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Map of river Ganga and its tributaries in India.
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River Ganga is considered sacred for providing life sustenance to the people of India. Anthropogenic activities, however, have generated huge transformations in the river ecosystem during the past few decades. Advancement of technology in the form of a rise in the number of industries and the subsequent discharge of untreated and semi treated waste...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... major industries located along the river are tanneries (Kanpur); carpets and locomotive (Varanasi) and engineering (Allahabad). The tributaries of the river shown in Figure 1 are also surrounded by different types of small and large scale industries such as paper, sugar and distilleries; fertilizer, textiles, engineering, tanneries, automobile, paper, home appliances; pharmaceuticals (Panipat, Sonepat, Faridabad, Yamunanagar, Ghaziabad, Gurgaon, Aligarh, Noida Indore, Ujjain, Kashipur).Sugar and distilleries (Muzaffarnaga, Modinagar, Meerut and Rampur), textile, refinery (Mathura), petha industries (Agra), rayon, fertilizer, chemicals (Kota), cement, zinc smelter (Udaipur). In West Bengal the major industries responsible for pollution are the steel and thermal power (Bokaro), thermal power, coal mines (Dhanbad), distillery, pharmaceutical, (Asansol) and steel, thermal power (Durgapur). ...
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Citations
... Currently, the river stretch faces several anthropogenic disturbances such as sand mining, bridge construction and the discharge of untreated domestic wastes (Prabhakar et al. 2019). Additionally, industries located near the banks of the River Ganga discharge their wastes into the river body altering the river water quality (Roy & Shamim 2020). Several government schemes such as the Ganga Action Plan, and Namami Gange have been introduced by the central government to ameliorate the quality of river water in the last few decades yet out of 12,000 MLD (million litres per day) sewage generated, 3,000 MLD is directly discharged into the main stem of the River Ganga (NMCG 2022). ...
The present study aimed to assess the impact of anthropogenic stressors on the physico-chemical characteristics and water quality of the River Ganga employing a GIS-based approach in the middle Gangetic Plain at Patna, India. After the survey, sand mining, bridge construction, and disposal of untreated domestic and sewage wastes were selected as major anthropogenic stressors. A total of 48 samples were collected in pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons of 2022 and were analyzed for 16 physico-chemical parameters, namely WT (water temperature), pH, EC (electrical conductivity), TDS, turbidity, DO (dissolved oxygen), BOD (biological oxygen demand), TH (total hardness), Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Cl−, and SO4− ions, respectively, in accordance with standard protocol. The WQI was calculated using the Weighted Arithmetic Water Quality Index (WAQWI) method and spatial maps were created using ArcGIS software. The result revealed significant seasonal variation in several physico- chemical parameters except for Ca2+, K+ and TA (p > 0.05). ANOVA revealed significant variation for BOD and COD at Ghagha and Triveni, whereas for nitrate at Gai Ghat reference and impact sites, respectively. The Water Quality Index (WQI) revealed a deterioration in water quality by 60% in post-monsoon season. HCA revealed that the WQI was mostly governed by TDS, TH, TA, and EC.
... The Ganga River and its tributaries are water sources for millions of people and are critical for agriculture, industry, and daily household needs. Ensuring clean and safe water is vital for the well-being of the local communities that depend on these water bodies [6,7]. The Ganga River holds immense cultural and religious importance for the people of India. ...
This study focuses on the physiochemical analysis of the Garrah River in Shahjahanpur, within the Ganga River Basin, Uttar Pradesh, India. The research evaluates the impact of various pollutants, including industrial and municipal sewage, on the river's water quality. Water samples were collected from three locations along the river, representing different pollution levels. The analysis included parameters such as pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), total suspended solids (TSS), color, odor, electrical conductivity, temperature, chemical oxygen demand (COD), salinity, and the concentrations of various elements. The findings showed variations in water quality parameters, with DO, TSS, COD, and heavy metals indicating significant pollution, particularly downstream. Color and odor also suggested pollution from nearby industries. The study revealed that some parameters exceeded WHO standards for drinking water, raising concerns about health risks from exposure to contaminants like chromium. Urgent actions are required to treat municipal sewage and industrial effluents before discharging into the Garrah River. This research highlights the need for ongoing monitoring and sustainable management of water resources in the Ganga River Basin to protect the ecosystem and local communities. It underscores the importance of improving water quality in the region.
... The river Ganges of the northern Indian subcontinent provides a freshwater source of livelihood for millions of populations dwelling alongside the river. However, over the past few decades, several fertilizers, paints, pharmaceuticals, petrochemicals, and tannery industries have grown along the banks of the river Ganges (Roy and Shamim 2020). Huge discharges of this industrial wastewater and urban drainage have contaminated the river Ganges (Ghirardelli et al. 2021). ...
The Pseudomonas asiatica strain PNPG3 was documented to possess chemotactic potential toward p-nitrophenol (PNP), and other nitroaromatic compounds. Initial screening with drop plate and swarm plate assays demonstrated significant movement of the strain toward the test compounds. A quantitative capillary assay revealed the highest chemotactic potential of the strain toward 4-Aminophenol (4AP), (CI: 12.33); followed by p-benzoquinone (PBQ), (CI: 6.8); and PNP, (CI: 5.33). Gene annotation revealed the presence of chemotactic genes (Che), (Methyl-accepting Proteins) MCPs, rotary motor proteins, and flagellar proteins within the genome of strain PNPG3. The chemotactic machinery of the strain PNPG3 comprised of thirteen Che genes, twenty-two MCPs, eight rotary motors, and thirty-four flagellar proteins that are involved in sensing chemoat-tractant. Two chemotactic gene clusters were recorded in the genome, of which the major cluster consisted of two copies of CheW, one copy of CheA, CheY, CheZ, one MotD gene, and several Fli genes. Various conserved regions and motifs were documented in them using a standard bioinformatics tool. Genes involved in the chemotaxis of strain PNPG3 were compared with three closely related strains and one distantly related strain belonging to Burkholderia sp. Considering these phenotypic and genotypic data, it can be speculated that it is metabolism-dependent chemotaxis; and that test compound activated the Che. This study indicated that strain PNPG3 could be used as a model organism for the study of the molecular mechanism of chemotaxis and bioremediation of PNP.
... Low DO concentrations coupled with high nitrate concentrations explained the poor water quality of this river (Sharma et al 2021). Other parameters including pH and TDS were within the permissible ranges and the recorded values were comparable to previous reports undertaken in the River Ganga (Kar et al 2008, Dwivedi et al 2018, Roy and Shamim 2020. The trends were also comparable with other global rivers including the Ona and Alaro Rivers in Nigeria (Osibanjo et al 2011), and Xiangjiang River in China (Zhang et al 2010). ...
The banks of the lower stretch of River Ganga are home to several towns and megapolis representing high density of human population. A stretch of 50 km represented by prefixed stations of the lower part of Ganga was monitored spatiotemporally using eDNA metagenome-based Nanopore sequencing to elucidate the structure of microbial communities along with mapping of antibiotic-resistant genes (ARGs), metal resistance genes (MRGs) and mobile genetic elements (MGEs). Besides, in situ environmental parameters, concentration of dissolved nutrients, metals and metalloids were measured. The concentration of dissolved oxygen ranged from 3.4-6.2 mg/L, indicating deteriorating water quality corresponding to high population density. Dissolved nitrate concentrations were higher in some stations reflecting direct release of untreated municipal sewage into the river. In particular, concentration of metals such as Cd (2.34-38.52 ppb) and metalloids such as As (0-218.7 ppb) were found to be alarmingly high in surface water. Gammaproteobacteria was commonly encountered ubiquitously while rare bacterioplankton represented by eleven classes showed site specificity. Several genes belonging to ARGs were identified and multidrug resistance genes (MDR) were found in all the studied stations and exhibited high abundance. The ‘hotspots’ of ARGs were widespread, possibly owing to rampant usage of personal health care products that may have contributed to observed ARG abundances. A high abundance of MRGs comprising arsenic (~12%) and copper (~12%) were also identified and showed strong correlations with the abundance of ARGs. Correlation and network analysis revealed the potential role of MGEs in the dissemination of ARGs. ANOSIM and cluster analyses supported patchy distribution patterns of microbial communities. The RDA plot showed possible influences of environmental parameters in shaping the microbial community structure and in the dissemination of functional genes such as ARGs and MRGs in the lower stretch of the River Ganga.
... Traditional reviews of the Ganges have focused either broadly on pollution (see, Roy & Shamim, 2020;Sinha & Loganathan, 2015) or on particular pollutants such as plastic pollutions (see Roman et al., 2022) or heavy metal pollutions (see Paul, 2017;Sankhla et al., 2018). Other authors (i.e., Schiff, 2014) have overviewed some of the policy and community-based actions of regional and national actors to regulate and improve water quality on the Ganges and to rectify the political mechanisms and histories at play in the area. ...
Despite the fact that it is one of the most sacred and holy rivers in the world, the Ganges River is paradoxically among the most polluted. Over the past decade, researchers have described various mechanisms and actions for improving the pollution problem within the Ganges watershed. The aim of this policy‐centric systematic review is to summarize these recommendations to make them more accessible for concerned citizen groups and planners while also critically appraising their findings. Using the Reporting standards for Systematic Evidence Syntheses (ROSES) framework, our findings indicate that there are a wide range of potential solutions for mitigating pollution in the river system that originate from 37 peer‐reviewed sources that encompass field studies, modeling analyses, and review articles. While we find that there are many actionable and thought‐provoking recommendations for improving water quality and pollution mitigation given by authors studying the Ganges, there are also areas for improvement. Notably, there is a heavy focus on state‐centric planning in the basin with only a few examples of policies that have been tailored toward encouraging community‐based solutions. This lack of community‐based planning may relate to the fact that there is also a missing social dimension to policy recommendations in the Ganges watershed, where most of the articles that we reviewed were published in natural science journals and were not interdisciplinary in nature. Better reporting standards for recommendations arising from reviews and a greater focus on the interrelations between different components of the Ganges system may also yield novel and more trustworthy policy findings for practitioners.
... Some of the ECs identified in the Kanpur region are methenamine and oxyquinoline. Industrial pollution of the river Ganges has reached a point of man-made disaster due to unplanned urbanization and industrialization (Roy and Shamim, 2020). The river passes through 29 class I, 23 class II, and 50 class III cities and is exposed to various industrial wastes (Anju and Ravi, 2010). ...
Over the decades, there has been an increase in the number of Emerging Contaminants (ECs) in different aquatic compartments. These ECs do have a direct effect on marine organisms and indirect impacts on human health. Numerous studies regarding the ECs detection, fate, and health impacts are confined to developed nations. Indian River systems have remained the epitome of pollution due to unregulated treatment and discharge of pollutants from different sources. Therefore, this studies providing an adequate sound knowledge of identifying ECs in Indian rivers become of utmost importance. The current study focuses on the identification of ECs in the Ganges in three major cities, respectively, in three belts of Indo-Gangetic plains. Hydroxymorphinan, picrotoxinin, antibiotic quinolone, and nefopam are common drugs found at different locations in the Ganga basin. ECs and the frequency of each EC have been identified for various locations and estimated with some basic consideration. Interestingly, Ethylhexyl ester is primarily used in pesticide manufacturing and is a common problem for the middle and lower Ganga basins. Besides, personal care products, insecticides, herbicides, pesticides, and flavoring agents are major sources of ECs in the Ganga basin. The trends of concentration of various ECs from upper towards downstream were analyzed and justified with sources. Lastly, this manuscript concluded with various recommendations related to the control of unloading and releasing the effluents in the Ganga and biomonitoring the organic contaminants, along with toxic ECs.
... These factors directly and indirectly ground environmental toxicity and have severe impact on Ganga River, which deteriorates river water quality and further imperil aquatic biota [10][11]. Major pollutants found in industrial waste and sewage are heavy metals, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), pesticides, fertilizers, plastics related waste, microbial pathogens and parasites [12][13][14]. Among them heavy met-als, are considered one of the most serious pollutants because this decade many studies reported the presence of heavy metals in upper stretch of Ganga like Hardwar and Rishikesh [15][16]. ...
Ganga River is the lifeline for socio-economic development of India. The unlimited desire of human and anthropogenic activities degraded the water quality of Ganga River, especially in Haridwar. The present study investigated the significant impact of lockdown on physio-chemical status of the Ganga River in Haridwar. Study also revels the significant augmentation of heavy metals as lockdown released, however, average daily dose and hazard index has advocacy in suitability of Ganga River water in Haridwar for their utility. Moreover, this is the first study that highlights Cancer Risk value of Arsenic (As) and Chromium (Cr) in Ganga River water in Haridwar exceeded over the target risk of 1 ×10<sup>−4</sup>. The values for As was calculated as 0.000172 - adult and 0.00074 - children, whereas, for Cr was estimated as 0.000067 - adult and 0.00029 - children. This indicates the ingestion of Ganga River water (except for Cr values for adult which is less than targeted value) in Haridwar for long time may increase the probability of cancer to the population. Therefore, it is imperative to formulate such policies and strategies that keep ritual values and maintain water quality.
... The river Ganges provides freshwater for consumption and is also a source of livelihood for millions of populations. However, over the past few decades, major industrial wastes (from pharmaceuticals, petrochemical, tannery, fertilizers, paints, etc.) are routinely released into the water of the Ganges, thereby contaminating it (Ghirardelli et al. 2021;Roy and Shamim 2020). The river Ganges of India was the fifth-ranked, most polluted river on our planet as of 2007 (Jhariya and Tiwari 2020). ...
A p-nitrophenol (PNP) degrading aquatic bacterial strain PNPG3 was isolated from the Ganges water and was identified as Pseudomonas asiatica based on genome sequence analyses. The optimum catabolic growths for the strain was recorded with 0.5 mM PNP and it could tolerate up to 6 mM PNP. It could carry out biodegradation of PNP through p-benzoquinone (PBQ) and 1, 2, 4-benzenetriol (BT) with concomitant release of nitrite. Genome sequence analysis predicted the presence of all the genes (pdcABC1C2DEFG) responsible for providing the PNP biodegradation phenotype for this strain. Based on homology search, the functional attributes encoded by this gene cluster were predicted to include p-nitrophenol 4-monooxygenase (PdcA), benzoquinone reductase (PdcB), hydroxyquinol 1, 2-dioxygen-ase (PdcC1), hydroxyquinol 1, 2-dioxygenase large subunit (PdcC2), 4-hydroxymuconic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (PdcD), maleylace-tate reductase (PdcE), hydroquinone dioxygenase alpha subunit (PdcF) and putative regulator (PdcG). This is the first report of any representative aquatic strain under Pseudomonas asiatica, having the highest known catabolic PNP utilizing capability from the Ganges water of India to the best of the author's knowledge, and may find application toward cost-effective bioremediation of PNP-contaminated waterbodies.
... The studies have shown that GBC etiology is related to carcinogens in the polluted river [6]. The water of river Ganges is a hub of industrial waste effluents [7]. Carcinogens in the river particularly by heavy metals (arsenic, cadmium, chromium, and nickel) and azo dyes are known to elevate cancer risk in this region [8] by causing mutations in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes [9]. ...
Background
The present study aims to evaluate the survival status of patients with gallbladder cancer (GBC) and explore the prognostic factors for the improvement and preventions.
Methods
The study consists of 176 patients with clinically diagnosed gallbladder cancer; the study was conducted between 2019 and 2021 registered at Kamala Nehru Memorial Cancer Hospital, Prayagraj, India. The survival rates were analyzed by the Kaplan-Meier method; survival rate difference was analyzed by log-rank test, prognosis factors; and hazard ratio for mortality outcomes was estimated using Cox regression method.
Results
The overall median survival time of patients was 5 months with the 1-year, 2-year, and 3-year survival rates of 24.4%, 8.5%, and 4.5%, respectively. The 3-year survival for patients with jaundice was 2.9%, liver infiltration (4.2%), gallstones (0.8%), and with advanced tumor grade (1.4%). Elderly GBC patients had lower survival rates (3.8%), while the 3-year overall survival for patients residing in urban areas dropped to zero. No patients in the tumor stage (T3/T4) and with distance metastasis stage survived in 3 years, while only 1.1% of patients with advanced nodal stage survived. On receiving surgery and radiation therapy, the 3-year survival rate increased to 19.5% and 35%, respectively. The results of multivariate analysis showed that urban region ( HR = 1.568, p = 0.040), gallstone or not (1.571, p = 0.049), N stage ( HR = 1.468, p = 0.029), and M stage ( HR = 2.289, p < 0.0001) were independent risk factors for prognosis, while surgery or not ( HR = 0.573, p = 0.030) was the protective factor for the prognosis of GBC.
Conclusion
The overall survival of GBC in the Gangetic belt is poor. The geographical region of patients, gallstones, and N and M stage was the risk factors for prognosis, while surgery or not was the protective factor for the prognosis of GBC.
... These industries are helping the people of West Bengal economically; and are the financial backbone of the state. However, these industries are also discharging their untreated waste directly into the river and the heavy metals are directly polluting the water body [26][27]. The different industries and their types of effluent discharge are summarized in table 1. Table 2 gives a summary of different heavy metals reported in the Hooghly River and their impacts. ...
Rivers plays important role for the sustenance of life by providing drinking water source and also in the economic growth by serving for irrigation and industrial purposes. The Hooghly River is the tributaries of the river Ganga in West Bengal. The maximum populations of West Bengal are inhabited on the bank of Hooghly River; it also supports various industries and cultural heritage. The present work is conducted to evaluate the water quality of the Hooghly river and to find out the pollutant sources of the Hooghly River of West Bengal. The results reveal that the river is deteriorating rapidly due to the increased rate of pollution from different industrial, transportation, domestic and agricultural sources. In addition to this various religious activities like idol immersion and mass bathing also adds to the source of pollution. The low DO, high BOD, COD and higher values of turbidity is reported in the entire river stretch due to anthropogenic intervenes. Some studies also revealed fecal contamination and high risk of trace and heavy metal pollution. The management of the river needs proper planning along with the people's participation so as to conserve the river water quality and to save the aquatic biodiversity. Only a bridge between the optimum resource utilization, science, technology and culture would help to combat the gap between laws and regulations and their proper implementations.
