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Other Types of Traumatic Events Experienced by Someone Close to Community- Based Colombian Women, but not Directly Witnessed (n = 51) Type of direct trauma exposure n % *
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We undertook the translation and adaptation of an instrument developed to measure women's lifetime trauma exposure, the Life Stressor Checklist-Revised (LSC-R), in order to determine its utility and cultural appropriateness with Colombian Spanish-speaking women. The LSC-R was forward and backward translated and administered to a sample (N = 217) of...
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... Participants were asked to indicate how old they were when each endorsed stressful event started and how old they were when it ended. The LSC-R has been validated for use with Spanish-speaking women (Humphreys et al., 2011) and perinatal populations (Bosquet Enlow et al., 2017). In this study, a childhood trauma exposure score was calculated by summing the number of trauma types that occurred when the participant was less than 18 years of age, and an adulthood trauma exposure score was calculated by summing the number of trauma types that occurred when the participant was 18 or older. ...
Trauma exposure is strongly linked to maternal posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depressive symptoms during the perinatal period; however, childhood trauma exposure is often assessed without accounting for adult exposure. This study tested the unique impacts of childhood and adulthood trauma exposure on PTSD and depressive symptoms among pregnant women (N = 107, 82.9% Latina) enrolled in a nonrandomized intervention study. Regression analyses at baseline showed positive associations between trauma exposure and PTSD symptoms irrespective of trauma timing, childhood: B = 1.62, t(91) = 2.11, p = .038; adulthood: B = 2.92, t(91) = 3.04, p = .003. However only adulthood trauma exposure , B = 1.28, t(94) = 2.94, p = .004, was positively associated with depressive symptoms. Mixed-effects analyses of variance revealed interaction effects of time and adulthood trauma exposure, indicating that women with high degrees of adulthood trauma exposure had higher baseline levels of PTSD, F(1, 76.4) = 6.45, p = .013, and depressive symptoms, F(1, 87.2) = 4.88, p = .030, but showed a more precipitous decrease posttreatment than women with lower levels of adulthood trauma exposure. These findings support the clinical relevance of assessing both childhood and adulthood trauma exposure during the perinatal period given their impacts on baseline symptoms and psychotherapy response.
... In case of a 'yeś-answer, a Likert scale from 1 (not at all) to 5 (extreme) represents how much the certain event influenced the precedent year. The total number of the experienced, different event types can be determined by summing all 'yeś-answers (Humphreys et al., 2011). To weight these reported SLE by their subjective relevance (e.g. the unexpected death of a participant's greatgrandfather during his/her childhood may not necessarily impact on the current life situation anymore), the SLE measure was calculated by summing the 5 point Likert scale items, representing the cumulative impact of SLE (LSC-R cumulative impact scale; LSC-R CIS ) during the year prior to assessment, resulting in scores ranging from 0 to 150 (Choi et al., 2017). ...
... The Life Stressor Checklist is a self-reported measure used to assess traumatic or stressful life events that is applied in different clinical and research settings 19,20 and has been previously used in studies on Latin American populations. 21,22 This checklist assesses 30 highly stressful life events, including 12 violence-related items (Table S1), and other events such as natural disasters and the death of a relative. Respondents are asked to provide additional information on the age when the event began and ended, depending on the item. ...
Background Violence against women has become a global public health threat. Data on the potential impact of exposure to violence on cardiovascular disease are scarce.
Methods and Results We evaluated the association between exposure to violence and subclinical cardiovascular disease in 634 disease‐free women from the Mexican Teachers' Cohort who responded to violence‐related items from the Life Stressor Checklist and underwent measures of carotid artery intima‐media thickness in 2012 and 2013. We defined exposure to violence as having ever been exposed to physical and/or sexual violence. Intima‐media thickness was log‐transformed, and subclinical carotid atherosclerosis was defined as intima‐media thickness ≥0.8 mm or plaque. We used multivariable linear and logistic regression models adjusted for several potential confounders. Mean age was 48.9±4.3 years. Close to 40% of women reported past exposure to violence. The lifetime prevalence of sexual violence was 7.1%, and prevalence of physical violence was 23.5% (7.7% reported both sexual and physical violence). Relative to women with no history of violence, exposure to violence was associated with higher intima‐media thickness (adjusted mean percentage difference=2.4%; 95% confidence interval 0.5, 4.3) and subclinical atherosclerosis (adjusted odds ratio=1.60; 95% confidence interval 1.10, 2.32). The association was stronger for exposure to physical violence, especially by mugging or physical assault by a stranger (adjusted mean % difference=4.6%; 95% confidence interval 1.8, 7.5, and odds ratio of subclinical carotid atherosclerosis=2.06; 95% confidence interval 1.22, 3.49).
Conclusions Exposure to violence, and in particular assault by a stranger, was strongly associated with subclinical cardiovascular disease in Mexican middle‐aged women.
... Follow-up questions assess the age at which each event was experienced and the degree of stress and fear produced by the event, allowing the instrument to be scored for presence of PTSD. The Spanish-language adaptation by Humphreys et al. (30) includes the number of occurrences for each event in order to differentiate between occasional and chronic exposures. ...
... percentage of item agreement: 79%-98%) (29). A study of the construct validity and cultural appropriateness of the Spanish translation of the LSC-R found the instrument to be valid, easily understood, and culturally appropriate in a community-based sample of Colombian women (30). In the study reported here, the primary independent variable was the number of traumatic events experienced at or before 16 years of age. ...
Objective:
To describe childhood trauma and depressive symptoms in Mexican women and to explore the relationships between number and type of childhood traumatic events and depressive symptoms.
Methods:
A community-based sample of 100 women was interviewed using a demographic questionnaire, the Life Stressor Checklist-Revised (LSC-R), and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Childhood trauma (trauma at or before 16 years of age) and depressive symptoms were described, and logistic and linear regressions were used to analyze the relationship between childhood traumatic events and current depressive symptoms.
Results:
Participants reported a mean of 9.46 (standard deviation (SD): 4.18) lifetime traumas and 2.76 (SD: 2.34) childhood traumas. The mean CES-D score was 18.9 (SD: 12.0) and 36.0% of participants had clinically significant depression (CES-D > 24). Depression scores were correlated with lifetime trauma, childhood trauma, education level, employment status, and number of self-reported current medical conditions. Depression scores were not significantly correlated with age, marital status, number of children, or socioeconomic status. For every additional childhood trauma experienced, the odds of clinically significant depressive symptoms (CES-D > 24) increased by 50.0% (adjusted odds ratio (OR): 1.50; 95% confidence interval: 1.14-1.96), after controlling for number of children, age, education level, employment status, and number of self-reported medical conditions.
Conclusions:
The results indicated that the number of childhood trauma exposures is associated with current depression among urban Mexican women, suggesting a need for trauma-informed care in this setting.
Resilience has been conceptualized as the result of cumulative risk versus protective factors on development. Research suggests planfulness may be a protective factor of resilience as it mediates the impact of stress and increases the likelihood of positive outcomes. To our knowledge, few studies have investigated the nature of the association between planfulness and resilience using direct measures. We used the Connor Davidson Resilience Scale as a direct measure of Resilience (CD-RISC) to help address this gap in the literature. We used Hierarchical Stepwise Regression to test the hypothesis that resilience is positively predicted by planfulness and negatively predicted by anxiety and depression. The sample consisted of 100 undergraduate students endorsing two or more traumatic experiences on a measure of cumulative risk. Results indicated that resilience is positively predicted by planfulness (β = 0.33) and negatively predicted by anxiety (β = − 0.25) and depression (β = − 0.33), confirming the hypothesis. The present study supports the use of direct measures of resilience rather than an assessment of resilience by proxy as a direct measure is expected to support replication across studies.
Purpose. To investigate the association between serious financial difficulties (SFD), stress, and cardiovascular health in women.
Methods. We categorized 1759 employed and insured disease-free women from the Mexican Teachers’ Cohort according to their response to a question on SFD included in the Life Stressor Checklist-Revised administered in 2012 and 2016. We also measured perceived stress (n=1,598) and hair cortisol levels (n=539) in study participants. Carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) was measured, and carotid atherosclerosis (CA) determined in all participants.
Results. Multivariable regression models indicated that women exposed to SFD had 1.6% (95% CI: 0.05, 3.2) higher mean IMT and 1.37 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.85) higher odds of CA relative to women without SFD. The magnitude of the observed associations was higher in women reporting longer duration of the event and higher emotional burden. Mediation analyses suggested a potential role of perceived stress and body mass index in these associations. Cortisol levels did not differ between groups.
Conclusion: SFD was associated with subclinical cardiovascular disease among employed and insured women. Limiting stress and adiposity may be potential targets for interventions.
Recently, women have increasingly been participating in online communities related to psychological health via Internet use to communicate their stressful events in daily lives to others who have suffered from similar experiences. To explore sensitive and relevant stressors among women and identify common types of stressor, we collected 54,195 documents posted from 10 February 2007, to 14 January 2020 from free discussion boards by age group (20s to over 50s) within the online community for women in South Korea (www.ezday.co.kr). Subsequently, we conducted the computer-assisted text analysis with structural topic modeling (STM) using 10,725 user-generated documents including negative emotional expressions about daily stressful events. Then, based on these results of latent daily stressor-related topics for aiding qualitative content analysis, the current study present multiple stressors as the cause of stress with eight topics (mismatch of expected role demands, problems/lack of communication, interpersonal discontinuity, physical and mental health, discomfort of living, role conflict in interpersonal relationships, problems with maintaining/choosing a career, and family caregiving burden). Consequently, our research suggests text-based analysis to better explore reactivity to stressors that women may disclose in everyday life by exploring the language of psychological stress expressed on social media.
Little is known about the associations between pain, stress, and co-occurring symptoms in oncology patients. Purpose was to identify subgroups of patients with distinct worst pain profiles and evaluate for differences among the subgroups in demographic and clinical characteristics, as well as stress and symptom scores. Oncology outpatients (n=1305) completed questionnaires prior to their second or third chemotherapy cycle. Worst pain intensity was assessed six times over two chemotherapy cycles using a 0 to 10 numeric rating scale. The 371 patients (28.4%) who had ≤1 occurrence of pain over the six assessments were classified as the None class. For the remaining 934 patients whose data were entered into the latent profile analysis, three distinct worst pain profiles were identified (i.e., Mild [12.5%], Moderate [28.6%], Severe [30.5%]). Compared to None class, Severe class had fewer years of education and a lower annual income; were less likely to be employed and married; less likely to exercise on a regular basis, had a higher comorbidity burden, and a worse functional status. Compared to None class, Severe class reported higher levels of general, disease-specific, and cumulative life stress and lower levels of resilience, as well as higher levels of depressive symptoms, anxiety, fatigue, sleep disturbance, and cognitive dysfunction. This study is the first to identify distinct worst pain profiles in a large sample of oncology patients receiving chemotherapy and associated risk factors.
Perspective: Unrelieved pain remains a significant problem for oncology patients receiving chemotherapy. High levels of stress and co-occurring symptoms contribute to a more severe pain profile in these patients.
This study examined co-occurring psychosocial problems among 120 women living with HIV (WLWH) in Washington, DC, USA. Participants completed a demographic survey, PHQ-9 (depressive symptoms), the Life Stressor Checklist (stressful events) and the PCL-C (PTSD symptoms in civilian populations). We calculated descriptive statistics and chi-square solutions for participant demographics. Classes of trauma history were established using latent class analysis (LCA). Latent indicators were extracted from participant self-reported traumatic histories on the LSC-R. Traumatic events have been found to be predictive of both depression. Latent class solution selection was guided by utility in evaluating and discriminating between classes as predictors of scales measuring depression or trauma exposure. Three distinct classes of trauma histories were identified: a high trauma (HT) class, an abuse/neglect (AN) class and a childhood trauma (CT) class. Binary logistic regression analyses determined whether trauma profiles predicted depression or PTSD after controlling for age, marital status, race and education. Participants in both the AN and CT class were over five times more likely than those in the HT class to endorse depressive symptoms. Classes differed significantly on whether they endorse depressive symptoms (p = .008) and marital status (p = .009), while PTSD appeared to trend toward significance (p = .085).
