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Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina, is located in a karst geomorphological environment. The topographical setting strongly influences the urban geographical distribution and urban development as well as the sustainability policies implemented in the city. The incorporation of the environmental agenda and the focus on sustainable develo...
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Context 1
... order to build a GIS-based model to consider the landslides and flooding risks in Sarajevo, two methodo- logical approaches were performed using GIS software (ArcGIS 10.1). The first was the delineation of the poten- tial areas under water in a scenario in which the river level rises 2.5 m. This corresponds with the maximum level reached by the Miljacka River during the flood event of May 2014 (Sarajevo Times 2014), the worst floods in the region in more than a century (Agencies 2014). This spatial analysis focused on the elevation differences between the river level and the surrounding areas. The second approach comprised the creation of a slope surface using the spatial analyst tools provided in the ArcGIS software. However, there was a significant lack of data from local and regional institutions to help generate an accurate Digital Elevation Model of the area. Despite this constraint, maps were produced with the elevation data available from international data sources at a resolution of 30 m. Data were provided by the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER 2011), used in the elaboration of geomor- phological maps ( Kääb et al. 2003;Kamp et al. 2005). Figure 1 shows the location of Sarajevo in ...
Context 2
... order to build a GIS-based model to consider the landslides and flooding risks in Sarajevo, two methodo- logical approaches were performed using GIS software (ArcGIS 10.1). The first was the delineation of the poten- tial areas under water in a scenario in which the river level rises 2.5 m. This corresponds with the maximum level reached by the Miljacka River during the flood event of May 2014 (Sarajevo Times 2014), the worst floods in the region in more than a century (Agencies 2014). This spatial analysis focused on the elevation differences between the river level and the surrounding areas. The second approach comprised the creation of a slope surface using the spatial analyst tools provided in the ArcGIS software. However, there was a significant lack of data from local and regional institutions to help generate an accurate Digital Elevation Model of the area. Despite this constraint, maps were produced with the elevation data available from international data sources at a resolution of 30 m. Data were provided by the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER 2011), used in the elaboration of geomor- phological maps ( Kääb et al. 2003;Kamp et al. 2005). Figure 1 shows the location of Sarajevo in ...
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... Study [16] demonstrates that the sustainability of the proposed solutions in post-conflict reconstruction is often underestimated; therefore, this particular aspect is critical to address in assessing possible post-conflict reconstruction approaches. The studies [17][18][19] discuss the essence of analyzing the expected operational behavior of the proposed solutions to assist in formulating permanent and reliable solutions rather than temporary and basic shelters, and to understand the environmental impact of the proposed solutions on the setting and context of the associated case. As the nature of post-conflict reconstruction requires immediate reactions to the standing crisis, assessing operational and post-operational aspects of possible housing solutions is often difficult and therefore results in rather poorly planned and temporarily occupied housing units. ...
Post-conflict reconstruction has been one of the most challenging themes for the AEC industry, urban designers and planners, and related decision-makers, especially in complex urban contexts with severe destruction in terms of infrastructure. The city of Mosul in Iraq is a case where there is an urgent need for reconstruction, in particular the housing sector after the enormous destruction caused by the ISIS war of 2014–2017. Today, advanced technologies in construction present opportunities to address post-conflict reconstruction challenges. BIM has been used in recent years since it is an integrated and effective process for planning, monitoring and managing contemporary construction projects. Nevertheless, BIM has not been investigated properly in planning and managing post-conflict reconstruction, especially in developing countries. This paper discusses the potential of adopting BIM in post-conflict reconstruction through investigating the validity of the BIM process in planning and assessing possible housing solutions for the reconstruction of Mosul city, using BIM applications. The main findings suggest that BIM applications present significant potential in the process of planning, assessing and managing the reconstruction of post-conflict contexts in developing countries, where conventional methods are limited, dysfunctional and inefficient.
... Thus, urban geomorphology investigates the human impact on landscape during the Anthropocene in many various geographical settings (Brandolini et al., 2019;Brown et al., 2017;Cooke et al., 1982;Douglas, 2005;Espinosa et al., 2018;Jeong et al., 2018;Knight, 2018;Martín-Díaz et al., 2015;Thornbush, 2015;Waters et al., 2016;Zwoliński et al., 2018). ...
The integration of field surveys, bibliographic research and multitemporal analysis of historical maps, aerial photographs and satellite images in a GIS environment, allowed the current and past geomorphological features of the old city of Alessandria and its surrounding areas, NW Italy, to be identified and mapped. Their analysis provided an overview of the geomorphological evolution of the city that is strictly related to the historical vicissitudes occurred since the Middle Ages. Nowadays, the most representative landforms and deposits characterizing the urban landscape result from human interventions and are associated with ancient military facilities and infrastructures, a historical man-made channel network no longer recognizable, the Tanaro riverbed channelization, and the urban sprawl occurred from the second half of the nineteenth century onwards. This study represents a useful tool for urban planning and management and for raising the citizens’ awareness of the urban-landscape geomorphological features and evolution, and therefore the geo-hydrological risk.
... Nevertheless, Sarajevo exhibits certain unique changes associated with the particular socio-economic and political developments of BiH, and the slow and contested recovery from the trauma of war (Bieber, 2006;Lamphere-Englund, 2015). Martín-Díaz, Nofre, Oliva, and Palma (2015) argue that the neoliberal urbanism promoted by the international involvement in Sarajevo's post-war reconstruction has led to unsustainable development despite the establishment of strategies aligned with European regulations for sustainability, enshrined within the Sarajevo Canton Development Strategy which was formulated under the supervision of international experts. ...
... The lack of proper oversight of new development has resulted in between 25,000 and 50,000 illegal housing units being constructed since the end of the war, according to estimates from the Development Planning Institute of Sarajevo. This has contributed to urban sprawl, often in areas with steep slopes and high risk of landslides where housing to accommodate people displaced by the war has been erected, though some new developments near the city center are also in highly flood-prone areas (Martín-Díaz et al., 2015). Some of the latter are also developments not approved through the formal planning process according to our interviews with city officials. ...
It is just over two decades since Sarajevo, capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina, emerged from a bloody war that included a three-year siege of the city, killing thousands of its citizens, forcing many more to flee the city and inflicted major damage to buildings and infrastructure. This paper focuses on the ongoing redevelopment of the city under the unusual circumstances provided by governance arrangements imposed under the Dayton Peace Agreement of 1995. It builds on earlier overviews of the city's development provided by Gül and Dee (Cities, 43) and Aquilué and Roca (Cities, 58), by focusing on the consequences of the interplay between a weak urban planning system, the post-socialist transition towards a market economy, economic stagnation and globalizing forces. It notes that some broad characteristics of the new developments are shared with other east European cities following the demise of socialism post-1989, but there are also changes reflecting the impact of specific circumstances prevailing since the war. Many of the most recent new developments are the product of foreign investment, in part linked to post-war reconstruction and redevelopment, but also to the growth of international tourism which is increasingly affecting the housing market and ‘gentrifying’ some areas. New hotel and retail complexes around the old city center are increasing housing rentals, driving young people towards outlying suburbs, and contributing to housing shortages. These recent population movements are mapped and further analyzed to reveal the city's distinctive evolving character.
... As it crosses the valley, the river collects runoff from the mountain slopes, which are especially steep and close on its left bank, again increasing its erosive power. The central European continental climate is influenced by the vicinity to the Adriatic Sea which causes frequent precipitation (900 mm a year) and heavy rain (Martin-Diaz et al., 2015, p. 3). ...
This paper outlines a project for the reactivation of the peri-urban settlements, known as mahalas, which surround Sarajevo, Bosnia & Herzegovina. For historical, social and economic reasons, the growth of the mahalas has been largely informal and uncontrolled by planning regulations with the result that today they exemplify both the dysfunctions and the potentials of spontaneous and uncontrolled urban expansion. The absence of adequate urban planning, both previous to and following a period of armed conflict, together with a failed process of social reconstruction, has left the mahalas in a state of physical abandon and without a shared identity and memory of place. Lacking public infrastructure, they are cut off from the central parts of the city and from the services these provide. In terms of natural conditions, due to the steep slopes and the nature of the bedrock the area is vulnerableto landslides. A failure to address this problem has resulted in the construction of buildings in high-risk locations. This study examines a rethinkingof the Širokača mahala. It identifies four strategic objectives: the reduction of landslide risk; the reconnection, both physical and psychological, with the city; the reactivation of the mahala through the provision of public spaces and services; the provision of new homes for the recollocation of the weakest elements of the population as part of the wider national programme for the recollocation of internally displaced people (IDPs).The project finds its guiding principle in a scattered approach consisting of a series of small scale interventions that together create a pathway of facilities which in turn can be reproduced at the macro-level of an urban system. Bottom-up initiatives and practices of urban resilience, latent potential of Sarajevo, are proposed in order to foster a process of physical and social reconciliation within the community.
... More recently, and despite efforts to align Sarajevo with European regulations for urban sustainability, the built environment of the city has moved in an increasingly unsustainable direction as a result of the postwar and post-socialist urban processes, with a rise in urban areas potentially affected by some critical geomorphological hazards, i.e. landslides and flooding. Both post-war and post-socialist urban processes have respectively encouraged the construction of housing on steep slopes and the development of major new urban projects in the most floodable areas of the city (Martín-Díaz, Nofre, Oliva, & Palma, 2015). These potential urban problems become especially relevant during the current process of updating local urban planning tools, initially up until the year 2015, such as the Sarajevo Urban Plan and the Sarajevo Canton Development Strategy. ...
... With parcels of land in the more level area of the city being too expensive, people found cheaper solutions on the slopes, in a location very close to downtown. Such urbanisation on the slopes, in the central part of the city of Sarajevo, occurred, despite the modification of the regulatory regime carried out by the Development Planning Institute of Sarajevo, in anticipation of the wave of returns and expected urbanisation (Martín-Díaz et al., 2015). Changes in the regulatory regime were launched in 1997 to manage urban development in the neighbourhoods of mixed housing types with higher slope gradients; hence, since then, regulatory plans have become mandatory for urbanisation on slopes. ...
Within the interdisciplinary field of urban geomorphology, scholars have recently paid attention to the increasing vulnerability of landscapes, due principally to the construction of housing and infrastructure. With regard to the case of Sarajevo and more specifically the capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina, historically, its
particular geographic setting has maintained a central role in the spatial distribution of its population, with residential areas exposed to potential geomorphological hazards. Urbanisation on the slopes of Sarajevo was resumed after the Bosnian War (1992–1995) in areas with steep slope gradients. This was a consequence of the
impossibility or unwillingness of those internally displaced, sheltered in Sarajevo during the conflict, to return to pre-war homes. Thus, this paper explores the political, social and economic factors that have influenced both the historical process of urbanisation on the slopes, surrounding the central areas of the city, and its subsequent
reproduction during the post-war period. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the exposition of these urbanised slopes to potential geomorphological hazards. Moreover, the extent of urbanisation on the slopes will be quantified in five study areas for periods between 1987–2003 and 2003–2015. It precedes the evaluation of the
geomorphological vulnerabilities of constructions developed in these sites. Finally, corrective measures are proposed in the current process of elaboration of the new Urban and Strategic Plans.
... The people organized a volunteer work to clear the çarşi, and additional ditches were dug out for drainage, and the creek was embanked with tiles. Contemporary analysis shows that lowland urban core of Sarajevo is poorly protected from flooding and a preventive strategy should be applied both in view of urban growth sustainability and water resources management ( Bašeskija, 1987, 330;Skarić, 1981, 145-146;Martín-Díaz et al., 2015, 1-10; The Sava River Basin Analysis Report, 2009; Mihajlović et al., 2014). ...
The paper aims to present narrative sources from the late phase of ‘Little Ice Age’ period for a part of the Southeastern Europe, which is still poorly investigated. In the lack of solid evidence, obtained by geo-sciences (dendrochronology, sediment and pollen analysis, records of instrumental measurements, etc.), the text relies on documentary ‘proxies’ derived from several chronicles and short notes. These accounts – from Dalmatian cities of Split and Makarska, Ottoman metropolis of Sarajevo, Franciscan monasteries in Kreševo (Bosnia) and in Šarengrad (Srem, after Habsburg re-conquest) – are unevenly distributed in time and geographical space, far from the quality of ‘weather diaries’, which existed elsewhere in Europe of this period. Nonetheless, the preserved sources verify in their own manner cumulative changes occurring throughout the region: people observed changes not only in high frequency of change of seasonal temperature and precipitation patterns and the scale, but more significantly, there was coupling of extreme weather events and heavy disturbances of weather patterns. Franciscan writers in Makarska and Kreševo repeatedly wrote how weather features and course of seasons were untimely, unexpected, sudden and detrimental, ‘suis temporibus non correspondens’, and how particular agricultural works could not be performed ‘ut moris est’, at the usual, traditional schedule, due to the weather perturbances. Adriatic summers turned extremely hot and dry, with long periods without any rain, while data from Šarengrad corroborate results obtain in the historical climatology for Hungary on the severity of winters and long period of frozen Danube River. Mulla Basheski’s records from Sarajevo yield information on Miljacka River flood events, in connection to both climate condition and land-use patterns. This paper is foremost an attempt to draw attention to research possibilities for the Western Balkans, and there are more documentary, narrative and archival sources to be further investigated, with collaborations among geoscientists and historians.
... (vi) the urban geomorphological hazards (Martin Diaz et al. 2015, Pratesi et al. 2016. ...
Urban geomorphology has important implications in spatial planning of human activities, and it also has a geotouristic potential due to the relationship between cultural and geomorphological heritage. Despite the introduction of the term Anthropocene to describe the deep influence that human activities have had in recent times on Earth evolution, urban geomorphological heritage studies are relatively rare and limited and urban geotourism development is recent. The analysis of the complex urban landscape often need the integration of multidisciplinary data. This study aims to propose the first urban geomorphoheritage assessment method, which originates after long-lasting previous geomorphological and geotouristic studies on Rome city centre, it depict rare examples of the geomorphological mapping of a metropolis and, at the same time, of an inventory of urban geomorphosites. The proposal is applied to geomorphosites in the Esquilino neighbourhood of Rome, whose analysis confirm the need for an
... Planning standards in socialist time were more abundant, which means that planners took special care about green space per capita in neighbourhoods or designing children playgrounds based on number of children living nearby (Stojan anď Caldarović, 2006). Social changes in the 1990s brought about transformation of the urban planning approach which is now largely unsystematic, profit oriented and characterised by lack of public urban space, especially in cases of new housing development with almost no or scarce green space (Stojan andČaldarović, 2006;Marić et al., 2010;Vukadinović, 2010;Stefanovska and Koželj, 2012;Martín-Díaz et al., 2015). Furthermore, the state of UFGS is characterised by poor maintenance and political neglect due to economic conundrums and cities having other more pressing issues (Gudurić et al., 2011;Lukić, 2013;Kronenberg, 2015). ...
In this paper the results of the first comprehensive study on perception of and satisfaction with urban forests and green space in seven Southeast European cities are presented. The aims of the paper are to analyse 1) citizen perceptions of the current state of urban forests and green space in their cities, 2) to what extent current urban forests and green space meet their needs and how this can be improved. A cross-sectional study was conducted by using a common face-to-face survey questionnaire. Respondents were selected based on census data though a stratified sampling procedure by taking into account age, gender and city district (n=384 in each city). The results showed that citizens genuinely care for urban forests and green space in their cities, but are not satisfied with their current state. The respondents found issues related to misbehaviour of other users, the presence and quality of facilities, as well as the presence and quality of management or maintenance the most pressing. There were more statistically significant differences than similarities between cities. Socioeconomic variables explained perceptions only to some extent. Citizens were very supportive of educational campaigns about the importance of urban forests and green space as well as of better enforcement of the existing regulations though having more community wardens that were expected to tackle current unsatisfactory situations. Urban planning and urban forest and green space management in these cities are facing many problems characteristic for post-socialist countries. Study findings are expected to contribute to decision making in urban planning and natural resource management.
This chapter presents an analytical overview of the selected sociological man-made disaster case studies in the world, caused by intentional human actions, that include terrorism, conflicts of war and genocide. Within the sociological man-made disaster subcategory, the following disaster case studies are analysed: The Siege of Sarajevo (1992–1996); The Battle of Grozny (1994–1995) and The September 11 Terrorist Attacks in New York (2001), based on the use of the urbanscape, through its built and natural elements: the urban pattern of the everyday life and the urban vulnerability during the pre-disaster phase; the direct urban impact during the disaster event phase and the urban rehabilitation during the post-disaster phase.KeywordsMan-made disastersSociological disastersWarTerrorism
Sarajevo's natural layout is extensively green as it covers large rural and natural areas. The city struggles with an insufficient urban layout in terms of environmental quality. Through a top-down approach, this study investigates the user's perception of ‘green' and examines the environmental attributes of place attachment in the case of Sarajevo. The semi-structured study is based on online surveys with experts and in-depth interviews with residents and applies a reframed model of place attachment which provides both a quantitative and qualitative translation of, among other aspects, environmental factors. Within this framework, the research presents a recap of Sarajevo's environmental experiences and focuses on lessons learned regarding the post-war urban development in the environmental context of the city.
