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Lipid and DHA productions by Aurantiochytrium spp. (Schizochytrium spp.) growing on various substrates.
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Cost of nutrients is one of the major contributors to the production cost of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) by thraustochytrids, and this remains the main challenge for economical and sustainable production of DHA. In the present study, cassava pulp (CP) was investigated as an alternative low-cost carbon source for DHA production by Aurantiochytrium li...
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... results for lipid and DHA productions from the present study along with those reported in the literature using Aurantiochytrium spp. (Schizochytrium spp.) are given in Table 5. It can be seen that lipid and DHA productions vary depending on the strain of the microorganism, cultivation mode and conditions, as well as carbon source, which could be simple sugar (e.g., glucose), sugar alcohol (e.g., glycerol), and sugar-containing hydrolysate derived from biomasses. ...Citations
... Owing to these, efficient saccharification of CP would yield an inexpensive glucose-rich hydrolysate suitable for various fermentation processes. In fact, recent studies have shown that up to 83.8% of carbohydrate in CP could be converted into reducing sugars for various product formations, including ethanol (Khanpanuek et al., 2022;Siriwong et al., 2019), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (Aini et al., 2022), and biohydrogen (Chantawan et al., 2022). However, to the best of our knowledge, there have been only a handful of studies investigating the use of CP as PHB feedstock. ...
Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) is bioplastic that has been recognized as a viable alternative to petroleum-based ones, owing to its biodegradability and biocompatibility. However, its use has long been hampered by its high selling price, caused mainly by using costly fermentation feedstock. In the present study, cassava pulp (CP) was investigated as an alternative low-cost carbon source for a high cell density cultivation of Paracoccus sp. KKU01 for PHB production. CP was hydrolyzed enzymatically, and the resulting hydrolysate was used as the base medium to optimize the bacterial growth conditions, i.e., medium compositions and dissolved oxygen setpoints, attaining as high as 40.9 ± 0.0 g/L of biomass. The optimum growth conditions were subsequently used in 4 fed-batch fermentation regimes, and Regime 2, where complete medium (CP hydrolysate supplemented with other nutrients) was fed twice followed by twice feedings of concentrated CP hydrolysate (CPH), was found to give highest biomass and PHB production of 114.5 ± 1.3 and 47.8 ± 3.9 g/L, respectively, with 41.8 ± 2.9% PHB content and yield of 0.12 kg/kg-CP. PHB productivity was 0.80 ± 0.06 g/(L·h). Logistic and Luedeking-Piret models were used successfully to describe the profiles of bacterial growth and PHB production, respectively. Curve fitting using the Luedeking-Piret model revealed that PHB synthesis and PHB turnover occurred simultaneously during the process. Overall, the results demonstrated that cassava processing wastes are feasible feedstock for PHB production by Paracoccus sp. KKU01.
... Thraustochytrids have been investigated in various coastal, estuarine, and mangrove environments in different countries: China (Mohan et al., 2022), Vietnam (Hien et al., 2022), Thailand (Aini et al., 2022), Japan (Taoka et al., 2017), Sweden (Patel et al., 2021), Italy (Russo et al., 2021), Korea (Saini et al., 2023), and Taiwan (Chauhan et al., 2023). However, only a limited number of Indian mangrove areas is studied for thraustochytrids from Goa (Raghukumar, 2017), Kerala (Jaseera et al., 2018), Mumbai , Andaman Islands (Kalidasan et al., 2021b), and Tamil Nadu (Kalidasan et al., 2021a). ...
... The A. limacinum SR21 is recorded to produce the biomass of 3.4 ± 0.4 g L -1 , under fed-batch culture, while the same strain under optimized culture conditions is found to yield high biomass of 14.3 ± 0.5 g L -1 dry weight after 7 days of incubation (Aini et al., 2022). Hence, the optimization of culture conditions, and nutrient sources produce the maximum biomass of thraustochytrids. ...
Thraustochytrids contribute to the microbiota of mangrove ecosystem, and they hold promise as a potential source of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), antimicrobials and antioxidants for their application in pharmaceutical, aquaculture, and human health sectors. However, the thraustochytrids have not been properly studied in Indian mangrove ecosystems for their PUFAs and biological activities, and hence, the present study was carried to isolate the PUFAs-rich thraustochytrids for their pigments, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. This work isolated and identified the thraustochytrids that are capable of producing PUFAs from decomposing leaves of mangroves at Pichavaram, southeast coast of India. Two predominant isolates were identified as Thraustochytrium sp. and Aurantiochytrium mangrovei based on morphological and molecular characteristics. Thraustochytrium sp., produced the biomass of 4.72 g L ⁻¹ , containing total lipids of 42.36% and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) of 32.69% of total lipids, whereas, A. mangrovei produced the biomass of 6.25 g L ⁻¹ containing total lipids of 49.81% and DHA of 44.71% of total lipids. Astaxanthin pigment accumulated up to 3.2 µg L ⁻¹ in A. mangrovei , whereas the pigment was not detected in Thraustochytrium sp. Further, the biomass extracted in organic solvents was tested for antibacterial activity against seven clinical pathogens along with positive control of ampicillin. Thraustochytrium sp., exhibited the highest antibacterial activity with the zone of inhibition of 78.77% against Staphylococcus aureus and the lowest (20.95%) against Klebsiella pneumonia . Thraustochytrium sp., also showed minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 40 µg L ⁻¹ inhibiting the growth of S. aureus . The antioxidant activity of A. mangrovei was tested by using six assays and noted the highest free radical scavenging (87.37 ± 1.22%) and the lowest nitric oxide radical scavenging (75.12 ± 2.22%) activities. Hence, it is clear that the extracts of Thraustochytrium sp., and A. mangrovei are promising sources of lead compounds for biopharma and food industries.
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an invalidating chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by joint inflammation and progressive bone damage. Dietary intervention is an important component in the treatment of RA to mitigate oxidative stress, a major pathogenic driver of the disease. Alongside traditional sources of antioxidants, microalgae—a diverse group of photosynthetic prokaryotes and eukaryotes—are emerging as anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory food supplements. Several species accumulate therapeutic metabolites—mainly lipids and pigments—which interfere in the pro-inflammatory pathways involved in RA and other chronic inflammatory conditions. The advancement of the clinical uses of microalgae requires the continuous exploration of phytoplankton biodiversity and chemodiversity, followed by the domestication of wild strains into reliable producers of said metabolites. In addition, the tractability of microalgal genomes offers unprecedented possibilities to establish photosynthetic microbes as light-driven biofactories of heterologous immunotherapeutics. Here, we review the evidence-based anti-inflammatory mechanisms of microalgal metabolites and provide a detailed coverage of the genetic engineering strategies to enhance the yields of endogenous compounds and to develop innovative bioproducts.
