Map of Greece and Cycladic island sites in the Aegean. Agios Nikolaos (NI), Agia Paraskevi (PA), Agriloussa (AG), Amorgos (AM), Anafi (AF), Andreas (AD), Andros (AN), Aspronissi (AS), Chtenia CH), Daskalio (DA), Dhonoussa (DH), Fidussa (FI), Gaiduronissi (GA), Glaronissi (GL), Gramvoussa (GR), Ios (IO), Irakleia (IR), Kato Fira (KF), Kato Kufonissi (KK), Keros (KE), Kisiri (KI), Lazaros (LA), Loumboudiaris (LO), Makronissi (MA), Mando (MN), Megali Plaka (MP), Mikri Vigla (MV), Naxos (NA), Nikouria (NI), Ovriokastro (OV), Pano Fira (PF), Pano Kufonissi (PK), Parnitha * (PA), Parthenos (PR), Petalidi (PE), Schoinoussa (SC), Strongyllo (ST), Venetiko (VE). An asterisk signifies the mainland location. 

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... predation pressure, field autotomy depends on additional factors such as aggressive intraspecific interactions, predator ef- ficacy, microhabitat use, and average age of individuals within a population ( Turner et al. 1982;Medel et al. 1988;Bateman and Fleming 2009;Pafilis et al. 2009a). We therefore used a standard- ized measure of autotomy induced under controlled laboratory conditions to distinguish between the innate predisposition of members of a population to shed their tails and the environmen- tally determined opportunity for this to occur (Pafilis et al. 2009a;Hare and Miller 2010;Bateman and Fleming 2011). Laboratory autotomy rates (LARs) were obtained for lizards from 28 of our study sites (Fig. 1, Table 1). Individual lizards were wild-caught using a noose to minimize chance of tail autotomy that often oc- curs during capture by hand. Because ability to autotomize a tail is affected by age (Bellairs and Bryant 1985;, sex (Vitt 1981; Simou et al. 2008), and prior condition of the tail (Arnold 1984;Bateman and Fleming 2009), as well as to remain consistent with the methodologies used by Pafilis et al. (2009a), we limited laboratory autotomy analyses to adult male lizards with intact tails. Although it is possible that inclusion of fe- males may produce slightly different results, a prior study on this genus failed to reveal any intersexual differences (Pafilis ...

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... measured the FID of adult P. erhardii (N = 913) from 37 Cy- cladic islands and one site on mainland Greece (Fig. 1, Table 1). FID was recorded as the distance between the observer and the focal animal when escape was initiated (Ydenberg and Dill 1986;Blumstein et al. 2003;Amo et al. 2006;Pérez-Cembranos et al. 2013;Cooper et al. 2014). This method presumes that the focal an- imal responds primarily to visual stimuli (the approaching preda- tor). FID was measured in the morning hours during the species' main activity period (May to early July) on warm (22-26°C), sunny days with little wind (wind speed < 10 km/h). Exposed, resting lizards were located by walking across an island in one direction until an individual was detected through binoculars, usu- ally from a distance of 5-10 m. Because island scrub habitat was very similar on all study sites-being comprised of open rocky ground interspersed by low (<80 cm), sclerophyllous evergreen bushes (Juniperus phoenicea, Pistacea lentiscus)-visibility of lizards was similar between sites. To simulate a predation event, the same observer approached every focal animal by walking di- rectly toward it at a practiced pace of approximately 80 m/min ( Pérez-Cembranos et al. 2013). We avoided measuring the flight response of gravid female lizards due to their predilection for re- maining close to refugia and differing physiological requirements during the reproductive period (Braña 1993). Cooper et al. (2009) found that at this speed detection distance did not have an effect on FID in a similar species, P. lilfordi. All approaches in this study were performed by the same individual (K. M. Brock), wearing the same attire to avoid confounding effects ( Amo et al. 2006;Pérez-Cembranos et al. 2013). Further, the observer never re- turned to previously sampled areas to avoid encountering the same lizard twice. Because direction and angle of approach, as well as observer shadow may have an effect on a lizard's response to pre- dation (Burger and Gochfeld 1990), we only performed head-on approaches where no shadow was apparent. Both the published literature ( Dill and Houtman 1989;Bonenfant and Kramer 1996;Amo et al. 2006;Li et al. 2014) and our own data suggest that FID is positively correlated to the distance a lizard has to cover to reach the nearest refuge; we therefore recorded this measure (henceforth referred to as distance to the refuge, DR) for every observation of FID ( Dill and Houtman 1989;Bulova 1994;Kramer and Bonenfant 1997;Amo et al. 2006; Cooper and Pérez-Mellado 2012). As suggested by previous studies of other lizards (see Cooper et al. 2009; Cooper 2011), we measured detection distance (distance between the focal animal and surrogate predator when focal an- imal detects the presence of the surrogate predator), as well as body size (snout-vent length in cm) for a subset of the observed lizards at several island sites to test for potential relationships with FID (see Appendix ...

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... and their corresponding abbreviations (Fig. 1) are listed by increasing period of isolation. Isolation period is given in years and is the inferred age of the island as calculated from bathymetric data and regionally calibrated sea-level change graphs. Parnitha is marked with an asterisk (also in Fig. 1 the tail for a period of 15 s (Pérez- Mellado et al. 1997). At the end of the 15 s trial, we recorded whether the lizard autotomized or not. Each lizard was tested only once and was not included in other experiments. LARs are reported as the proportion of tails that were autotomized for each island ...

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... and their corresponding abbreviations (Fig. 1) are listed by increasing period of isolation. Isolation period is given in years and is the inferred age of the island as calculated from bathymetric data and regionally calibrated sea-level change graphs. Parnitha is marked with an asterisk (also in Fig. 1 the tail for a period of 15 s (Pérez- Mellado et al. 1997). At the end of the 15 s trial, we recorded whether the lizard autotomized or not. Each lizard was tested only once and was not included in other experiments. LARs are reported as the proportion of tails that were autotomized for each island ...

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... Cyclades are a group of land-bridge islands located in the central Aegean Sea (Fig. 1), which were formed when rising sea levels since the last glacial maximum flooded parts of a large Pleistocene island mass termed "Cycladia" (Foufopoulos and Ives 1999;Broodbank 2002;Poulos et al. 2009). The current climate is typical of the Mediterranean region with warm, dry summers and cool, rainy winters. The islands experience more temperate conditions than the mainland due to their proximity to the sea and the very strong winds that prevail much of the year ( Valakos et al. 2008). Vegetation cover has been shaped by anthropogenic disturbance over thousands of years (Rackham and Grove ...