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Youth who age out of foster care are at risk of poor outcomes and risky behaviors in young adulthood. Yet, little is known about what child welfare workers can do to decrease these risks. The effect of foster care placement instability on substance use and risky sexual behaviors is examined using data from 114 young adults who aged out of care. Whe...
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... regression analyses were run to determine the relationships between placement stability and the risky behaviors while controlling for the adversity variables. The unstandardized regression coefficients and Beta coefficients of the outcome variables regressed on the independent variable, placement number, are presented in Table 8. The regression analyses illustrate that when controlling for sex, race/ethnicity, parental substance abuse, parental domestic violence, parental poverty, parental incarceration, neglected, physically abused, sexually abused, and intimate partner violence before the age of 18, there is a statistically significant relationship between foster care placement instability and substance use, as hypothesized. ...
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Objective:
The relationships between depressive symptoms and alcohol use among maltreated youth have been well documented. However, the direction of these associations remains unclear. Two prevalent but contrasting perspectives on these associations-the self-medication and impaired-functioning hypotheses-have each received extensive support. The p...
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... placement histories have also been found to predict low academic achievement, substance use, and delinquent behavior in older youth (Pecora, 2012;Ryan & Testa, 2005;Stott, 2012). Evidence suggests that these effects are mediated by the impact of placement instability on the development of the prefrontal cortex, a region of the brain that is heavily implicated in planning, decision making, personality, and social behavior (Fisher et al., 2013). ...
Placement instability for children in foster care is high, with children experiencing nearly 4.5 placement moves per 1,000 days in care on average. While prior research has demonstrated a predictive relationship between mental health problems and placement instability, few studies have examined the associations of specific mental health diagnoses or utilization of mental health (MH) services. To this end, this study seeks to investigate associations between MH service utilization, mental health diagnosis, and placement instability (rate of placement moves) for foster children. We analyzed statewide integrated administrative data to examine MH service utilization and mental health diagnosis on placement instability among foster children. We used SAS 9.4 to conduct descriptive, bivariate, and multiple linear regression models to address the objectives of the study. The retrospective cohort was composed of 1,002 children in foster care. The multivariable linear regression reveals that receiving in-patient services, receiving out-patient services, being diagnosed with conduct disorder, being Black children, older children, and female children, being placed in intensive case management, being sexually abused, having a single household family structure at time of removal, and having a high number of intakes significantly increased the rate of placement moves. The findings of this study have significant implications for the provision of mental health services to foster children and the promotion of placement stability, highlighting the role of child welfare professionals in fostering protective factors and mitigating risk factors to promote placement stability. Implications for practice and policy improvement are discussed.
... Attrition of carers results in a detrimental loss of valuable experience, fewer homes available for children (Bromfield and Osborn, 2007a) and increased risks of placement breakdowns, with some children subsequently experiencing multiple placements during their time in care (Bromfield and Osborn, 2007b). Such placement instability leads to an increased risk of behavioural issues (Rubin et al., 2007;Stott, 2012) and psychopathology (Fawley-King and Snowden, 2012) among the children and young people. ...
Practising self-care is vital for foster carers to cope with the stresses of the caring role, provide the best care possible and continue in their task. This current study contributes to emerging research on the self-care practices of foster carers in Australia and worldwide. It used an exploratory design, surveying 148 foster carers about their self-care and conducting individual, semi-structured interviews enabling nine of them to elaborate on their self-care experiences. The results indicate that while the participants sometimes engage in self-care and value it as a way of maintaining their wellbeing and increasing their caregiving capacity, they face several barriers to doing this. These include the multiple responsibilities of the foster carer role, children’s commitments, employment and finances. Facilitators of self-care include social and family support, contact with other carers and carer respite. Foster care agencies and the out-of-home care system should aim to meet the self-care needs of carers by providing increased support, resources and education.
... Placement instability is broadly described as changes of households or caregivers that do not result in permanent care with a child's biological and/or adoptive family (Fisher et al., 2013;James 2004;McGuire et al., 2018;Wulczyn et al., 2003). Placement changes occur for a variety of reasons, including but not limited to poorly matched foster families, foster families' unrealistic expectations of foster children, unexpected life changes, conflict between other children, disobedience, and self-harm McGuire et al., 2018), but research has documented a consistent correlation between youth behavior and placement disruption (Connell et al., 2006;Havlicek, 2010;James et al., 2004;Stott, 2011). Youth in foster care who have experienced maltreatment coupled with being removed from their homes tend to be at risk for higher rates of mental and behavioral health issues compared to the general population and youth that have experienced maltreatment but remain at home (McGuire et al., 2018;Newton et al., 2000). ...
... Similarly, Leathers (2006) found that over half of the youth in their study experienced a placement disruption due to behavioral issues. Stott (2011) notes that adolescents who were not reconnected with their caregivers were prone to ageing out of foster care or resorting to running away, as very few adolescents are adopted. Moreover, new placement settings may be connected to aggressive behaviors as research has found that some children may act out aggressively towards their new caregivers (Schwartz, 2010). ...
... The impact of placement instability on young people's wellbeing has been well documented, with studies indicating that experiencing multiple placement moves is associated with early pregnancy and childbirth, mental health concerns, substance abuse, and delinquency (King et al., 2019;Leathers, 2006;Rubin et al., 2007;Ryan and Testa, 2005;Stott, 2011). For example, Stott (2011) found that as the number of placements for youth increased, the likelihood of substance abuse and teen pregnancy also increased, while safe sex practices (e.g. using contraceptives) decreased. ...
p>The child welfare system has a responsibility for maintaining young people’s safety and permanency when they are taken from their guardians. Many young people living in out-of-home care (OOHC) experience placement instability, which can negatively impact their development. The overrepresentation of Black families in the child welfare system has also been a longstanding issue across North America, where Black families are more likely to be involved with the child welfare system, receive poorer quality of placements, remain in care longer, and are less likely to reunify with their families. Given the known negative impacts of placement instability and the disparities experienced by Black families, these concerns may be more urgent for Black youth in care. This article shares the findings from a qualitative narrative analysis conducted on 27 interviews with Black Caribbean youth who have lived experiences navigating OOHC in Ontario’s child welfare system. Utilizing Critical Race Theory and Anti-Black Racism Theory as theoretical frameworks, three main narratives were identified: (1) difficult behaviors during placement transitions; (2) disposability; and (3) a pursuit of safety and belonging. These narratives capture the phenomenon of Black youth navigating placement instability in OOHC. Implications for policy, practice, and research are discussed.</p
... While foster parents appear to be at the greatest risk for leaving their roles within the first year, foster youth are at the greatest risk for disruption within the first six months of placement (Wulczyn, et al., 2003). Placement moves have negative outcomes for children, including education-related difficulties (Zima, et al., 2000), delinquent behaviors (Ryan, et al., 2007), substance abuse (Herrenkohl, et al., 2003;Stott, 2012), and increased mental and emotional problems ( Barber, et al., 2001). ...
Foster parents serve a critical role in the child welfare system; however, many report being dissatisfied with their role. As such, dissatisfied foster parents are at risk of disruption and turnover, ultimately resulting in placement moves for youth in care. Placement moves have negative impacts on youth well-being, prompting a need to explore issues related to placement longevity related to foster parent satisfaction. This mixed-methods study included foster parents in six mid-Southwestern states who participated in an online survey between June 2021 and January 2022. First, this study explored foster parent satisfaction with intent to turnover and disrupt placement in 362 foster parents through regression analyses. Next, open-ended responses for 130 foster parents were thematically analyzed to explore their nuanced caregiving experiences. Findings from the regression analyses suggest there are statistically significant differences in types of satisfaction experiences related to intent to turnover and disrupt placement. The qualitative inquiry resulted in finding three salient themes: Foster parents (1) possess a strong commitment to the children and youth they care for, (2) experience affirming rewards and complex struggles while caring for children and youth, and (3) are impacted by layers of failures within and seek transformation of the child welfare system. These findings provide insight into the needs and experiences of foster parents related to enhancing longevity of care. Moreover, findings suggest needed changes in child welfare practice and policy to support foster-parent retention and caregiving.
... Research has demonstrated that placement instability increases the likelihood of youth in care experiencing mental health concerns, substance abuse, delinquency, and feelings of abandonment (Leathers, 2006;Rubin et al., 2007;Ryan & Testa, 2005;Stott, 2011). Placement instability also decreases youth's social capital and overall well-being Fisher et al., 2013;McGuire et al., 2018;Newton et al., 2000). ...
p>Black youth have consistently reported that when they are transitioning from out-of-home care (OOHC) into independence, they are not supported or included in decision-making, and they feel isolated and vulnerable as they face an uncertain future. Previous research has documented the ways in which Black youths’ experiences in care are characterized by unpredictability and loss, but then care ends—and they continue to struggle. For Black youth in care, this transition can be exceptionally difficult as they are contending with the additional strain of doing so within the child welfare system and larger social context characterized by a loss of community and the persistence of anti-Black racism. Presently, there are no empirical studies in Ontario that investigate Black youth’s narratives transitioning from OOHC; this manuscript seeks to fill this gap in knowledge. Employing Adultification and Anti-Black Racism Theory as theoretical frameworks, this qualitative study investigated the narratives of 27 Black youth with lived experiences navigating OOHC in Ontario’s child welfare system. This study utilized narrative inquiry as a methodological approach. Three main narratives were identified: (1) the need for finances and a financial literacy; (2) narratives of aging out and (3) the challenges of navigating funding. To better support Black youth in their transition out of care and in independent living, recommendations for policy and practice include earlier transitional support, ensuring youth have a practical understanding of financial literacy, and educating youth about resources and their rights.</p
... Research has demonstrated that placement instability increases the likelihood of youth in care experiencing mental health concerns, substance abuse, delinquency, and feelings of abandonment (Leathers, 2006;Rubin et al., 2007;Ryan & Testa, 2005;Stott, 2011). Placement instability also decreases youth's social capital and overall well-being Fisher et al., 2013;McGuire et al., 2018;Newton et al., 2000). ...
Black youth have consistently reported that when they are transitioning from out-of-home care (OOHC) into independence, they are not supported or included in decision-making, and they feel isolated and vulnerable as they face an uncertain future. Previous research has documented the ways in which Black youths’ experiences in care are characterized by unpredictability and loss, but then care ends—and they continue to struggle. For Black youth in care, this transition can be exceptionally difficult as they are contending with the additional strain of doing so within the child welfare system and larger social context characterized by a loss of community and the persistence of anti-Black racism. Presently, there are no empirical studies in Ontario that investigate Black youth’s narratives transitioning from OOHC; this manuscript seeks to fill this gap in knowledge. Employing Adultification and Anti-Black Racism Theory as theoretical frameworks, this qualitative study investigated the narratives of 27 Black youth with lived experiences navigating OOHC in Ontario’s child welfare system. This study utilized narrative inquiry as a methodological approach. Three main narratives were identified: (1) the need for finances and a financial literacy; (2) narratives of aging out and (3) the challenges of navigating funding. To better support Black youth in their transition out of care and in independent living, recommendations for policy and practice include earlier transitional support, ensuring youth have a practical understanding of financial literacy, and educating youth about resources and their rights.
... Perry (2006) found that social network disruption is associated with increased psychological distress in foster youth. SEFC often experience many different residential placements, as well as many school changes, while in foster care (Stott, 2012). This affects their ability to obtain and maintain social capital, which is disrupted with every placement that occurs (Mehana & Reynolds, 2004). ...
Students with experience in foster care (SEFC) are an often overlooked student subgroup within the first-generation student population in higher education. The lack of attention on SEFC as a marginalized group in need of specialized support and guidance in higher education is the impetus for this study. In order to address this gap, the Texas Education Code (TEC) Section 51.9356 mandated all 2-year and 4-year state institutions in Texas accepting the tuition and fee waiver to have at least one university representative act as a foster care liaison. However, no guidelines were provided for what this role should include. Based on a pragmatic, problem-driven content analysis of documents from other states with similar roles, this study provides a theoretical rational and conceptual framework for foster care liaisons in higher education, including liaison expectations, training, and evaluation. The study concludes by examining future directions for practice, policy, and scholarship related to training and evaluating foster care liaisons in order to better support SEFC in higher education, and examines the role that social work can play in this process.
... In 2020, the number of youths who were emancipated from the foster care system in the U.S. surpassed 20,000 (The AFCARS Report, 2021). Hampered by experiencing multiple placements (Lockwood et al., 2015;Stott, 2011), trauma (Dorsey et al., 2012), and a lack of emotional and financial support, emancipated youth face difficulty navigating various aspects of their adult life (Courtney et al., 2011(Courtney et al., , 2020Fernandes, 2019a). Transitioning into emerging adulthood is a complex and gradual process during which young adults grapple with achieving financial and psychological autonomy (Arnett, 2007;Furstenberg et al., 2005). ...
Young adults aging out of the foster care system have received a good deal of attention over the years from policymakers, child welfare practitioners and researchers. Despite these efforts, youth aging out of the foster care system continue to have well-documented challenges when transitioning to adulthood. In this cross-sectional comparative study, we assess the outcomes of emancipated youth after the initiation of an extended after care program and compare the results with the outcomes drawn from a prior study conducted twenty years earlier. Overall, young adults in the 2021 study fared significantly better than their 2001 counterparts. They had increased positive health outcomes, were more financially secure, had a notable decline in involvement with law enforcement, were engaged in less illegal activity, had better educational outcomes, fewer job terminations, were experiencing less homelessness, were less likely to be married, and had fewer pregnancies and children than youth in the 2001 study. The provision of training and concrete services was associated with more positive outcomes. The article advances implications for policy interventions.
... thritis, HIV infection or AIDS, or any other STI.(Ahrens et al., 2008, Ahrens et al., 2013Rebbe et al., 2018) (2) Sexual health risk behaviours-consistency of condom use(Ahrens et al., 2013;Courtney & Dworsky, 2006;Stott, 2012;Yoshioka-Maxwell & Rice, 2019), number of sexual partners(Ahrens et al., 2013;Rebbe et al., 2018;Stott, 2012), having sex with a partner infected with a STI (Ahrens et al., 2013; Courtney & Dworsky, 2006; Rebbe et al., 2018), having transactional/exchange sex (Ahrens et al., 2012, Ahrens et al., 2013; Yoshioka-Maxwell & Rice, 2019), drug use with sex (Yoshioka-Maxwell & Rice, 2019), and other promiscuous behaviour (Everson-Hock et al., 2011)(3) Pregnancy and/or parenthood status-ever been pregnant or made a woman pregnant and/or ever given birth to or fathered a child (Y/N;Berzin, 2008;Courtney & Dworsky, 2006;Daining & DePanfilis, 2007;Dworsky & Courtney, 2010;Everson-Hock et al., 2011;Font et al., 2019;Lockwood et al., 2015; Miller et al., 2017;Oshima et al., 2013;Putnam- Hornstein et al., 2016;Shpiegel et al., 2017;Stott, 2012), number of children(Daining & DePanfilis, 2007;Everson-Hock et al., 2011) (4) Use of contraceptives-birth control (pill, patch, Norplant sticks, Dep-Provera shot) and other barrier methods (diaphragm, cervical cup, or IUD;Stott, 2012) (1) YRBS(Brener et al., 1995), used in 1 study (Yoshioka-Maxwell & Rice, 2019)Health, Access to Care and Service Use(1) Health insurance status(Ahrens et al., 2014;Courtney et al., 2001, Courtney et al., 2019Courtney & Dworsky, 2006;Dworsky, Dworsky, Ahrens et al., 2013;Kerman et al., 2002;Kruszka et al., 2012;Pecora et al., 2006;Raghavan et al., 2009) (2) Access to a regular family doctor(Courtney et al., 2019) (3) Self-reported difficulty accessing medical care(Courtney et al., 2001;Kruszka et al., 2012;Montgomery et al., 2006) (4) Receipt of medical care when needed(Ahrens et al., 2014;Courtney et al., 2001, Courtney et al., 2019Courtney & Dworsky, 2006;Lemon et al., 2005) (5) Time since last physical examination (Ahrens et al., 2014) (6) Medical service use(Courtney et al., 2019) (7) Mental health and social service use(Courtney et al., 2001;Courtney & Dworsky, 2006;Havlicek et al., 2013;Ringeisen et al., 2009;Villagrana, 2017; Villagrana et al., 2018) (8) CASA or modified version CASA(Ascher et al., 1996), used in 2 studiesRingeisen et al. ...
... thritis, HIV infection or AIDS, or any other STI.(Ahrens et al., 2008, Ahrens et al., 2013Rebbe et al., 2018) (2) Sexual health risk behaviours-consistency of condom use(Ahrens et al., 2013;Courtney & Dworsky, 2006;Stott, 2012;Yoshioka-Maxwell & Rice, 2019), number of sexual partners(Ahrens et al., 2013;Rebbe et al., 2018;Stott, 2012), having sex with a partner infected with a STI (Ahrens et al., 2013; Courtney & Dworsky, 2006; Rebbe et al., 2018), having transactional/exchange sex (Ahrens et al., 2012, Ahrens et al., 2013; Yoshioka-Maxwell & Rice, 2019), drug use with sex (Yoshioka-Maxwell & Rice, 2019), and other promiscuous behaviour (Everson-Hock et al., 2011)(3) Pregnancy and/or parenthood status-ever been pregnant or made a woman pregnant and/or ever given birth to or fathered a child (Y/N;Berzin, 2008;Courtney & Dworsky, 2006;Daining & DePanfilis, 2007;Dworsky & Courtney, 2010;Everson-Hock et al., 2011;Font et al., 2019;Lockwood et al., 2015; Miller et al., 2017;Oshima et al., 2013;Putnam- Hornstein et al., 2016;Shpiegel et al., 2017;Stott, 2012), number of children(Daining & DePanfilis, 2007;Everson-Hock et al., 2011) (4) Use of contraceptives-birth control (pill, patch, Norplant sticks, Dep-Provera shot) and other barrier methods (diaphragm, cervical cup, or IUD;Stott, 2012) (1) YRBS(Brener et al., 1995), used in 1 study (Yoshioka-Maxwell & Rice, 2019)Health, Access to Care and Service Use(1) Health insurance status(Ahrens et al., 2014;Courtney et al., 2001, Courtney et al., 2019Courtney & Dworsky, 2006;Dworsky, Dworsky, Ahrens et al., 2013;Kerman et al., 2002;Kruszka et al., 2012;Pecora et al., 2006;Raghavan et al., 2009) (2) Access to a regular family doctor(Courtney et al., 2019) (3) Self-reported difficulty accessing medical care(Courtney et al., 2001;Kruszka et al., 2012;Montgomery et al., 2006) (4) Receipt of medical care when needed(Ahrens et al., 2014;Courtney et al., 2001, Courtney et al., 2019Courtney & Dworsky, 2006;Lemon et al., 2005) (5) Time since last physical examination (Ahrens et al., 2014) (6) Medical service use(Courtney et al., 2019) (7) Mental health and social service use(Courtney et al., 2001;Courtney & Dworsky, 2006;Havlicek et al., 2013;Ringeisen et al., 2009;Villagrana, 2017; Villagrana et al., 2018) (8) CASA or modified version CASA(Ascher et al., 1996), used in 2 studiesRingeisen et al. ...
... thritis, HIV infection or AIDS, or any other STI.(Ahrens et al., 2008, Ahrens et al., 2013Rebbe et al., 2018) (2) Sexual health risk behaviours-consistency of condom use(Ahrens et al., 2013;Courtney & Dworsky, 2006;Stott, 2012;Yoshioka-Maxwell & Rice, 2019), number of sexual partners(Ahrens et al., 2013;Rebbe et al., 2018;Stott, 2012), having sex with a partner infected with a STI (Ahrens et al., 2013; Courtney & Dworsky, 2006; Rebbe et al., 2018), having transactional/exchange sex (Ahrens et al., 2012, Ahrens et al., 2013; Yoshioka-Maxwell & Rice, 2019), drug use with sex (Yoshioka-Maxwell & Rice, 2019), and other promiscuous behaviour (Everson-Hock et al., 2011)(3) Pregnancy and/or parenthood status-ever been pregnant or made a woman pregnant and/or ever given birth to or fathered a child (Y/N;Berzin, 2008;Courtney & Dworsky, 2006;Daining & DePanfilis, 2007;Dworsky & Courtney, 2010;Everson-Hock et al., 2011;Font et al., 2019;Lockwood et al., 2015; Miller et al., 2017;Oshima et al., 2013;Putnam- Hornstein et al., 2016;Shpiegel et al., 2017;Stott, 2012), number of children(Daining & DePanfilis, 2007;Everson-Hock et al., 2011) (4) Use of contraceptives-birth control (pill, patch, Norplant sticks, Dep-Provera shot) and other barrier methods (diaphragm, cervical cup, or IUD;Stott, 2012) (1) YRBS(Brener et al., 1995), used in 1 study (Yoshioka-Maxwell & Rice, 2019)Health, Access to Care and Service Use(1) Health insurance status(Ahrens et al., 2014;Courtney et al., 2001, Courtney et al., 2019Courtney & Dworsky, 2006;Dworsky, Dworsky, Ahrens et al., 2013;Kerman et al., 2002;Kruszka et al., 2012;Pecora et al., 2006;Raghavan et al., 2009) (2) Access to a regular family doctor(Courtney et al., 2019) (3) Self-reported difficulty accessing medical care(Courtney et al., 2001;Kruszka et al., 2012;Montgomery et al., 2006) (4) Receipt of medical care when needed(Ahrens et al., 2014;Courtney et al., 2001, Courtney et al., 2019Courtney & Dworsky, 2006;Lemon et al., 2005) (5) Time since last physical examination (Ahrens et al., 2014) (6) Medical service use(Courtney et al., 2019) (7) Mental health and social service use(Courtney et al., 2001;Courtney & Dworsky, 2006;Havlicek et al., 2013;Ringeisen et al., 2009;Villagrana, 2017; Villagrana et al., 2018) (8) CASA or modified version CASA(Ascher et al., 1996), used in 2 studiesRingeisen et al. ...
Youth aging out of child welfare systems face an abrupt transition to adulthood and expectation for self-sufficiency with few supports. The current study represents a scoping review and narrative synthesis that sought to identify indicators used to measure the success of aging out youth and their corresponding methods of assessment. A database search was conducted and 150 articles were included in the review. Results revealed eight broad indicators of successful transitions, including: education, employment, basic needs, social support and relationships, conduct and victimization, health, general living skills, and resilience and psychological empowerment. As a larger category, health was broken down into five subdomains of physical, mental health symptoms, reproductive/sexual health, substance use, and access to care/service utilization. Findings highlight the need for comprehensive tools and strengths-based approaches to assessing transitional gaps earlier in the aging out process. Given the interdependency of indicator outcomes, fulsome measurement can provide a window into a youth’s future concerns.
... To understand placement instability (operationalized in our study as the number of placement changes a young person has experienced), one must first consider permanency within the child welfare system. Achieving permanency for youth in care is one of several central goals within child welfare (Schofield et al., 2012;Stott, 2011). Permanency is multifaceted and encompasses psychological (unconditional emotional connections), physical (safe and stable living environment), and legal (reunification, legal custody, adoption) considerations (Osmond & Tilbury, 2012). ...
... Placement stability is related to permanency planning for young people in care (Schofield et al., 2012;Stott, 2011), because a youth in a stable placement is more likely to be adopted or to experience reunification with their biological family (Akin, 2011;Practice and Research Together, 2016). Permanency can be a complicated task when considering the young person's lived experience, the availability and quality of placement options, and child welfare organizational principles and policies. ...
... However, it is important to consider other relevant factors that are likely to co-occur with the youth's age (McDonald et al., 2007). For example, circumstances that existed within the home prior to entering foster care (e.g., poverty, maltreatment characteristics, parental substance use) may contribute to older youths engaging in greater high-risk behaviours (e.g., substance use; Stott, 2011). Understandably, these behaviours are often challenging for resource caregivers to manage without the appropriate supports, which may result in resource caregivers feeling overwhelmed, less engaged, and more likely to prematurely terminate the placement (Tonheim & Iversen, 2019). ...
Placement stability is a key goal within child welfare. Unfortunately, placement disruptions are common and result in widespread negative outcomes for youth in care. Hierarchical regression analyses were conducted to examine the youth and resource caregiver variables associated with the number of placement changes among 1,624 Canadian youths aged 10-17 years. Data were based on information collected from the youths, resource caregivers, and child welfare practitioners. For the demographic variables, compared to residential placements, parent-model placements (i.e., foster, adoptive, kinship homes) were associated with fewer placement changes. Also, younger age when first placed in care, older current youth age, and a higher number of maltreatment types endorsed by the child welfare practitioner, were associated with a greater number of placement changes. For the youth variables, greater conduct problems, peer problems, and prosocial behaviour, as well as fewer internal assets, were associated with greater placement changes. For the resource caregiver variables, lower placement satisfaction was associated with a greater number of placement changes. These findings not only add a Canadian context to previous literature on the factors associated with the number of placements youth in care experience, but also do so while making use of data from multiple informants, including the youths’ perspectives. Our findings highlight the importance of considering both youth and caregiver factors that are associated with placement changes, which provides insight into possible areas of intervention.
