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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of compounds consisting of two or
more fused aromatic rings. Most of them are formed during incomplete combustion of organic
materials such as wood and fossil fuels, petroleum products, and coal. The composition of
PAH mixtures varies with the source and is also affected by selective weathering ef...
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Al-Arbaeen and Al-Shabab are two highly polluted lagoons lying along Jeddah coast, Saudi Arabia. Surface sediments were collected from both lagoons to assess the levels and spatial distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as well as study the effect of environmental conditions on the PAHs concentrations. The concentration ranges for...
![Table 3 : PAHs standards in drinking water [18]](profile/Awokunmi-Emmanuel/publication/320451246/figure/tbl2/AS:669118197944350@1536541618916/PAHs-standards-in-drinking-water-18_Q320.jpg)
Spilling and seepage of gasoline to soil could be a source of organic pollution to the underground waters in such vicinities. This work evaluated the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in groundwater drawn from hand-dug wells in filling stations, and a control sample from a well very remote from filling stations in Ile-Oluji, Ondo St...
Citations
... The harmful effects of PAHs are influenced by various factors such as duration and mode of exposure, concentration of PAHs, and their inherent toxicity (Rengarajan et al. 2015 ...
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), a type of organic pollutants that are known to be potentially harmful to living beings, continue to accumulate in the environment. Owing to anthropogenic activities such as industrial emissions, fossil fuel combustion, forest fires, etc. the level of PAHs in the environment is constantly on the rise. In this review, acute and chronic health effects of PAH pollution on human health have been discussed. The authors have also shed lights on characteristics and possible routes of PAH exposure. Various bioremediation techniques and environmental considerations for PAH decontamination have also been compiled. Furthermore, contemporary biological techniques used to increase the effectiveness of removing PAH contamination such as catabolic genes, enzymes and genetic engineering methods (GEMs) have also been discussed. Advancements in recent years with regards to bacterial PAH degradation with a special focus on metagenomics have also been featured. The present article focuses on the current state-of-the-art research on PAHs biodegradation and how current research could move forward.
... PAHs are organic compounds that are colourless or have a white to pale yellow colour (Abdel-Shafy and Mansour, 2016). The term PAH is intended for compounds that consist only of carbon and hydrogen atoms (Rengarajan et al., 2015). These compounds have two or more fused aromatic rings, arranged in several structural configurations (angular, linear, or cluster arrangements). ...
... The main routes of exposure are inhalation, ingestion, and dermal contact (especially in occupational settings) (Ravindra et al., 2008). The effects of exposure to PAHs on human health depend on the extent and route of exposure, the individual susceptibility, the concentration and number of PAHs to which the individual was exposed, and the particular toxicity of the compound (Rengarajan et al., 2015). Simultaneous exposures may occur through multiple routes, such as dermal and inhalation exposure to polluted air, increasing the total absorption dose (Lawal, 2017). ...
... This may be so because the fuel, motor/engine oil and other petroleum products associated with engines serve as sources of pyrogenic PAH contamination in water bodies. 77 Yet, lower levels and very few PAH congeners are found in raw tilapia samples in our present study. Although fishes may naturally contain low levels of PAH congeners, as asserted by Stołyhwo and Sikorski 78 , the findings also suggest that the study site, Afram Arm of the Volta Lake, is less polluted with no known (heavy) industrial activities such as petroleum exploitation (including offshore production and transportation), and effluent from wastewater plants which constitute significant sources of PAHs contaminations in water bodies. ...
The study assessed 18 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in O. niloticus (Nile tilapia) sampled from an aquaculture cage (farm) and a wild catch. The PAHs in fish samples were analysed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Four PAHs (in order of levels: Indeno [1,2,3-cd] pyrene > Anthracene > Perylene > Pyrene; 100-0.8 µg/kg) and only one PAH (Pyrene: 4 µg/kg) were detected in raw samples from the cage and wild catch respectively. Chargrilling significantly increased Pyrene levels after cooking (wild: 4-11 µg/kg; cage: 5-23 µg/kg, p < .05), and likewise Anthracene levels in cage samples (13-153 µg/kg) but decreased Indeno [1,2,3-cd] pyrene levels from 100 ± 20 to 1.2 ± 0.2 µg/kg in cage samples. Smoking significantly increased 13 to 15 PAH congeners’ levels (from < 1.0 up to 340 µg/kg) and total PAHs (wild: 4 to 840 µg/kg; cage: 110 to 560 µg/kg), and decreased Indeno [1,2,3-cd] pyrene (100 to 1.3 µg/kg) in cage samples but showed no effect on Benzo [g, h, i] perylene and Dibenzo [a, h] anthracene levels in all samples. For smoked samples, Benzo [a] pyrene and PAH4 (Benzo [a] anthracene, Chrysene, Benzo [b] fluoranthene, and Benzo [a] pyrene) exceeded the respective maximum permissible limits of 2 µg/kg and 12 µg/kg, and significantly influenced the levels of carcinogenic PAHs (CPAH, 135-170 µg/kg). Nevertheless, the Excess Cancer Risk (ECR) estimates, from a conservative approach, were far below the threshold (10⁻⁴), implying that consuming smoked or grilled tilapia from the study site is safe.
... It is emphasised that due to the lipophilic nature of PAHs, their solubility in organic solvents and low solubility in water make their detection difficult, and therefore, appropriate and accurate analytical methods should be developed (Rengarajan et al., 2015). PAHs can accumulate in all fat-containing tissues of the body, with a particular tendency to accumulate in the liver, adipose tissue, and kidneys. ...
The effect of different cooking methods (boiling, sous‐vide cooking, pan‐frying, oven cooking, and barbecuing) on some quality criteria (dry matter content, pH value, cooking loss value, and antioxidant activity) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contents of cultivated mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) was investigated. Different cooking methods were found to have significant effects on the dry matter content, cooking loss, and pH value of the mushroom, whereas no significant effect was observed on the antioxidant activity (IC50). Benzo[a]anthracene (BaA) was detected in both raw and cooked mushroom samples, with no statistically significant difference in ∑PAH4 (BaA + Chry + BbF + BaP) content between samples. The ∑PAH4 content, initially 0.30 ng/g in raw samples, ranged from 0.34 to 3.50 ng/g across mushrooms cooked using different methods. Importantly, consumption of even 1 kg of pan‐fried mushrooms with the highest ∑PAH4 content remained within the limits defined by both the Turkish Food Codex Food Contaminants Regulation (TFC 2011) and the European Union Directive (EU 2011).
... Each of the PAH compounds exhibits unique health outcomes. 76,77 Several PAHs are teratogenic, carcinogenic, mutagenic, and immunotoxic to innate beings, such as microbes, animals, and humans. 76,78,79 The manner of exposure, period, and dosage are crucial variables for determining the virulence of PAHs' toxic outcomes. ...
... 76,77 Several PAHs are teratogenic, carcinogenic, mutagenic, and immunotoxic to innate beings, such as microbes, animals, and humans. 76,78,79 The manner of exposure, period, and dosage are crucial variables for determining the virulence of PAHs' toxic outcomes. 80 Fatal outcomes of PAHs may differ based on variables such as age and underlying health state. ...
... 78 Anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, and Naphthalene are explicit skin irritants and skin sensitizers for animals and humans. 76 Long-term impacts are renal and hepatic derangement, eye cataracts, respiratory distress, pulmonary dysfunction, asthma-like symptoms and compromised immunity. 77 Naphthalene can bring about the degradation of erythrocytes if inhaled or ingested in large quantities. ...
Toxicity arising from environmental contaminants has attracted global interest in the last few decades, due to the high morbidity and mortality associated with them. Efforts have been made to combat the consequential outcomes of environmental toxicity in humans through traditional remediation techniques and therapeutic measures which have been hampered by one or more limitations. Consequently, this scenario has triggered interest in the medicinal properties of phytochemicals. Thus, this review gives a succinct and in-depth elucidation of the various environmental contaminants and their toxicity effects on humans. It delves into the various classes of phytochemicals and their intervention roles. The study adopted a desk review of existing literatures from scientific reports and peer reviewed articles through triangulation of data sources. "Phytochemicals" are group of secondary metabolites obtained from plants with medicinal properties. These groups of compounds are included but not limited to flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, cardenoloids, terpenoids, and phytosteroids. This review corroborates the prophylactic and therapeutics efficacy of these phytochemicals as anti-metastatic, anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, anti-oxidant, anti-microbial and live saving substances with empirical findings from several laboratory, clinical trials and epidemiologic studies. It conclude that given the wide range of medicinal properties of phytochemicals, there is an urgent need for its full optimization in the pharmaceutical industry and future studies should focus on identifying the bioactive molecules in these compounds and its effectiveness against mixer toxicity.
... In addition to genetic factors and age, many environmental carcinogenic substances play a role in the pathophysiology of breast cancer [22]. Among them is the site-specific carcinogen, 7,12-dimethylbenz(a) anthracene (DMBA), which is commonly employed to induce mammary cell carcinoma experimentally [23]. ...
Aims:
Breast cancer incidence keeps on growing and emerging as one of the major global challenges, therefore, the introduction of new approaches is of great demand. Drug repurposing is crucial to faster and cheaper discovery of anti-cancer drugs. The antiviral tenofovir disproxil fumarate (TF) was reported to decrease hepatocellular carcinoma risk by interfering with cell cycle and proliferation. This study aimed to scrutinize the role of TF alone or combined with doxorubicin (DOX) in 7,12-dimethylbenz (a) anthracene (DMBA)-induced breast carcinoma rat model.
Materials and methods:
Breast carcinoma was induced by DMBA (7.5 mg/kg, twice/week, SC into mammary gland) for 4 successive weeks. TF (25 and 50 mg/kg/day) was given orally and DOX (2 mg/kg) was injected once/week by tail vein starting from day 1.
Key findings:
The anti-cancerous effect of TF was mediated by suppression of oxidative stress markers and Notch signaling proteins (Notch1, JAG1, and HES1), attenuation of tumor proliferation markers (cyclin-D1 and Ki67), and boosting of apoptosis (P53 and Caspase3) and autophagy biomarkers (Beclin1 and LC3). In parallel, histopathological assessment displayed that mammary glands from animals treated with TF alone or combined with DOX showed better histopathological scores. Interestingly, TF and DOX co-treatment markedly decreased myocardial injury markers (AST, LDH, and CK-MB), restored the balance between GSH and ROS, prohibited lipid peroxidation, and preserved microscopic myocardial architecture.
Significance:
TF elicited antitumor activity via multiple molecular mechanisms. Moreover, combining TF with DOX might be a potential novel strategy to enhance DOX-anticancer activity and decrease its cardiac side effects.
... Also, metal melting is known as the main process in the foundries. In the previous studies, the production of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the coke-oven furnace has been associated with the DNA damage and malignancy effect (Rengarajan et al. 2015). Meanwhile different cancers were documented in occupational exposure to PAHs as well as foundry workers (Liu et al. 2010, Alicandro et al. 2016). ...
... Many studies emphasized the genetic damage of PAH in foundry studies (Gibson et al. 1977, Liu et al. 2010, Rengarajan et al. 2015, Alicandro et al. 2016 while coke-oven is the source of PAH production. Also, metal melting in electrical induction furnaces limited the production of PAHs. ...
Thermal degradation of water-based metalworking fluids (MWFs) produces carcinogen by-products. Since different additives have been used to eliminate hazardous material, the carcinogenic potential of two water-based MWFs was investigated in the lung epithelial cell line (A549). Two MWF types were studied in pure and on-used. The chemical content of all samples was assessed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). DNA damage of samples was evaluated in the doses range of 0.05–0.8 mg by comet assay. Comet images were analyzed with Open comet software. Amine borate and ethanolamine were found in B and C fluids respectively. Pyridazine compound by the potency of nitrosamine production was found in on-used C fluid. After using MWFs in the metal processing, a polycyclic component with bore central groups was produced in on-used B fluid. DNA damage of on-used fluid with boron component occurred at a level lower than ethyl amine-containing fluid. Moreover, the genotoxicity of air samples in B fluid was higher than C airborne samples significantly. More careful management have to be considered for the replacement of amine corrosion inhibitors with boron-containing chemical in MWFs. In conclusion design of a plan was required for the control of high-risk chemicals in the metal processing industry.
... Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) found in grilled, barbecued, and smoked meat are also linked to an increased risk of breast cancer. The PAHs are pro-carcinogens that become active carcinogens after undergoing a sequence of events catalyzed by cytochrome p450 enzymes in the body [5][6][7][8][9]. Women are at increased risk of acquiring breast cancer due to these risk factors and their ever-changing lifestyles. ...
... The PAHs are pro-carcinogens that, after undergoing a series of processes mediated by cytochrome p450 enzymes in the body, become active carcinogens. [5][6][7][8][9]. Due to these variables and the ever-evolving lives of modern women, the incidence of breast cancer is on the rise. ...
... PAHs, a diverse group of organic compounds, are one of the most widespread pollutants with proven adverse effects on various living organisms, including humans [25][26][27][28][29]. However, despite their toxicity, PAHs are inextricably integrated into everyday life due to their presence in staple products such as toys, shoes, as well as foodstuffs. ...
The present work is part of a comprehensive study aiming to identify and quantify an array of harmful contaminants at very low concentrations in recycled paperboard materials intended for food contact applications. In this initial study, three commonly used extraction techniques were optimized and tested for their efficacy and accuracy in isolating 13 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from three commercially available food packaging materials made from recycled paperboard. The techniques were Soxtec extraction (SE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME), followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis. The recoveries of all three methods were rather satisfactory; 10 out of 13 substances were recovered at rates between 70 and 124% using the SE method, 8 out of 13 substances were recovered at rates between 50 and 134% using the UAE method, and finally, 8 out of 13 substances were recovered at rates between 70 and 105% using the HS-SPME method. Regarding accuracy, the HS-SPME method gave the best results at 125 μg kg⁻¹, as 7 out of 13 concentration values were within acceptable limits, while only five and four concentration values were within limits for the UAE and SE methods, respectively. Furthermore, the results of both the calculated RSD and HorRat values indicated that HS-SPME is more accurate for extracting PAHs than the other two methods.
