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The aims of this work were to evaluate the synergistic antioxidant activity and optimize microwave-assisted extraction of Caesalpinia sappan L., Hibiscus sabdariffa L., and Clitoria ternatea L. combinations. The simplex lattice design was applied to evaluate the synergistic antioxidant activity. The mass ratios of the 3 plants that exhibited synerg...
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... models and equations of each dependent variable are shown in Table 3. The contour plots of extraction yield, TPC, TFC and IC50 values are shown in Figure 1. ...Context 2
... contour plots of extraction yield, TPC, TFC and IC50 values are shown in Figure 1. According to the equations in Table 3 and the contour plots in Figure 1, the extraction yield was high when the mass ratio of H. sabdariffa increased. The highest extraction yield was found at the high mass ratio of H. sabdariffa. ...Citations
... Increasing microwave time initially increased the total flavonoid content until reaching a maximum value. However, further prolong-ing the microwave time could result in the degradation of certain flavonoids [34]. In another study, slight differences were observed. ...
Curcuma aromatica Salisb. contains a high content of curcuminoids, which can be utilized for cosmetic purposes. The objective of this study was to optimize the extraction conditions of C. aromatica rhizomes in castor oil to maximize curcuminoid content using a simple and environmentally friendly microwave-assisted extraction method. A 3² full factorial design was employed, with two factors—microwave power and time—varying between 600-800 W and 30-90 s, respectively. Five responses were monitored, including extraction yield, bisdemethoxycurcumin, demethoxycurcumin, curcumin, and total curcuminoid contents. The results demonstrated that increasing microwave power and time led to an increase in all five responses. The optimal condition, which simultaneously maximized extraction yield and total curcuminoid content, was achieved at a microwave power of 800 W for 90 s. This condition resulted in an extraction yield of 71.020%, bisdemethoxycurcumin content of 0.036%, demethoxycurcumin content of 0.210%, curcumin content of 0.080%, and total curcuminoid content of 0.326%. The computer program accurately predicted the results with a percentage error of less than 2%. Stability data revealed that the total curcuminoid content remained stable with a percentage remaining above 90% when stored at 4°C, 30°C±75%RH, and 40°C±75%RH for three months. In summary, this study successfully applied a full factorial design to maximize curcuminoid extraction from C. aromatica rhizomes using an environmentally friendly microwave-assisted extraction method for cosmetic purposes.
... Benth. 18 , Cyanthillium cinereum (L.) H.Rob. 18 , mixture of Caesalpinia sappan L., Hibiscus sabdariffa L., and Clitoria ternatea L. 19 , and Chatuphalathika herbal formula 20 . Several factors were studied to evaluate the important factors that impact the extraction efficiency of MAE. ...
... Generally, increasing microwave power, time, and cycle enhances extraction yield [17][18][19][20] . ...
... For example, increasing microwave power, time, and cycle could enhance the curcuminoid content of C. longa 17 . Similarly, there was an increased total phenolic content in the herbal mixture of C. sappan, H. sabdariffa, and C. ternatea, with an optimal microwave time for total flavonoid content observed 19 . In the case of the Chatuphalathika formula, microwave power had an optimal condition for total phenolic content, while the cycle could increase its content, and microwave time did not affect it significantly 20 . ...
Vitiligo is a long-term skin condition characterized by the development of pale white patches due to a lack of melanin. Lawsonia inermis L. leaves, which contain lawsone, have been explored as a potential alternative treatment for vitiligo. This study aimed to optimize the microwave-assisted extraction of L. inermis leaves and evaluate its ability to stimulate tyrosinase activity, which is relevant to vitiligo treatment. The Box-Behnken design was employed, with three factors being varied: microwave power, time, and cycle. Two responses were monitored: extraction yield and lawsone content. To determine the lawsone content, validated high-performance liquid chromatography was utilized, which demonstrated good linearity, specificity, precision, and accuracy. The optimal conditions that provided the highest extraction yield and lawsone content were then used to evaluate the extract’s ability to stimulate tyrosinase activity. The results revealed that a microwave power of 300 W and a microwave time of 20 s for one cycle yielded an extraction yield of 12.99% ± 0.10% and a lawsone content of 94.85 ± 3.12 mg/g extract. The accuracy of the prediction, with a percent error of less than 10%, confirmed the reliability of the computer program used for data prediction. Furthermore, the extract exhibited significant stimulation of tyrosinase activity, indicating its potential usefulness in vitiligo treatment. The optimal microwave-assisted extraction method identified in this study holds promise for maximizing extraction yield and lawsone content in L. inermis leaves extract. This extract could serve as a basis for developing topical products for the treatment of vitiligo.
... Furthermore, brazilin is reported to be a prominent active compound within C. sappan [1,2,4,5]. Besides its antibacterial activity, it has antiacne [6], anti-inflammatory [4,[7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15], antioxidant [4,6,[16][17][18][19], anti-tyrosinase [20], and wound healing [7] activities, which are beneficial for skin applications. ...
... Various extraction methods are used to extract the active compounds from C. sappan, encompassing conventional methods (e.g., maceration [2,19,[21][22][23], decoction [2,14,20], reflux [15,24], and Soxhlet extraction [17]) and modern methods (e.g. ultrasound-assisted extraction [17], microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) [14,16], subcritical solvent extraction [25], and supercritical fluid extraction [15]). Conventional extraction methods have major drawbacks, including being time-and energy-consuming, using large volumes of extraction solvents, using organic solvents with environmental concerns, and potentially losing some bioactive constituents due to heating during extraction [26]. ...
... This study systematically optimized MAE parameters, including ethanol concentration, microwave power, and microwave time. Previous studies have used various solvents, including water [2,15,16,25], hydroethanolic mixture (25%-75 % [25], 30%-90 % [15], 50%-90 % [17], 50%-95 % [19], 70 % [14,20,24], and 95 % [22,23,48]), ethanol [25], methanol [8], methanol:dichloromethane [21], and supercritical carbon dioxide [15]. Notably, 95 % ethanol has emerged as a frequently used solvent for high CSE yield [5]. ...
The heartwood of Caesalpinia sappan L. contains brazilin, which exhibits excellent antibacterial activity. Its extract shows potential for incorporation into topical antibacterial products. This study aimed to optimize the conditions of an eco-friendly microwave-assisted extraction method to maximize brazilin content and antibacterial activity. It also optimized the film-forming antibacterial spray containing C. sappan heartwood extract using a Box–Behnken design. Ethanol concentration, microwave power, and microwave time were varied for microwave-assisted extraction. The optimized conditions of 28 % ethanol, 800 W microwave power, and 70-second microwave time maximized the extraction yield, brazilin content, and clear zones against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. The optimized extract was then incorporated into a film-forming spray. The film-forming spray formula's hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, glycerin, and ethanol contents were varied. Based on the design space, the optimized formulation comprised 0.6 % hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, 1.25 % glycerin, and 28 % ethanol. Approximately 97 % of the brazilin was released from the formulation during an eight-hour release experiment. Moreover, approximately 25 % of the brazilin accumulated in the synthetic human skin-like membrane during an eight-hour permeation experiment. In summary, this study successfully prepared, characterized, optimized, and verified a film-forming spray containing the optimized C. sappan heartwood extract obtained through microwave-assisted extraction.
... So, the extract at a maximum concentration of 5 mg/mL was considered safe due to the cell viability being higher than 70%. This calculation is based on the average amount of blood circulating in an adult, which is estimated to be around 5 L [11] with an assumption that the whole extract was absorbed [12], [13]. The intake dose of SHPNE should not exceed 25.0 g per time, which is equivalent to 93.75 g of Semha-Pinas herbal powder. ...
The original dosage form of the Semha-Pinas herbal formula, an expectorant in Thai traditional medicine, is in a pill form. However, it is inconvenient to use because it must be powdered and dissolved in hot water or juice of Citrus x aurantium L. before use. The development of a new dosage form presents a challenging prospect. This work aimed to develop Semha-Pinas extract orodispersible tablets based on the response surface methodology using the Box-Behnken design. Firstly, Semha-Pinas extract was tested for its safety in HepG2 cells. The safe extract was further developed as orodispersible tablets. Four levels of three factors — compressional force (500–2,000 psi), the quantity of microcrystalline cellulose (0–15%), and the quantity of croscarmellose sodium and sodium starch glycolate (0:8–6:2%) — were screened using the one factor at a time technique. The Box-Behnken design has three levels for each factor: 1,000–2,000 psi, 5–15%, and 2:6–6:2%, respectively. Tablet thickness, hardness, friability, and disintegration time were the four responses that were monitored. The results indicated the safety of the Semha-Pinas extract, even at a concentration of 5 mg/mL. The optimal orodispersible tablet formulation had a compressional force of 1,500 psi, microcrystalline cellulose of 10%, and croscarmellose sodium to sodium starch glycolate of 4:4%. In summary, this study successfully fabricated Semha-Pinas extract orodispersible tablets using response surface methodology, achieving the desired property of fast disintegration. Moreover, these findings can serve as a valuable reference for pilot scale and industrial scale production.
Albizia myriophylla Benth. stems are composed of the bioactive compound lupinifolin, which has exhibited anti-Streptococcus mutans activity. Extracting this plant for incorporation into oral healthcare products is challenging. This study aimed to optimize the eco-friendly microwave-assisted extraction of A. myriophylla stems. It also optimized toothtablets incorporating A. myriophylla stem extract. First, lupinifolin was isolated, and its structure was determined for use as a biomarker in this study. Next, three extraction parameters—the solvent-to-solid ratio, microwave power, and microwave time—were screened using a one-factor-at-a-time approach before being optimized using a Box–Behnken design. The results showed that the optimized conditions that maximized the extraction yield and lupinifolin content were a solvent-to-solid ratio of 23:1, microwave power of 800 W, and microwave time of 70 s. This extract contained 16.27 ± 0.43 % lupinifolin. The extract exhibited a minimum inhibitory concentration of 32 μg/mL and a minimum bactericidal concentration of 256 μg/mL. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration with human gingival fibroblast cells was 102.70 ± 1.02 μg/mL for the extract and 76.75 ± 1.03 μg/mL for lupinifolin. The extract was solidified using microcrystalline cellulose and colloidal silicon dioxide before being incorporated into the toothtablet formulation. Three factors in toothtablet production—compression force, microcrystalline cellulose content, and hydrated silica content—were also screened using a one-factor-at-a-time approach before being optimized using a Box–Behnken design. The results showed that the optimized conditions that approached the desired properties were a compression force of 2,500 psi, microcrystalline cellulose content of 12%, and hydrated silica content of 10%. The developed toothtablets contained 35.64 ± 0.45 mg of lupinifolin per 650 mg toothtablet (or approximately 5.5% lupinifolin per toothtablet) and retained their anti-S. mutans activity. They appeared safe for human gingival fibroblasts, even when treated for 2 min, with a maximum concentration of 2,000 μg/mL. In conclusion, the developed toothtablets incorporating A. myriophylla stem extract can potentially serve as a high-quality, antibacterial, and safe alternative to traditional toothpaste.
