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Protein energy malnutrition (PEM) is a major public health problem in India. This affects the child at the most crucial period of time of development, which can lead to permanent impairment in later life. PEM is measured in terms of underweight (low weight for age), stunting (low height for age) and wasting (low weight for height). The prevalence o...
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Citations
... Nurbiah et al. (2019) explained that most of the stunting children (36.6%) had a mother who practiced food taboos in the family, Food taboos in the family there were traditions of eating forbidden. Bhutia (2014) explained That socio-cultural factors played an important role wherein, they affected the attitude of the caregiver in feeding and care practices. ...
... All these factors played an important role in determining the optimal linear growth rate in children. Bhutia (2014) explained that Protein-energy malnutrition was measured in terms of stunting. The prevalence of stunting among those under five is 48%. ...
This systematic review examined the relationship between complementary feeding practices and the prevalence of stunting among children under 24 months. Drawing on a diverse range of studies, in the last 10 years (2013-2023) the review investigated the local cultural conditions, and complementary feeding practices factors influencing stunting. Methods involved synthesizing data from various contexts to identify patterns and associations between the culture, complementary feeding practices, and stunting prevalence. This study carried out a systematic review of journals using two academic databases (PubMed, and Google Scholar) with a publication range from 2013 to 2023. The journal-reviewed guidelines used Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Results revealed a significant relationship between the local cultural conditions, complementary feeding, and the impact of stunting on child development. This study found 10 studies exploring the relationship between the local cultural conditions, complementary feeding, and the prevalence of stunting among children under 24 months in the last 10 years. The review underscored the need for interventions targeting cultural determinants of stunting and complementary feeding. In conclusion, this systematic review of 10 journals explored the relationship between the local cultural conditions, complementary feeding practices, and the prevalence of stunting among children under two years old in the last 10 years offers. The study elucidated the multifaceted nature of stunting, influenced by cultural beliefs, and complementary feeding practices. The findings emphasized the importance of culturally sensitive interventions aimed at educating parents on proper complementary feeding practices to prevent stunting, particularly in communities where cultural beliefs shape complementary feeding habits. In addition, this observation underscored the importance of addressing contextual factors such as the mother's knowledge of complementary feeding, and the food diversity given, so that there are no food taboos whose nutrients the child's body needs for growth the time to start complementary feeding, and hygiene during complementary feeding processing. It is necessary to emphasize sensitive interventions in solving the stunting problem so that stunting can be resolved comprehensively.
... Insufficient protein nutrition usually manifests as marasmus (a general wasting caused by protein and energy deficiency) and malnutrition (characterized by significant edema and a lack of protein quantity and quality), which may lead to stunting, physical weakness, edema, and impaired immunity [30]. Some African and South Asian countries/ territories have a higher prevalence of protein energy malnutrition, which is consistent with our results [31]. In these countries/territories, only 3% of total dietary energy is derived from meat and animal offal, leading to serious inadequate animal protein intake, and dietary protein consumption per day in people in Africa far below the world average level [32]. ...
Background
Nutritional deficiencies remain serious medical and public health issues worldwide, especially in children. This study aims to analyze cross-country inequality in four common nutritional deficiencies (protein-energy malnutrition, dietary iron deficiency, vitamin A deficiency and iodine deficiency) among children from 1990 to 2019 based on Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019 data.
Methods
Prevalence and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) data as measures of four nutritional deficiency burdens in people aged 0 to 14 years were extracted from the GBD Results Tool. We analyzed temporal trends in prevalence by calculating the average annual percent change (AAPC) and quantified cross-country inequalities in disease burden using the slope index.
Results
Globally, the age-standardized prevalence rates of dietary iron deficiency, vitamin A deficiency and iodine deficiency decreased, with AAPCs of -0.14 (-0.15 to -0.12), -2.77 (-2.96 to -2.58), and -2.17 (-2.3 to -2.03) from 1999 to 2019, respectively. Significant reductions in socio-demographic index (SDI)-related inequality occurred in protein-energy malnutrition and vitamin A deficiency, while the health inequality for dietary iron deficiency and iodine deficiency remained basically unchanged. The age-standardized prevalence and DALY rates of the four nutritional deficiencies decreased as the SDI and healthcare access and quality index increased.
Conclusions
The global burden of nutritional deficiency has decreased since 1990, but cross-country health inequalities still exist. More efficient public health measures are needed to reduce disease burdens, particularly in low-SDI countries/territories.
... This argument is also supported by Dechenla Bhutia. 18 Arun Kumar Arya etal. also reports of GE in 73(36.5%). ...
Objective: To determine frequency and distribution of co-morbidities by type, age groups and gender in PEM children. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Department of Pediatric (Nutrition Unit) and Community Medicine, GMC. Period: 15-8-2022, to 30-12-2022. Material & Methods: Data for diagnosed PEM cases was retrieved from Nutrition Unit DHQ Hospital DI Khan for which non-probability consecutive sampling technique was used. Research variable was type of comorbidities while demographics variables were age groups and gender. Association of gender and age groups with the presence or absence of co-morbidities in PEM children were found using Chi Square test. Results: Out of 400 participants, most frequent co-morbidity was gastroenteritis (GE) in 157(39.3%) patients in which females were 87(55.41%) and males 70(44.58%). 101(64.33%) were in 1–5-year age group and 56(35.66%) in under 1 year. Second to GE was pneumonia with 84(21%) patients in which females were 45(53.57%) and males 39(46.42%). Pneumonia in 1-5 year affected 61(72.61%) and 23(27.38%) patients were less than 1 year. Anemia affected 74(18.5%) patients in which females were 45(60.81%) and males 29(39.18%). 58(78.37%) patients were in 1-5 years and 16(21.62%) in less than 1 year. Other co-morbidities were seen in small number of patients. Difference in age groups were statistically significant at p-value of 0.005006 (<0.05) while there was no association of gender with comorbidities at p-value of 0.459344 (>0.05). Conclusion: Most common comorbidities were GE, pneumonia and anemia and their prevalence was higher in females and 1–5-year age group.
... This further results in increases in stunting. [12,13] Despite all the prevailing issues mentioned above, Uttarakhand is one of the few states in the country which has shown an exemplary decrease in stunting. This decrease has been more (8.2.%) in urban areas than (5.8%) in rural areas. ...
Background
Stunting is a significant public health problem in childhood in developing countries. Sustainable Developmental Goals have mandated that each country reduce stunting by 50% by 2030. However, despite various nutrition and health programs, India still faces a massive burden of stunting. With the increasing urbanization in the country and its typical challenges related to health and nutrition, chronic malnutrition is a massive problem in urban areas, especially among people in the lower wealth quintile. Hence, current study has attempted to estimate the prevalence of stunting among children (0–6 years) and its determinants.
Methodology
A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Urban Anganwadi centers of Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, for 6 months, from December 2021 to May 2022. Three hundred ten children from 13 selected Anganwadi centers were included using random sampling. Data were collected using a semi-structured validated and pretested questionnaire using Epicollect 5.0. Data were analyzed using the SPSS 23.0 version to estimate the prevalence of stunting and associated risk factors.
Results
Out of 310 participants, 71 (22.9%) were stunted. Female children were slightly more stunted (24.7%) than males (21.1%). Maximum stunting (33.4%) was observed among children in the 5–6-year age group, and children with higher birth order were much more stunted. Stunting was reported more in children who were breastfed on demand (33.8%) than those fed every 2 hours (19.3%).
Conclusion
Stunting prevalence in urban areas of Rishikesh is 22.9%, which is almost similar to the state average of 24.3% for urban areas; however, it was higher in comparison to the SDG 2030 global target of ending malnutrition of all forms. Stunting was significantly associated with feeding on demand and eating frequency less than twice a day.
... NFHS II observed that lower birth orders were an advantage [8]. Bhutia (2014) found that a decrease in the prevalence of underweight is seen when the birth interval widens from 24 months (52.2%) to 47 months (45.1%) [9]. Frequent childbirth at short intervals does not allow the mother to regain her health for the next pregnancy, resulting in a lowbirth-weight child, and short intervals of childbirth result in the early weaning of the earlier child from breast milk. ...
Objectives: To determine the prevalence and socio-demographic determinants of malnutrition among under-5 years old children in Mandla district. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in three blocks (Bijadandi, Narayanganj, and Niwas) of Mandla district of M.P. For this study, the calculated sample size was 276 children under 5 years of age. Multistage Random sampling was used, and the required sample size was collected from 12 villages in these 3 blocks. A predesigned and pretested schedule was administered by asking for a history from the mother, and anthropometric measurements of the children were recorded. Results: The overall prevalence of underweight (<median-2SD) was found to be 51.81%. Whereas 18.12% were severe underweight (<median- 3SD) and 33.70% were moderate underweight (<median 3SD to-2SD). The prevalence of stunting among under-5-year-old children was found to be 46.74% (<median-2SD). The prevalence of severe stunting (<median-3SD) was 15.94%, while that of moderate stunting (<median 3SD to-2SD) was 30.80%. The overall prevalence of wasting was 24.72%. In which 21.01% were moderately wasted, and 4.71% were severely wasted. Conclusion: The findings of the present study revealed the widespread prevalence of undernutrition among under-5-year-old children. Data show that 51.81% of children under 5 years of age are underweight, 46.74% are stunted, and 24.72% are wasted in our study area, which is much higher than national figures and highlights the need for an integrated approach toward improving child health as well as nutritional status in this area.
... PME affects the child at the most crucial period of development, which can lead to permanent impairment in later life. The underweight prevalence of 42.5% is the highest in the world (Bhutia, 2014). Termites may fulfil the protein requirement, but there is a need for technological intervention where an edible and approved product may fulfil the requirement of young and aged alike. ...
Abstract: Imagine how thousands of termites respire through the thick-walled mound? How they construct
the mound? Social life and Collective behaviour of termites can be utilized as ‘Biomimetics’ for human
well-being. The article explains the biological and behavioural aspects of termite life, and tries to unravel
the possible opportunities which the human beings can exploit in various branches of science. The need
for research investment and technological advancement to use the knowledge of termites for the benefit of
humans is discussed.
... The findings were supported by a cross sectional study done in Ambala, Haryana, India by covering 300 under five children. In this study 39.34% were Grade 1 PEM, 15.6% were Grade 2 PEM and 0.6% were Grade 3 PEM [11]. ...
... The current study concluded that a total of 200 subjects were recruited where 44% (88) were males and 56% (112) were females. These results are associated with a study conducted by Bhutia (2014) and they concluded that a high prevalence of girls is suffering from undernutrition in India. Similarly other studies resembles also supported these findings. ...
Malnutrition is defined as "the cellular imbalance between the supply of nutrients and energy and body's demands for them to ensure growth, maintenance, and specific function. There are two types of malnutrition under nutrition and over nutrition. Marasmus is a kind of malnutrition caused by lack of protein that can promote weakness, muscles squandering, and lessened muscles versus fat levels, decreased vitality levels and weight reduction. Globally in 2014 it was estimated that 195 million children under-five years were stunted, 95 million were under weight and 50 million stunted. Pakistan is one of the highest prevalence of malnutrition as compared to other countries. The study aimed to assess the nutritional status of under nourished children and to find out prevalence of marasmus in under five years of children. This study was conducted in public hospital at District Head Quarter Mardan located at district Marda, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. About 200 children were enrolled in this study at the age of 6-59months. For the assessment of nutritional status following parameters were used weight in kg, height in cm, MUAC (mid-upper Arm Circumference) in cm and Z-score. All the data was analyzed by using SPSS" statistical Package for Social Sciences" version 22. The results depict high percentage of maternal as well as paternal illiteracy, majority of the study cohort was girls as compared to boys and most of the undernutrition was prevalent infants at the age of 7-12 months as compared to other age group. Majority of children were following inappropriate feeding practices and high percentage of children were in SAM category followed by stunted. The current study concluded that maternal and paternal educational status, and poor feeding practices were major correlates of undernutrition.
... PME affects the child at the most crucial period of development, which can lead to permanent impairment in later life. The underweight prevalence of 42.5% is the highest in the world (Bhutia, 2014). Termites may fulfil the protein requirement, but there is a need for technological intervention where an edible and approved product may fulfil the requirement of young and aged alike. ...
Abstract: Imagine how thousands of termites respire through the thick-walled mound? How they construct the mound? Social life and Collective behaviour of termites can be utilized as ‘Biomimetics’ for human well-being. The article explains the biological and behavioural aspects of termite life, and tries to unravel the possible opportunities which the human beings can exploit in various branches of science. The need for research investment and technological advancement to use the knowledge of termites for the benefit of humans is discussed.
Key words: biomimetics, diversity, ecosystem service, stigmergy
... Stunting was observed in 48 % of children, wasting in 19.3 % of children, and underweight among 42.5 % of children. This under nourishment makes the children more susceptible to infection [21,22]. ...
