticola), and some populations assignable to M. moreletii but of uncertain subspecific identity from Honduras and Nicaragua. We first used a tree-based method for delimiting species based on mtDNA data to identify potential evolutionary independent lineages, and then analized the multilocus dataset with two species delimitation methods that use the multispecies coalescent model to evaluate different competing species delimitation models: the Bayes Factors species delimitation method (BFD) implemented in ∗BEAST, and the Bayesian Phylogenetics and Phylogeography (BP&P) method. Our results suggest that M. m. moreletii, M. m. rafaeli, M. m. salvadorensis, and M. m. temporalis represent distinct evolutionary independent lineages, and that the populations of uncertain status from Honduras and Nicaragua may represent additional undescribed species. Our results also suggest that M. m. fulvus is a synonym of M. m. moreletii. The biogeography of the Central American lineages of Mesaspis is discussed.
