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Mucuna pruriens L. (Fabaceae) is a popular Indian medicinal plant, which has long been used in traditional Ayurvedic system of Indian medicine for diseases including parkinsonism. The seeds of M. pruriens contain 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-L-alanine (L-dopa) as a major constituent, an intermediate precursor of the neurotransmitter dopamine. L-dopa extract...
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The neurotoxic effects of a synthetic detergent sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) on brain function in freshwater carp Cirrhinus cirrhosus and the efficacy of methanol extract of Mucuna pruriens seeds for alleviating such effects were demonstrated. Fish (n=36, 2 replicates) were exposed to SDS (2.53 mg/l) for 0 (control), 15 and 30 days. After 30-days...
The influence of agroecological practices, michorrization and yield of intercropping corn-soybean in a Typic Haplustert of the Experimental Center of the National University of Colombia (Candelaria- Colombia) was evaluated. In 2011-II, Mucuna pruriens- corn was planted and its plant residues were used as green manure (GM) or mulch (OM). In 2012-I,...
This work presents the electrochemical behavior of levodopa (L-DOPA), at boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrodes, using cycling voltammetry (CV), in Britton-Robinson (BR) buffer solution, and application of the proposed electrode for the determination of L-DOPA in extracts from the seeds of velvet bean (Mucuna prurita Hook or Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC.)...
The AnkomRF gas production technique was used to assess rumen degradability of Mucuna pruriens (velvet bean), Vigna unguiculata Walp (L) (cowpea) and Desmodium uncinatum (silverleaf desmodium) forage legumes. Forage samples of 1.0 g/DM were placed into 250ml glass jar and incubated at 39˚C over 72 hours. Rumen liquor that was taken from 2 fistulate...
Mucuna pruriens (Fabaceae), also known as cowitch and velvet bean contains very powerful neurotransmitter precursor L-Dopa. The seeds of Mucuna pruriens accumulate 0.2%-2% L-Dopa in their dry weight. L-Dopa is an amino acid that converts into dopamine. Dopamine is an essential component of our body and it requires for the proper functioning of the...
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... The transverse section of the seed shows testa with palisade-like cells, the epidermal wall looks thickened, and the hypodermis shows "T"-shaped cells and parenchyma with elongated cells. Oil globules and oval starch grains measuring [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] Microns are found to be present in the parenchymatous cells of the cotyledon. [16] Seed color showed wide variability, ranging from creamy white, light mottled, light brown, dark brown, shiny black, and dark mottled. ...
... [16] Seed color showed wide variability, ranging from creamy white, light mottled, light brown, dark brown, shiny black, and dark mottled. [17] The cortical cells of the root comprise rectangular crystals. One of the important features of the root is the existence of alternate inter-xylary phloem along with the fiber groups. ...
Mucuna pruriens (L.) (MP), also known as Kapikacchu in Sanskrit, is a well-known medicinal plant, the seed of which is commonly used in traditional systems of medicine worldwide, mainly for treating male infertility and associated conditions. Infertility is a multifactorial disease process with several potential contributing causes, among which male factors contribute to almost 50% of cases of infertility, the causative factors of which can be counted from faulty lifestyle to stress factors. In Ayurvedic system of medicine, various formulations of MP are explained in Vajikarana (Aphrodisiac) context. In this review, Pubmed, Google Scholar, Scopemed, and other online databases, including fields of pharmacology, pharmacognosy, and health, and published chapters of both classical and contemporary books, were rationally scrutinized to find out the scope, research possibilities, and potential role in improving male infertility and associated sexual dysfunctions. After thorough scrutiny, it has been observed that MP has an action on multiple aspects of infertility like aging, depression, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, and Parkinson's disease due to the presence of a complex mixture of alkaloids (like L-DOPA and its metabolites) and its nutritional component, along with its antioxidant and adaptogenic properties, which raises hope for the researchers to explore the effect of the drug in more accurate and aggressive way to fulfill the demand of the global issue.
... However, MPT has an L-DOPA content of 4.91-7.09% w/w, which is comparable to MPI (3-9% w/w) [29,30]. ...
... However, MPT has an L DOPA content of 4.91-7.09% w/w, which is comparable to MPI (3-9% w/w) [29,30]. The results showed that PEW can extract L-DOPA from both varieties. ...
Levodopa (L-DOPA) is an essential drug for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. Currently, L-DOPA can be produced by chemical synthesis and can also be found naturally in many herbs, especially Mucuna Pruriens (MP). According to clinical research, the MP extract containing L-DOPA for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease could reduce side effects more than the synthetic one. Unfortunately, MP extracts can be easily degraded. Changes in physical and chemical properties such as the appearance (color, melt, solid lump) and the reduction of L-DOPA content in the extract were commonly observed. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an extraction procedure to stabilize the extract of L-DOPA. This study attempted to enhance the extraction process by modifying the traditional acidification approach using hydrochloric acid, citric acid, or ascorbic acid. According to the stability test results, using Phyllanthus emblica water (PEW) as a solvent improved the preservative properties more than other solvents. The color of the PEW-MP powder changed slightly after 12 months of accelerated storage, but the amount of L-DOPA remained the highest (73.55%). Moreover, L-DOPA was only detected in MP and PEW-MP, but not PEW alone (the HPTLC chromatogram at Rf 0.48 and the HPLC chromatogram at Rt 6.0 min). The chemical profiles of PEW and L-DOPA observed in the chromatograms indicated that they are independently separated. As a result, they can be applied to a quality control process. Therefore, PEW was proven to be a powerful solvent for L-DOPA herbal extract that could be readily used as a raw material for herbal products.
... The matured seeds were harvested, dried and powdered to a mesh size of 60 after removing the seed coats. The seed extract thus obtained using 0.1 N Hydrochloric acid was filtered for further quantitative estimation of L-Dopa by high performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) standardized earlier (Raina et al. 2012(Raina et al. , 2013Raina and Misra 2018). Estimation of L-dopa (%) for selected 36 genotypes was performed during 2012-15 and their mean value was taken, wherever repeated. ...
... Among all the species under study, it was observed that L-dopa content was comparatively higher in the germplasm of M. pruriens var. pruriens, ranging between 4.20 to 7.09%, compared to the earlier reports from India (Prakash and Tewari 1999;Modi et al. 2008;Raina and Khatri 2011;Inamdar et al. 2012;Raina et al. 2012). The seeds of M. gigantea (IC-599297), M. nigricans (IC 599365) and M. monosperma (IC 599292) exhibited high L-dopa content of 6.76, 6.16 and 4.61% respectively while M. pruriens var. ...
Mucuna Adans., commonly known as the velvet bean, has a great potential not only being a genus of medicinal importance in the Indian system of medicine as a source of L-dopa but also as food, livestock feed, cover crop and being tolerant to abiotic stresses. Exploration and germplasm collections were undertaken in different phyto-geographical zones and tribal dominated areas of Odisha in Eastern India to study the species diversity, extent of genetic variability and associated indigenous traditional wisdom. Forty-one germplasm accessions representing five taxa viz. Mucuna monosperma (2), Mucuna nigricans (2), Mucuna gigantea (1), Mucuna pruriens var. pruriens (34) and Mucuna pruriens var. utilis (2) were collected from the state which exhibits a wide range of inter- and intra-specific variability in pod and seed morphology and L-dopa content in seeds, and further conserved in the National Gene Bank, New Delhi. An identification key, significant botanical characters and the systematic treatment for each taxon was provided for easy identification. The promising genotypes having high L-dopa content and the significant agro-morphological traits pertaining to pod and seed were identified for large scale cultivation and they serve as potential source for crop improvement and breeding programmes. The information on indigenous traditional knowledge collected from major tribal communities of Odisha revealed the immense importance of Mucuna for food and healthcare needs, thus some significant ethno-medicinal uses including their mode of administration were presented.
... Mucuna pruriens (Fabaceae), also named velvet bean, is a popular Indian medicinal plant widely distributed throughout India and in other parts of the tropics, including Central and South America [37]. This plant has also been cultivated for intercropping with maize, sorghum, and millet in tropical regions to provide soil and crop benefits and for the management of various pests. ...
... It has been highlighted that sorgoleone is inactive as a stimulant of Striga seed germination [113,114]. Also worth mentioning is a group of compounds with structural features related to strigolactones, namely, sesquiterpene lactones (37,38). These compounds have shown stimulation of the germination of the sunflower parasite Orobanche cumana and this activity was not produced on O. crenata (Plate 11) or O. ramosa [110]. ...
In Nature, the oldest method of communication between living systems is the chemical language. Plants, due to their lack of mobility, have developed the most sophisticated way of chemical communication. Despite that many examples involve this chemical communication process—allelopathy, there is still a lack of information about specific allelochemicals released into the environment, their purpose, as well as in-depth studies on the chemistry underground. These findings are critical to gain a better understanding of the role of these compounds and open up a wide range of possibilities and applications, especially in agriculture and phytomedicine. The most relevant aspects regarding the chemical language of plants, namely kind of allelochemicals, have been investigated, as well as their releasing mechanisms and their purpose will be described in this chapter.
... However, it may be useful in breeding programs to produce non-itchy genotypes with high L-DOPA content, which may be better suited for cultivation and commercialization. Similar results were found by Raina et al. (2012), who identified 6 accessions of velvet bean germplasm with high L-DOPA content in a screening of 38 accessions of Mucuna collected from various parts of India. The content of L-DOPA ranged from 2.39 to 5.44%. ...
Nonprotein amino acids are widely distributed in the plants. They constitute a numerous group of secondary metabolites and represent a relevant reservoir of nitrogen and carbon. Among them, L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine (dopamine) possess relevant physiological and biochemical effects on plants. L-DOPA, a strong allelochemical released by Mucuna plants into soils, is a precursor of many alkaloids, melanin, and catecholamines such as norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and epinephrine (adrenaline). In plants, dopamine is produced via hydroxylation of tyramine or decarboxylation of L-DOPA. Because L-DOPA and dopamine reveal striking roles in plant communication and signaling, we revise in this chapter the state of current knowledge on their biosynthesis, oxidation, functions, and prooxidant and antioxidant activities.
... Pharma industry needs high seed yield in association with high L-Dopa content to extract high L-Dopa yield by the demand of drug manufacturing industries to the treatment of the Parkinson's disease. Raina et al. (2012) screened 34 accessions of Mucuna pruriens for L-Dopa and found that the range of L-Dopa was 3.29 to 5.44% in the seeds. The variability of biochemical composition of mucuna was reported by earlier workers with few genotypes only and available information is meagre. ...
... L-Dopa content of seed was significantly highest in IIHR MP 62-1 (6.91%) and minimum in IC332432 (2.94%) and these UHPLC chromatograms are shown in Figs. 2 and 3. In a similar study results were reported by Raina et al. (2012) in 38 accession of Mucuna, where range of L-Dopa was 3.29-5.44% and significant high L-Dopa content was recorded in IC551549 (5.44%) and minimum in IC385841 (3.29%). ...
... Similar trend of variation of L-Dopa was observed by Krishnamurthy et al., (2002) in 17 wild collections from different regions of India and reported that L-Dopa varied from 2.30 to 4.18%. Raina et al., (2012) reported that variation of L-dopa ranges from 3.29 to 5.44% in the seeds of M. pruriens germplasm collections augmented from various parts of India. Later on Raina et al., (2013) also estimated that L-Dopa ranges from 4.20% to 6.11% where eleven Mucuna pruriens germplasm collected from three districts of Odisha. ...
... L-Dopa has non-significant negative association with pod width, pod weight, number of bunches per plant, number of seeds per pod, shelling percentage and test weight of the seed. Our results corroborated with Raina et al., (2012) who reported that L-Dopa was negatively correlated with seed traits indicating that seed size may not be selection criterion for identifying a genotype with high L-Dopa. Whereas the pod length has significant negative association with L-Dopa (Table 2) indicates that the selection of smaller pods rather than long pods could be useful to develop high L-Dopa accessions which can be utilized in future breeding programme of velvet bean. ...
Fifty eight germplasm of Mucuna was analysed for L-Dopa using ultra high performance liquid Chromatography. L-Dopa ranges from 2.94% in IC 332432 to 6.91% in IIHR MP62-1. Low L-Dopa accessions identified IC 332432 (2.94%) and IIHR MP95 (2.98%) was highly beneficial to consume as food with proper processing or boiling. The accessions having high L-Dopa is highly beneficial to the industries for preparation of drugs. High L-Dopa accessions IIHR MP62-1(6.91%), IIHR MP21 (6.77%), IIHR MP63-1(6.76%) and IIHR MP102 (6.57%) were itchy types and important for drug industry. Hence these high L-Dopa accessions can be utilised in future breeding programme of Mucuna to develop high yielding cultivars coupled with high L-Dopa. Correlation coefficient analysis revealed that L-Dopa has significant negative association with pod length indicates selection of smaller pods was a measure of selection index to obtain high L-Dopa accession could be used in breeding programme of velvet bean.
... % with standard deviation of 0.61 (Table 2). A perusal of results suggested comparatively high L-dopa content in the Mucuna pruriens germplasm under study than the earlier reports by various workers from India 13,14,18,21 . Other Mucuna species of M. monosperma, M. nigricans and M. gigantea showed moderate to high L-dopa content in seeds (Fig. 3). ...
... A significant positive correlation was observed between 100 seed weight with seed length, seed thickness and seed width, however L-dopa content was negatively correlated with all the other seed characters indicating that seed size may not be a selection criterion for identifying a genotype with high L-dopa content 21 . M. pruriens var. ...
... Other promising accessions of M. pruriens identified for high L-dopa content (> 6.0 %) were IC599342, IC599336, IC599361, IC599350. The range of L-dopa content recorded during present study was found comparatively higher than earlier reports 18,[20][21][22] . Therefore, these high L-dopa yielding accessions of M. pruriens and other rarely occurring Mucuna species can be exploited for commercial cultivaton of the plant for extraction of L-dopa drug. ...
Mucuna species is an important medicinal plant of India which is the best known natural source of bioactive compound L-dopa (L-3,4-dihydroxy phenylalanine) used as potential drug for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. The present study was undertaken for the chemical evaluation of four species of Mucuna, viz.; M. pruriens var. pruriens, M. pruriens var. utilis (Wall. ex Wight) L. H. Bailey, M. monosperma Wight, M. nigricans (Lour.) Steud., M. gigantea (Willd.) DC., collected from wild habitats of Odisha state of eastern India for pharmaceutically valued compound L-dopa. Results indicated a wide range of germplasm variability in seed size, color and L-dopa content. Among the four Mucuna species, highest L-dopa content was found in M. pruriens var. pruriens germplasm varying between 4.91 %-7.09 %. Other Mucuna species having high L-dopa were M. gigantea (6.76 %), M. nigricans (6.16 %) and M. monosperma (4.61 %); while M. pruriens var. utilis showed least L-dopa content of 1.22 %. Promising accessions with high L-dopa content (> 6 %) were IC599290, IC599342, IC599336, IC599361 and IC599350. Superior accessions along with other rarely occurring Mucuna species can be exploited for large-scale cultivation of this drug plant for pharmaceutical use.
... This difference in L-DOPA content is might be due to variation of precursor compounds of L-DOPA present in the seeds and also influence of genotype and environmental interactions. These findings are in agreement with the results reported by Vadivel and Janardhan (2000) [8] , Archana and Renu (2011) [1] , Mahesh and Sathyanarayana (2011) [4] , Raina et al. (2012) [7] and Vinay (2015) [9] in Mucuna pruriens L. Significant difference was observed for L-DOPA yield per plant in different genotypes of velvet bean. Significantly maximum L-DOPA yield per plant was recorded in the genotype Arka Dhanvantari (3.08 g/plant) which was followed by genotype IIHR Selection -2 (2.84 g/plant). ...
... This difference in L-DOPA content is might be due to variation of precursor compounds of L-DOPA present in the seeds and also influence of genotype and environmental interactions. These findings are in agreement with the results reported by Vadivel and Janardhan (2000) [8] , Archana and Renu (2011) [1] , Mahesh and Sathyanarayana (2011) [4] , Raina et al. (2012) [7] and Vinay (2015) [9] in Mucuna pruriens L. Significant difference was observed for L-DOPA yield per plant in different genotypes of velvet bean. Significantly maximum L-DOPA yield per plant was recorded in the genotype Arka Dhanvantari (3.08 g/plant) which was followed by genotype IIHR Selection -2 (2.84 g/plant). ...
Mean performance of 11 velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens L.) genotypes for growth, yield and quality attributes indicated significant differences among the genotypes for all characters studied the genotype Arka Danavantri recorded significantly maximum vine length (294.13 cm), number of trifoliate leaves (93.57), number of branches (5.60), stem girth (6.81 mm), leaf area (18740.73 cm 2), chlorophyll content (49.03 SPAD units), days to flower bud initiation (119.93), days to 50 per cent flowering (137.00), days to pod maturity (197.80), number of flowers per inflorescence (19.07), number of bunches per plant (4.87), number of pods per bunch (5.07), pod yield (154.69 g), seed yield (82.37 g), L-DOPA content (3.74 %) and its yield (3.08 g/plant) and (114.17 kg/ha) and soil nitrogen fixation (22.67 kg/ha).
... This includes: US Department of Agriculture (USDA); International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Nigeria; Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), Colombia; AVRDC -The World Vegetable Centre, Taiwan; National Biological Institute, Indonesia etc.,(Jorge et al., 2007). In India, a few national research organizations viz., National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR), New Delhi(Jorge et al., 2007;Archana Raina et al., 2012); Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bangalore(Mamatha et al., 2010); Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute, Thiruvananthapuram(Padmesh et al., 2006); Zandu Foundation for health care, Valsad, Gujarat(Krishnamurthy et al., 2005); Arya Vaidya Sala, Kottakkal; Bharathiar University, Coimbatore(Siddhuraju and Becker, 2005) etc. are reportedly maintaining M. Pruriens germplasm even though exact number of collections ...
Mucuna pruriens
(L.) DC is a tropical legume cover crop with promising nutritional and agronomic potentials. It is also a key source of 3,4 dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine (L-Dopa) – a precursor of dopamine used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. However, lack of well-characterized germplasm plus poor accessibility to genomic resources has hindered its breeding programs. Furthermore, the cause and effect of various biotic and abiotic stresses impacting yield is also little studied. Systematic collection and evaluation of Indian germplasm by our group revealed presence of a diverse gene pool in India that can support a variety of breeding needs. The stability of L-Dopa trait across environments examined through Genotype and environment (G × E) interaction studies, as well as feasibility check on barcoding and phylogenetic analyses based on karyotype and conserved nuclear and chloroplast genes showed promising outcome. Germplasm screening for select biotic abiotic stresses identified resilient genotypes. Advances in use of DNA markers for diversity analysis, linkage map development, tagging of genes/quantitative trait loci for qualitative and quantitative traits, and progress in genomics are presented.
