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Western and eastern populations of goitered gazelles are separated by Zagors Mountains as a barrier. Bordering Iraq, western population has suffered from drastic decline during and after Iran-Iraq war. Presently, there are small numbers of the goitered gazelles left in the region with no clear understanding of their taxonomic status. It has been no...
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... from Iranian Museum of Melli- e Tarikhe Tabii, Tehran (MMTT) and the Field Mu- seum of Natural History, Chicago (FMNH). All skulls belonged to adult individuals and sex was identified based on presence of long horns which is typical in males comparing to hornless in females (Ziaie, 2008). Spatial distribution of sampling areas is illustrated in Fig. ...
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... morphology, taxonomy, and ecology of this species were the focus of several studies (Fakheran Esfahani & Karami, 2005;Farhadinia et al., 2009;Hayatgheib, Karami, Farahmand, Mehrabani-yeganeh, & Farhadinia, 2011;Hemami, 1994;Hemami & Groves, 2001;Karami, Hemami, & Groves, 2002;Makki, Fakheran, Moradi, Iravani, & Senn, 2013;Nowzari, Hemami, & Behrouzi Rad, 2007), information on their genetic relationships is scarce in Iran (Fadakar et al., 2013), and most Iranian populations were not yet studied with regard to phylogeny and population genetic structure (but see Fadakar et al., 2013;Khosravi, Malekian, Hemami, Silva, & Brito, 2019;Mirzakhah et al., 2015;Zachos et al., 2010). ...
... Another important aspect for the in situ conservation of G. subgutturosa in Iran is to understand the connectivity of (sub-) populations for assessing the impact of inbreeding, or for evaluating which areas are most important for maintaining a healthy population. The Zagros mountain range that stretches through the country from the northwest to the southeast separates suitable gazelle habitats, and significant morphological differences between gazelle populations east and west of the mountain range are detectable (Hayatgheib et al., 2011). Contrastingly, in the central Iranian Plateau large groups of G. subgutturosa exist, that migrate between protected areas (Khosravi et al., 2018), for example, from Mooteh WR to Qamishlou NP in winter, and back to the Mooteh WR in summer (Fakheran Esfahani & Karami, 2005) and from Mooteh WR to northern areas such as Haftad Gholle PA. ...
... Therefore, we analyzed the mitochondrial sequence variation of cyt b from 18 sampling sites. We hypothesized that (1) all supposed Iranian G. subgutturosa populations belong to this species and no further maternal introgression from G. marica occurred, and (2) the Zagros mountain range acts as a geographical barrier between the gazelle populations that occur east and west of the mountains, as was proposed based on morphological studies (Geptner, Nasimovich, & Bannikov, 1961;Hayatgheib et al., 2011). ...
Goitered gazelles, Gazella subgutturosa, exist in arid and semiarid regions of Asia from the Middle to the Far East. Although large populations were present over a vast area until recently, a decline of the population as a result of hunting, poaching, and habitat loss led to the IUCN classification of G. subgutturosa as “vulnerable." We examined genetic diversity, structure, and phylogeny of G. subgutturosa using mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences from 18 geographically distant populations in Iran. The median‐joining network of cyt b haplotypes indicated that three clades of goitered gazelles can be distinguished: a Middle Eastern clade west of the Zagros Mountains (and connected to populations in Turkey and Iraq), a Central Iranian clade (with connection to Azerbaijan), and an Asiatic clade in northeastern Iran (with connection to Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and other Asian countries as far as northeastern China and Mongolia). Based on our results, we argue that Iran is the center of diversification of goitered gazelles, due to the presence of large mountain ranges and deserts that lead to the separation of populations. In accordance with previous morphological studies, we identified the Asiatic clade as the subspecies G. s. yarkandensis, and the other two clades as the nominate form G. s. subgutturosa. The new genetic information for goitered gazelles in Iran provides the basis for future national conservation programs of this species.
... Several morphometric studies have been performed for establishing a comprehensive and reliable database in gazelles (1,9,31). The objective of this study was to morphometrically analyze the skulls of gazelles by using the CT images in order to provide species specific data that can be used by veterinary clinicians for managing pathological formations on the skull. ...
This study was carried out to determine the osteometric features of the skull by using three dimensional computed tomography images in gazelles (Gazelle subgutturosa). In the study, nine skull samples of adult gazelles (Gazella subgutturosa) were used. Images of the skull sections of 0.625 mm thickness were acquired by using a computer tomography device with 64 detectors applying 80 kV, 200 mA and 639 mGY. Three-dimensional images of the skull samples were reconstructed and morphometric measurements (39 linear, 1 volumetric and 1 surface area) were performed by using the software program MIMICS 12.1. Mean skull volumes in males and females were found to be 115.74±2.43 cm3 and 87.69±1.09 cm3 while the mean skull surface areas in males and females were 79.62±8.56 cm2 and 77.34±1.18 cm2, respectively. Significant differences between males and females for median frontal length (MFL), frontal length (FRL), upper neurocranium length (UNCL), greatest length of the lacrimal bone (GLLB), oral palatal length (OPL), length of the upper molar row (LUMR) and the greatest neurocranium breadth (GNCB) were observed. The difference in the cranial index between males and females was statistically significant (P<0.01). The data obtained in this study will contribute to detect differences between the gazelles and other species with respect to skull morphometry.
... 12 Bu hayvanın osteolojik özellikleri hakkında az sayıda çalışma bulunmaktadır. 13,14 Fakat ceylan mandibulasının BT anatomisi hakkında bir rapora rastlanmamıştır. Bu çalışmanın ilk hedefi, ceylanlarda alt çenenin BT görüntüleri ve morfometrisi için anatomik bir referans üretmektir. ...
Bu çalışmada ceylan (Gazella subgutturosa) mandibula’sının anatomik, morfometrik ve volümetrik özellikleri bilgisayarlı tomografi (BT) ve üç boyutlu (3D) yazılım programı kullanılarak tespit edildi. Bu amaçla 10 adet (5 erkek, 5 dişi) ceylan kafası kullanıldı. Kafaların 64 dedektörlü BT cihazında 80 kv, 200 MA, 639 mGY ve 0.625 mm kesit kalınlığında görüntüleri alındı. Her bir deneğin mandibulaya ait tarama görüntüleri özel bir 3D yazılım programı yardımıyla üç boyutlu modellere dönüştürülerek rekonstrükte edildi. Modeller üzerinde mandibulanın yüzey, hacim ve doğrusal ölçüm (22 adet) analizleri yapıldı. İncelenen tüm özellikler ortalama ± SD olarak ifade edildi. Yapılan incelemelerde, erkeklerde mandibulanın hacim ve yüzey alanı değerlerinin dişilerden daha büyük olduğu tespit edildi. Mandibula uzunluğu (GOC-ID) 124.07±2.2 mm, yüksekliği (GOV-CR) ise 75,83±5.62 mm olarak belirlendi. Morfometrik değerlendirmelerde dişi ve erkekler arasında GOV-CR, SI (son incisiv diş seviyesinde mandibula genişliği) ve BM (birinci molar diş seviyesinde mandibular boşluğun genişliği) parametrelerinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı farklar gözlendi. Elde edilen morfometrik verilerin, patolojik durumlar, taksonomi çalışmaları ve bölge üzerinde yapılacak girişimsel cerrahi tedavi uygulamalarında referans olacağı düşünülmektedir.
... Recent records are from: Esfahan (Ajami, 2002;Esmaeili, 2010;Akbari, 2011;Fadakar et al. 2013;Khosravi et al. 2017); Fars (Nowzari et al. 2007;Mohammadi Gorji, 2014; Kerman Khosravi et al. 2017); Kermanshah (Karami et al. 2005;Hayatgheib et al. 2012; THE SPECIES DIVERSITY, DISTRIBUTION AND CONSERVATION STATUS OF THE TERRESTERIAL MAMMALS OF IRAN 2014); Khoarasan N (Iranian Cheetah Society 2006; Khorasan R (Mohammadzadeh, 2013); Khorasan S (CACP, unpubl.); Khuzestan (Hayatgheib et al. 2011); Semnan Nazeri et al. 2015;CACP, unpubl.;PWHF, unpubl.); ...
Located at the crossroad of the Palearctic, Saharo-Arabian, and Oriental zoogeographic realms, and with its great environmental diversity, Iran harbors a high complexity and richness of fauna and flora. Knowledge about the Iranian mammal fauna has greatly increased over recent years thanks to the growing availability of molecular tools, which brought marked changes in taxonomy, but also because of intensive field surveys resulting in growing distributional data. These data are, however, scattered throughout numerous publications and unpublished sources, most of which are difficult to access. Here, we present a comprehensive review of the current mammal species taxonomies with an update on systematics and their spatial distribution based on all possible sources spanning the period between 1758 and today. We updated the geographical distribution of all Iranian land mammals, providing their regional extent of occurrence and area of occupancy, as well as mapped species richness. Based on this information, we then assessed the conservation status of Iran’s mammals using the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List criteria, providing a regional status assessment. The current species list of terrestrial mammals of Iran comprises 192 species from 34 families, of which eight species are endemics. Since the publication of Karami et al. (2008), 13 new species or new records have been added to the mammals of Iran and 32 changes in classification or nomenclature have been made. The Alborz and Zagros mountains accumulate the highest species richness. Nearly 13% of the species in Iran are threatened, and a further 14% are near to qualifying for threatened status. With the current review, we provide an up-to-date summary of the current knowledge about the terrestrial mammals of Iran that can serve as a guideline for mammalogists, a reference for monitoring regional biodiversity status and trends, and a framework for planning management actions to sustain biodiversity conservation.
... Consequently, one might raise the question whether goitered gazelles in different regions should be treated as subspecies or species. Given its migratory behaviour (Durmuş, 2010;Heptner, Nasimovich, & Bannikov, 1961;Lerp et al., 2016), distribution areas, and geographic barriers, such as mountains (Hayatgheib, Karami, Farahmand, Mehrabani-Yeganeh, & Farhadinia, 2011), we assume that species and/or subspecies might be misrecognized, and need to be clarified genetically and biologically. While molecular data are powerful tools for addressing taxonomic problems, the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene shows insufficient variation for resolving subspecies in G. subgutturosa (Abduriyim, Nabi, & Halik, 2018;Fadakar et al., 2013). ...
... subgutturosa). Also, the populations in eastern and western Iran, separated by mountains as a geographic barrier, are differentiated from each other in skull morphology (Hayatgheib et al., 2011;Karami, Hemami, & Groves, 2002), suggesting that two lineages of the goitered gazelle may exist. Therefore, future studies with full coverage of sampling in Turkmenistan, Iran, Azerbaijan, and adjacent countries will be needed to examine potential differentiation between these populations. ...
... In addition, usually both genetic and morphological data are required to delineate species. Given that there is a paucity of morphological data on the populations of goitered gazelle we studied (Hayatgheib et al., 2011), the deeper divergence between North-east of Middle East-Southeast of Central Asia and Middle Asian is not sufficient to support a conclusion that this dichotomy indicates separate species (Groves et al., 2011). ...
The goitered gazelle, Gazella subgutturosa, is a medium-sized ungulate inhabiting arid and semi-arid regions in the Middle East and central Asia. The intraspecific classification of the species remains unclear. We analysed the genetic diversity in mitochondrial DNA control region (CR) sequences (976 bp) from 104 wild samples from the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (XUAR) in north-west China, and reconstructed phylogeny with additional sequences from across the species’ range. We detected 58 haplotypes in XUAR populations, all but three of which were specific to single sampling sites. The phylogenetic analysis displayed two obvious clades of mtDNA haplotypes and the other haplotypes differed from the two clades. A median-joining network showed three groups of haplotypes were to a high extent concordant with the phylogenetic tree. The haplotype clustering was consistent with their geographic distribution. Nei’s net sequence divergences amongst the three groups ranged from 0.010 to 0.018 and indicated three subspecies, two of which inhabit XUAR. We detected strong differentiation between northern (NX) and southern (SX) XUAR populations overall (FST = 0.4448, P < 0.001), but the Mantel test showed no correlation between the genetic distance and geographic distance. Our results indicate that the NX and SX populations represent different subspecies that might be managed separately.
... Consequently, one might raise the question whether goitered gazelles in different regions should be treated as subspecies or species. Given its migratory behaviour (Durmuş, 2010;Heptner, Nasimovich, & Bannikov, 1961;Lerp et al., 2016), distribution areas, and geographic barriers, such as mountains (Hayatgheib, Karami, Farahmand, Mehrabani-Yeganeh, & Farhadinia, 2011), we assume that species and/or subspecies might be misrecognized, and need to be clarified genetically and biologically. While molecular data are powerful tools for addressing taxonomic problems, the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene shows insufficient variation for resolving subspecies in G. subgutturosa (Abduriyim, Nabi, & Halik, 2018;Fadakar et al., 2013). ...
... subgutturosa). Also, the populations in eastern and western Iran, separated by mountains as a geographic barrier, are differentiated from each other in skull morphology (Hayatgheib et al., 2011;Karami, Hemami, & Groves, 2002), suggesting that two lineages of the goitered gazelle may exist. Therefore, future studies with full coverage of sampling in Turkmenistan, Iran, Azerbaijan, and adjacent countries will be needed to examine potential differentiation between these populations. ...
... In addition, usually both genetic and morphological data are required to delineate species. Given that there is a paucity of morphological data on the populations of goitered gazelle we studied (Hayatgheib et al., 2011), the deeper divergence between North-east of Middle East-Southeast of Central Asia and Middle Asian is not sufficient to support a conclusion that this dichotomy indicates separate species (Groves et al., 2011). ...
The goitered gazelle, Gazella subgutturosa, is a medium-sized ungulate inhabiting arid and
semi-arid regions in the Middle East and central Asia. The intraspecific classification of the
species remains unclear. We analyzed the genetic diversity in mitochondrial DNA control
region (CR) sequences (976 bp) from 104 wild samples from the Xinjiang Uyghur
Autonomous Region (XUAR) in northwest China, and reconstructed phylogeny with
additional sequences from across the species’ range. We detected 58 haplotypes in XUAR
populations, all but three of which were specific to single sampling sites. The phylogenetic
analysis displayed two obvious clades of mtDNA haplotypes and the other haplotypes
differed from the two clades. A median-joining network showed three groups of haplotypes
was to high extent concordant with the phylogenetic tree. The way of haplotype clustering
was consistent with their geographic distribution. Nei’s net sequence divergences among the
three groups ranged from 0.010 to 0.018 and indicated three subspecies, two of which inhabit
XUAR. We detected strong differentiation between northern (NX) and southern (SX) XUAR
populations overall (FST = 0.4448, P < 0.001), but the Mantel test showed no correlation
between the genetic distance and geographical distance. Our results indicate the NX and SX
populations represent different subspecies that might be managed separately.
... Goitered gazelle populations in Central Iran can be considered as a single evolutionarily significant unit (ESU), given the lack of significant genetic and/or morphological differentiation among populations (Hayatgheib et al. 2011). However, the levels of divergence found in the current study suggest that three management units (MUs) could be defined within our study area. ...
The populations of goitered gazelle suffered significant decline due to natural and anthropogenic factors over the last century. Investigating the effects of barriers on gene flow among the remaining populations is vital for conservation planning. Here we adopted a landscape genetics approach to evaluate the genetic structure of the goitered gazelle in Central Iran and the effects of landscape features on gene flow using 15 polymorphic microsatellite loci. Spatial autocorrelation, isolation by distance (IBD) and isolation by resistance (IBR) models were used to elucidate the effects of landscape features on the genetic structure. Ecological modeling was used to construct landscape permeability and resistance map using 12 ecogeographical variables. Bayesian algorithms revealed three genetically homogeneous groups and restricted dispersal pattern in the six populations. The IBD and spatial autocorrelation revealed a pattern of decreasing relatedness with increasing distance. The distribution of potential habitats was strongly correlated with bioclimatic factors, vegetation type, and elevation. Resistance distances and graph theory were significantly related with variation in genetic structure, suggesting that gazelles are affected by landscape composition. The IBD showed greater impact on genetic structure than IBR. The Mantel and partial Mantel tests indicated low but non-significant effects of anthropogenic barriers on observed genetic structure. We concluded that a combination of geographic distance, landscape resistance, and anthropogenic factors are affecting the genetic structure and gene flow of populations. Future road construction might impede connectivity and gene exchange of populations. Conservation measures on this vulnerable species should consider some isolated population as separate management units.
... The horns of the males are similar to the main subspecies. Iranian gazelle is herbivorous which was mostly seen in many plains of Iran (Sheikh Jabari, H. 2002 and Hayatgheib, D et al., 2011). Due to the rapid reduction of Iranian gazelle in recent years, this species was classified in IUCN list in 2006. ...
The scientific name of Persian gazelle is Gazella subgutturosa. Three subspecies of gazelle are known in Iran. According to several studies, it is likely that the extincted gazelle of Moghan plain had belonged to Gazella subgutturosa subgutturosa subspecies. Based on studies and researches have been conducted before 1971, before the accelerated development of the Moghan plain, there was several hundred gazelle on that plain. Today, unfortunately this valuable species that had adapted with geographical and ecological conditions of the Moghan plain Within a thousand years, have extincted and there is no trace of this animal on that plain. Studies based on field and human geography revealed the hunting with a motor vehicle, increasing of human population and the lack of legal protection are causes of extinction of gazelle of Moghan plain. Also, geographical and climatological studies in this research have shown that the best place for revival of gazelle of Moghan plain is Khorousloo region and Best practice is natural breeding of gazelle on that region. Based on genetic relationship, the gazelles in Jyrandoozi plain in Republic of Azerbaijan, are best breed for revival of gazelle in Moghan plain. The ghazelle of Soherine plain in Zanjan province have secondary importance degree after Jyrandoozi gazelles.
... They observed that individuals of the G. subgutturosa population raised in the region between Zagros and the Tigris/Euphrates system had significantly smaller body sizes resembling G. marica raised in the same region rather than the G. subgutturosa population being raised in the east of Zagros. Similarly, Hayatgheib et al. (2011) reported marked differences between Iranian G. subgutturosa specimens from east and west Zagros for skull and horn characters. Furthermore, the authors stated that G. subgutturosa specimens from western Zagros had body sizes as small as G. s. marica. ...
The aim of this study was to determine birth weights, body measurements, and phenotypic correlations in order to characterize the gazelle population raised in Şanlıurfa Province, Turkey. For this purpose, body measurements of 93 adult gazelles (54 ♀, 39 ♂) and 41 young gazelles (17 ♀, 24 ♂) were carried out, and correlations between the measurements were calculated. Additionally, birth weights of 47 newborn gazelle calves (22 ♀, 25 ♂) were determined. Mean body weights of adult and young females and males were 13.86 ± 0.76 kg and 19.39 ± 0.92 kg (P < 0.001) and 8.83 ± 0.14 kg and 10.74 ± 0.17 kg (P < 0.01), respectively. In all groups highly positive correlations between body weight and chest circumference were detected. Birth weights of female and male newborn calves were found to be 1.84 ± 0.02 kg and 1.95 ± 0.04 kg, respectively. Differences in birth weights of female and male newborn calves were not statistically significant. The results indicated that the gazelles reared in Turkey were similar to both G. s. subgutturosa and G. s. marica. In order to develop an efficient conservation program, further genetic studies are required for determining the taxonomical status of the gazelle population studied.
... Interestingly, no significant differences were observed between gazelles of Western Zagros in Iran and the gazelles in Iraq. This suggests close phylogenetic relationship between the gazelles of these two areas (Figure 2) (25). In another study by Youssef Siahkalroodi in 2012, the genetic diversity of Iranian Goitered gazelle in protected areas in Bushehr and Dimeh, Ramhormorz were examined using microsatellite markers. ...
According to the conducted studies, three are species of gazelle in Iran, including Persian gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa), Jabir gazelle (Gazella bennetti) and Mountain Gazelle (Gazella gazelle). Persian gazelle or the goitered gazelle is the most abundant gazelle species in Iran; unfortunately, in 2008, it was added to the list of vulnerable and endangered animal species of IUCN. The species lives in 15 protected areas in Iran, among which Mouteh Wildlife Refuge is one of the largest populations of Persian gazelle depending on natural ecosystems. Examining the cytochrome b region in a number of conserved areas of the species showed that all of them belong to a pure population of Persian gazelle; however, the gazelles living in different habitats are significantly different from each other. Biometric studies on the skull indicated that the gazelles living in the Eastern and Western Zagros Mountains of Iran are distinct from each other. Persian gazelle mostly feeds on plants with high protein content. Indian or Jebeer gazelle is another species of gazelle living in Iran, which is considered as protected and endangered species in the country. Unfortunately, their species status has been so far controversial; thus, it has been not put on the IUCN list. However, there are strong morphological and molecular evidence suggesting that the animal belongs to the Gazella bennetti species. This species is very similar to the Persian gazelle, but smaller in body size. It should be noted that three subspecies of Jebeer gazelle have been identified in Iran. The Mountain gazelle is another species of Iran's gazelles, which shows more specification in the body color than other species. The only habitat of this species is in the Faroor Island in the Persian Gulf. The scientific name of the Iranian subspecies Mountain gazelle is G. gazelle dareshurii. In general, the three valuable species of Iran's gazelles are currently in need of need serious protection and support in order to prevent the extinction of such valuable biological resources and preserve them for future generations.
