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Joule-heating performance of FS-GF. a Square sample used for Joule-heating investigation with a size of 12 × 20 × 1 mm³. b Infrared mapping distribution of equilibrium temperature under different power inputs of 1, 5, 10 and 20 W, respectively. c The temperature gradient distribution on sample surface for 5 W power input. d Temperature versus time curves under different power inputs ranging from 1 to 20 W and room temperature condition. e The impacts of heating powers on equilibrium temperatures and heating rates. f The cyclic stability of Joule-heating performance with 10 cycles of electric-heating and natural-cooling processes
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A fluoroalkyl-silane (FS)-modified three-dimensional (3D) graphene foam (GF) composite (FS-GF) with a hierarchical porous microstructure was fabricated via a nickel foam template chemical vapor deposition and followed modification. The 3D GF, as an electrically conductive framework and hydrophobic porous substrate, was grafted with FS to further im...
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Carbon fiber (CF) reinforced composites are widely used due to their excellent properties. However, the smooth surface and few functional groups of CFs can lead to fiber fractures and pullout, which reduce the service life of the composites. The overall performance of composites can be improved by growing carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on the CF surface....
Citations
... Graphene, with sp 2 -bonded carbon atoms hexagonally arranged in single-atom thickness, has been attracting extensive attention, due to its unique electronic, mechanical, and thermal properties [1] and diverse applications in various fields, such as field emission, electronics, sensors, and energy technologies. [2,3] Among these, graphene has been used extensively as electrode materials for electrochemical energy conversion and storage, thanks largely to its high theoretical specific surface area (up to 2600 m 2 g À 1 ) and electrical conductivity. [4] In fact, remarkable performance has been achieved with graphene-based supercapacitors and secondary batteries (e. g., lithium-ion battery, sodium-ion battery, etc.). ...
Vertically oriented graphene (VG) nanosheets exhibit unique structural characteristics, such as large accessible surface area, rich edges, high electrical conductivity, open network channels, and agglomeration resistance, for electrochemical energy storage applications (e.g., supercapacitors, lithium‐ion batteries, etc). In this review article, we summarize recent progress in the design and engineering of VG‐based electrodes for high‐performance electrochemical energy technologies within the context of energy storage mechanisms and charge transfer kinetics, and include a perspective to highlight the challenges and promises in the exploitation of vertically oriented two‐dimensional nanostructures for further enhancement of the performance of electrochemical energy storage devices.
... Recently, related studies reported various electrothermal composites made of CNTs or GP, which can be used for medical infusion apparatus [10], deicing [11,12], defrosting and defogging [13][14][15], repairing and self-curing resin [16], and other fields [17][18][19][20]. As example, a fluoroalkyl-silane-modified three-dimensional graphene foam composite (FS-GF) with a porous structure was fabricated, which can be used in the Joule heating mesh for airflow; the prepared FS-GF also demonstrated rapid heating rate, high conversion efficiency, and uniform temperature distribution [21]. Moreover, a porous aramid nanofiber/CNT electrothermal hybrid aerogel film coated with a layer of fluorocarbon resin exhibited fast heating speed and reliable cycle stability [22]. ...
... It is worth noting that the abundant porous structure is conducive to the heat exchange with the environment in the electric heating process [21][22][23]. ...
... Therefore, the highly interconnected three-dimensional cellular networks was obtained, which may be responsible for the outstanding mechanical properties of the aerogel [46]. It is worth noting that the abundant porous structure is conducive to the heat exchange with the environment in the electric heating process [21][22][23]. ...
Nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) as an environmentally friendly substrate material has superiority for flexible electrothermal composite, while there is currently no research on porous NFC based electrothermal aerogel. Therefore, this work used NFC as a skeleton, combined with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and graphene (GP), to prepare NFC/MWCNTs/GP aerogel (CCGA) via a simple and economic freeze-drying method. The electrothermal CCGA was finally assembled after connecting CCGA with electrodes. The results show that when the concentration of the NFC/MWCNTs/GP suspension was 5 mg mL−1 and NFC amount was 80 wt.%, the maximum steady-state temperature rise of electrothermal CCGA at 3000 W m−2 and 2000 W m−2 was of about 62.0 °C and 40.4 °C, respectively. The resistance change rate of the CCGA was nearly 15% at the concentration of 7 mg mL−1 under the power density of 2000 W m−2. The formed three-dimensional porous structure is conducive to the heat exchange. Consequently, the electrothermal CCGA can be used as a potential lightweight substrate for efficient electrothermal devices.
... Meanwhile, graphene-derived three-dimensional (3D) form structure shows great promise as highperformance electrodes due to their ultralight weight, porous frameworks, large speci¯c surface area and good electrical conductivity. 17 Numerous approaches have been developed to fabricate GMs for high-performance EDLC electrodes. Among them, 3D graphene aerogel (GA) with large speci¯c surface area, controllable porous structure, and low cost are increasingly demanded for large-scale and low-cost fabrication of high-performance supercapacitor electrodes. ...
Carbon materials are generally employed as supercapacitor electrodes due to their low- cost, high-chemical stability and environmental friendliness. However, the design of carbon structures with large surface area and controllable porous structure remains a daunt challenge. In this work, a three-dimensional (3D) hybrid aerogel with different contents of MoS 2 nanosheets in 3D graphene aerogel (MoS 2 -GA) was synthesized through a facial hydrothermal process. The influences of MoS 2 content on microstructure and subsequently on electrochemical properties of MoS 2 -GA are systematically investigated and an optimized mass ratio with MoS 2 : GA of 1:2 is chosen to achieve high mechanical robustness and outstanding electrochemical performance in the hybrid structure. Due to the large specific surface area, porous structure and continuous charge transfer network, such MoS 2 -GA electrodes exhibit high specific capacitance, good rate capability and excellent cyclic stability, showing great potential in large-scale and low-cost fabrication of high-performance supercapacitors.
... Graphene oxide sheets were constructed, in solution, from a graphene oxide precursor, which was prepared using a modified Hummer method. 19,20 A surfacemodified target approach 21,22 was used to grow GO-doped YBCO films. The concentration of GO in the thin film was varied by modifying the target surface with different sizes of rectangular pieces: 1 area%, 2 area%, and 6 area%. ...
Pinning induction in REBa2Cu3O7-x (RE = rare earth) films and coated conductors improves their critical current density (Jc). In general, however, interstitial elements, e.g., C and N, cannot act as effective pinning centers in REBa2Cu3O7-x materials because they typically lead to degeneration of the superconducting properties. In this work, the influence of graphene oxide (GO) on YBa2Cu3O7-x (YBCO) films was studied by measuring the critical temperature and angle-dependent critical current density. The results revealed that the concentration of GO in YBCO films modulated the critical temperature. The decay rate of Jc in H field orientations decreased with decreasing temperature. At 35 K and 4.2 K, the YBCO/GO film exhibited a lower decay of Jc and less anisotropic behavior than the YBCO-BaMO3 (M = Zr, Hf) film. GO doping could, therefore, improve the pinning property of YBCO films below 35 K. This improvement could be due to the presence of nanosized carbon structures, which served as isotropic pinning centers at low temperature, as revealed by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy.
... Among various methods use to synthesise hydroxyapatite calcium phosphate modified scaffold, which seems to be more favourable than single hydroxyapatite composite layer with regard to the promotion of the strong bonding of biomaterials surface with peripheral bone tissue and act as a ground for faster osteoblast growth, electrochemical deposition seems to be considered as a selective method for accelerating mineralization due to controllable fabrication of the microstructure with the help of varying conditions of the electrochemical deposition process [16][17][18]. ...
Chlorophyll functionalised carbon nanostructures namely exfoliated graphene, reduced graphene oxide (RGO) and multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) have been successfully co-deposited from aqueous media along with in-situ formed hydroxyapatite-calcium orthophosphate phases to develop a biocompatible coating, which eventually can increase the overall coating strength as reinforcement. Chlorophyll disperses and functionalised carbon nanostructure in aqueous media excluding the need of surfactant during pulsed electrochemical deposition, which was earlier not possible for defect-free graphene as well as carbon nanotubes. It also controls the growth kinetics of these coatings which eventually responsible for the overall characteristics of the composite material. The lattice parameter of calcium phosphate phase remain unchanged in all the composite coating whereas, the lattice parameter and weight percentage (35–73%) of hydroxyapatite crystal are found changing with the type of reinforcement on account of difference in growth kinetics controlled via chlorophyll amphiphilicity along with defect state over nano-graphene. The osteoconduction performance is mostly related with the surface characteristics along with corrosion properties which lead to the formation of different shapes and size of porous apatite scaffold starting from sub-micron spherical shape to lamellar structure with varying Ca/P ratio. The gradual evolution of lamellar structure in RGO and exfoliated graphene, and increased surface porosity in exfoliated graphene compare to other reinforcements, predicts their increased probability of successful adaption over implant surfaces by surrounding tissues. RGO reinforcement forms higher amount of stable hydroxyapatite phase over the surface leading to a better corrosion protection which is on account of faster reactions kinetics associated with a quantitative increase of carbon within the given deposition parameter. These results suggest that chlorophyll functionalized carbon reinforcements can be exploited to craft a range of strategies for the development of functional biocompatible layer over metallic implant surfaces where chlorophyll plays a significant role in controlling overall nano carbon phases reinforcement.
... However, there is still a challenge in the preparation of HCP on the expected bioscaffold with controlled morphology and robust structure. Many publications have reported 3D pore-shaped composites by mixing organic or inorganic polymeric materials with CP [15,16]. Due to complex preparation processes of these methods, it is difficult to control the uniformity of the HCP structure. ...
... Then, the compacted GHB scaffold recovers back to its original porous status, indicating an excellent robustness for structure undergoing a large-scale deformation. Comparatively, as the CP composite coated on GF template after the mineralizing process, the as-obtained GHB sample exhibits significantly increased strength and toughness with effective Young's modulus of 0.933 MPa, which is over two orders higher than that of GF (~7.5 kPa) [16]. Moreover, as the promising bioscaffolds for cell attaching and creeping, the GHBs are required to not only possess a good mechanical elasticity, but also have tough capability maintaining structural stability during cultivation-transfer processes. ...
In this paper, we describe three-dimensional (3D) hierarchical graphene–hydroxyapatite hybrid bioscaffolds (GHBs) with a calcium phosphate salt electrochemically deposited onto the framework of graphene foam (GF). The morphology of the hydroxyapatite (HA) coverage over GF was controlled by the deposition conditions, including temperature and voltage. The HA obtained at the higher temperature demonstrates the more uniformly distributed crystal grain with the smaller size. The as-prepared GHBs show a high elasticity with recoverable compressive strain up to 80%, and significantly enhanced strength with Young’s modulus up to 0.933 MPa compared with that of pure GF template (~7.5 kPa). Moreover, co-culture with MC3T3-E1 cells reveals that the GHBs can more effectively promote the proliferation of MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts with good biocompatibility than pure GF and the control group. The superior performance of GHBs suggests their promising applications as multifunctional materials for the repair and regeneration of bone defects.
... 17,19 For instance, Chen et al. 20 demonstrated the excellent mechanical stability of a porous GrF− PDMS composite by proving its unchanged electrical conductivity (2 cm −1 ) after being subjected to 10 000 bending cycles. 20 Similarly, the superior thermal response of Grf was shown by Zhang et al., 21 where a fluoroalkylsilane (FS)modified GrF exhibited maximum heating rates of 2.6°C s −1 at powers of 3 W and a highly hydrophobic nature. 21 A recent study performed by our group demonstrated the addition of 2 wt % GrF to an epoxy matrix resulted in the increase of its glass transition temperature by 53%, improving its thermal stability while simultaneously presenting superior damping and electrical properties. ...
... 20 Similarly, the superior thermal response of Grf was shown by Zhang et al., 21 where a fluoroalkylsilane (FS)modified GrF exhibited maximum heating rates of 2.6°C s −1 at powers of 3 W and a highly hydrophobic nature. 21 A recent study performed by our group demonstrated the addition of 2 wt % GrF to an epoxy matrix resulted in the increase of its glass transition temperature by 53%, improving its thermal stability while simultaneously presenting superior damping and electrical properties. 22 This makes GrF a great candidate as a reinforcement to manufacture lightweight composite with enhanced multifunctional (electrical, thermal, and mechanical) properties to serve as active deicing components in aircraft structures. ...
The adhesion of ice severely compromises the aerodynamic performance of aircrafts operating under critically low-temperature conditions to their surfaces. In this study, highly thermally and electrically conductive graphene foam polymer composite is fabricated. GrF – polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) deicing composite exhibit superior deicing efficiency of 477 % and electrical conductivities of 500 S∙m-1 with only 0.1 vol. % Graphene foam addition as compared to other nanocarbon – based deicing systems. The three-dimensional interconnected architecture of GrF allows the effective deicing of surfaces by employing low power densities (0.2 W∙cm-2). Electrothermal stability of the GrF-PDMS composite was proven after enduring 100 cycles of the DC loading –unloading current. Moreover, multifunctional GrF – PDMS deicing composite provide simultaneous mechanical reinforcement by the effective transfer and absorption of loads resulting in a 23% and 18% increase in elastic modulus and tensile strength respectively as compared to pure PDMS. The enhanced efficiency of the GrF – PDMS deicing composite is a novel alternative to current high – power consumption deicing systems.
High-performance modern integrated intelligent wearable electronic textiles show excellent joule heating performance, electromagnetic interference shielding (EMI) and fire safety. In this work, cotton fabric as a biomass material is used as the framework. Due to its strong electrostatic interaction and hydrogen bonding, 3-aminopropyl trethoxy silane (KH550) layer, silver nanowire (AgNW) conductive network and water-based polyurethane (WPU) protective layer are formed on the surface of cotton fiber for fabricating composite fabric (AgNW-10-W). Due to the perfect collaborative conductive network and porous fiber network structure, AgNW-10-W shows excellent EMI shielding effectiveness (53.9 dB, 1.3 mm thickness). Furthermore, the surface temperature of the joule heating composite fabric with AgNW as the conductive raw material can reach over 100 °C at an applied voltage of 2 V. Meantime, the composite fabric also shows good cycling and long-term joule heating performance. In the wear tests, the AgNW-10-W cotton fabric has good bending resistance and salt water resistance. It produces heat evenly on the human body's wrist joint and has a certain wear function. In the combustion performance test, the pHRR of AgNW-10-W cotton fabric was 31.3% lower than that of pure cotton fabric. The work demonstrates the appeal of high-performance multifunctional electronic textiles for joule heating, electromagnetic shielding, and fire safety applications in AI and emerging wearable electronics.
Multifunctional flexible electrothermal film has the advantages of high heating efficiency, good heat dissipation conditions, high surface power density, flame retardant and so on, which is widely used in construction, medical, agriculture, military, household products and other fields. In this work, a new type of economical, environmentally friendly, fire-safe electrothermal and electromagnetic (EMI) shielding composite film with PVA as the binder was prepared by introducing MXene-microcapsuled ammonium polyphosphate (MAPP) and conductive carbon black (CCB). After the addition of MAPP as a synergist, the conductivity of the PVA/CCB/MAPP films was increased by 66.5%. In addition, it shows excellent EMI shielding effectiveness (47.1 dB, 0.4 mm thickness). Furthermore, the PVA/CCB/MAPP thin film can reach 100°C at an applied voltage of 12 V. These results also show good cycling and long-term electrothermal performance. In the combustion performance test, compared with PVA-0, the PVA/CCB/MAPP film had an 86.6% lower pHRR, and the THR was decreased by 59.9%. The surface temperatures of the wood sticks and FPUF reached 79.9 °C and 62.1 °C, respectively, showing excellent electrothermal effects. The PVA/CCB/MAPP film can also completely inhibit the combustion of FPUF. In short, the study offers a novel method to gain eco-friendly, fire safety and EMI shielding electrothermal films that can be coated on different substrates.
The development of a lower voltage induced high‐performance self‐heating nanocomposite materials for jole‐heating applications has been an intense challenge. Here in, we report a poly vinylidene fluoride (PVDF)/few layer graphene (FLG) based high‐performance self‐heating nanocomposites fabricated via facile solution casting method. The as fabricated PVDF‐FLG nanocomposites were tested by various characterization techniques such as X‐ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and field emission‐scanning electron microscopy. Mechanical and electrothermal properties were investigated by universal testing machine and IR thermography. Use of increasing content of FLG from 4 to 16 wt%, as an electrically and thermally conductive filler significantly enhanced the electrical conductivity, mechanical properties, and joule heating efficiency of the nanocomposites. The conductivity of PVDF‐FLG nanocomposites increased from 0.022 S/cm to 0.815 S/cm and tensile stress improved from 27.1 MPa to 48.6 MPa with increase of FLG content from 4 wt% to 16 wt% respectively. As revealed by the IR thermography results, the joule heating effect of the nanocomposites was dominated by applied voltage and FLG content of the nanocomposites. The temperature of the nanocomposite with the highest FLG content that is, PVDF‐FLG 16 exhibited significant increase in temperature from 38.6 to 155°C °C with increase of applied voltage from 4 to 16 V respectively. Therefore, these self‐heating PVDF‐FLG nanocomposites have the great potential to be used in various joule heating applications owing to their efficient heating with low‐power consumption.
