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The Sandıklı (Afyonkarahisar) Basin is located in the southwest of Turkey and is a semi-closed basin. Groundwater is widely used for drinking, domestic and irrigation purposes in the basin. The mismanagement of groundwater resources in the basin causes negative effects including depletion of the aquifer storage and groundwater level decline. To ass...
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... rainfall has been measured at nine stations (S ¸uhut, Dinar, Afyon, Sincanlı, Hocalar, Gümü¸Gümü¸ssu, Haydarlı, Kızılören, Sandıklı) of the State Meteorology Works (SHW) between 1975 and 2010. The rainfall map of the basin was prepared using measured annual rainfall data with isohyetial method ( figure 3). Isohyetial method is considered as the most accurate method for computing mean rainfall. ...
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Alaba and Apatapiti are fast growing residential areas of Akure metropolis in Nigeria, with increasing demand for potable water for domestic and industrial use. In order to guide in the proper planning of groundwater development in the areas, this research work is aimed at delineating groundwater flow pattern across the study area, using hydrogeolo...
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... Underground water is one of the natural resources that people need for viability [1], [10]. In theory, groundwater is a renewable natural resource [11], but its formation takes a long time, even decades [12]. In addition, groundwater has regenerative power, which is always in circulation from a hydrological cycle: rainfall accommodated in recharge areas, re-evaporation as evapotranspiration, water flowing to the surface as direct surface runoff, and groundwater infiltration. ...
The enhancement of the shift in settlement areas in the suburbs of Jakarta is getting out of control. This phenomenon of urban sprawl development has changed the function of open land into built-up land for the construction of new housing infrastructure. This urban sprawl phenomenon will continue along with the escalating number of inhabitants. In addition, the development of residential areas in the outskirts of Jakarta, as happened in the research location in South Jakarta, has social and environmental impacts caused by the high use of groundwater by the community and makes residential areas unsustainable. This paper aims to assess the status of the environment's carrying capacity related to the occurrence of unsustainable settlements and to offer efforts to implement groundwater conservation in residential areas. This study develops a dynamic system model using a feedback approach to obtain the surroundings' carrying capacity status. The feedback approach uses three environmental subsystem models to address sustainable ecological problems: the social-environmental subsystem, the built environment subsystem, and the natural environment subsystem. The variables affecting the simulation system are the community's water needs, land conversion, and groundwater availability. The study's findings indicate that when it begins in 2070, the status of the environmental carrying capacity at the research location will be experiencing a severe water deficit, resulting in groundwater scarcity. Based on the scenario results, several policies can have a positive influence on increasing the status of environmental carrying capacity so that they can assist decision-makers in implementing groundwater conservation policies.
... Groundwater is an essential freshwater source for agriculture, human survival, industrial development, and ecosystem conservation, so it must be managed prudently. The mismanagement of this treasured resource leads to the negative effect on the sustainability of groundwater, causing decreases in groundwater level and triggering environmental problems such as groundwater quality deterioration, land subsidence, and seawater intrusion for the present as well as for future generation (Aksever et al., 2015;Bear et al., 1999;Katpatal et al., 2014;Parisi et al., 2018;Vasanthavigar et al., 2010;Voudouris, 2006;Wada et al., 2010;Yesilnacar et al., 2008). Many river basins in the world have experienced severe groundwater stresses (Ghasemi et al., 2017;Palmer et al., 2008;Tsanis & Apostolaki, 2009). ...
Groundwater is the largest available reservoir of freshwater. But the rapid increase in the population and urbanisation, has led to over exploitation of groundwater which imposed tremendous pressure on global groundwater resources. Because of the hidden and dynamic nature of groundwater, it requires appropriate quantification for the formulation of groundwater planning and management strategies. The present study evaluates the efficacy of geospatial technology based Multi Influence Factor (MIF), Weight of Evidence (WofE) and Frequency Ratio (FR) technique to evaluate groundwater potential using a case study of basaltic terrain. The thematic layers influencing the groundwater occurrence viz. rainfall, slope, geomorphology, soil type, land use, drainage density, lineament density, and elevation were prepared using satellite images, hydrologic, hydrogeologic and relevant field data. Based on the conceptual frameworks of MIF, WofE and FR techniques these thematic layers and their features were assigned with appropriate weight and then integrated in the ArcGIS platform for the generation of aggregated raster layer which portray the groundwater potential zones. The results of validation showed that the groundwater potential delineated using MIF technique has a prediction accuracy of 81.94%, followed by WofE technique (76.19%) and FR techniques (71.43%). It is concluded that for evaluation of groundwater potential, the MIF technique is most reliable, followed by the WofE technique. The evaluated groundwater potential zones are useful as a scientific guide to identify the suitable location of wells and recharge structure in a cost-efficient way and also for the development of structured and pragmatic groundwater management strategies.
... Groundwater is the primary water resources for domestic, industrial, and agricultural use in many arid and semi-arid regions [1][2][3]. In recent years, groundwater shortage has drawn much concern in these regions under the stress of climate change and anthropogenic activities [4][5][6][7][8][9], such as the large aquifers in Eastern and Northern Africa, the California's Central Valley, and Southern Plains in North America, south-eastern Spain, North China Plain, and Middle East [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]. Strategies such as introducing substitute water, artificial recharge, water saving and reuse, and groundwater management are applied in order to ensure the sustainable use of groundwater [18][19][20][21][22]. ...
Groundwater is the main irrigation water source in the Upper Peacock River. As fast enlargement of irrigation areas continues in recent years, the groundwater level declines continuously and has posed a threat to the sustainability of local agriculture and ecology. A numerical model was established with the code MODFLOW–2000 in order to predict the declining trend of groundwater level and formulate measures to counter the overexploitation, in which the river–aquifer interaction was elaborated and characterized by field survey. The results show that under current intensity of groundwater withdrawal, the levels of both unconfined and confined waters would decline continuously in 7 years from 2015. To stop the groundwater level from declining on the regional scale, the withdrawal rate should be compressed by 45% with respect to that in 2015. Moreover, taking consideration of the constraint of maintaining the ecological water level in the vicinity of the Euphrates Poplar forest in the study area, the withdrawal rate should be compressed 70% for seven towns around the forest.
... Other variables used in Fame project were river continuum, river hydrology, nutrients and organic input, toxic compounds, acidification, and dissolved oxygen. Water abstraction and water withdrawal are a major problem for freshwater sources in Turkey, reducing the groundwater level, depletion of aquifer storages (Aksever et al. 2015) and as a consequence affecting the flow rate, river bed morphology and depth mainly in periods of low flow. The decrease in the depth below a critical level exposing riparian zone, riffles, and pools to drought in rivers may have adverse effects on aquatic macroinvertebrates and fish (Benejam et al. 2010), particularly intolerant fish. ...
In this study, we present a preliminary multimetric fish-based index (Index of Biotic Integrity ; IBI) developed using a reliable statistical approach for some wadable rivers in four river basins in Turkey. Fish and abiotic data were collected according to standard methods. A total of 33 fish species were caught in the whole sampling area. Fish species were assigned to different guilds. Candidate metrics were selected from the literature and metric values were calculated. Sampling sites were preclassified into habitat status classes representing various levels of anthropogenic pressures. The responsivity of the candidate met-rics was tested with linear mixed regression models. Correlation tests were performed to avoid redundancy among responsive metrics. Finally, six metrics (Shannon-Wiener diversity index, relative percentage of intolerant, invasive alien, invertivorous, and rheophilic individuals and number of benthic species) were selected. Selected metrics were scored using the continuous scoring approach. The IBI values were calculated by summing up the final metric scores. Then the IBI values were transformed into ecological quality ratio (EQR) values. We did not observe a "high" integrity class in the whole sampling area. The index was proven to be responsive to anthropogenic pressures and environmental variables tested using several approaches, including correlation analysis, graphical examination of the final metrics patterns and comparing the EQR classes with the habitat status assignment. The index, with minor adjustments, has a potential to be used as an assessment tool for different data sets in wadable rivers in Turkey. Furthermore, the statistical design used here can be applied to other river basins in Turkey or any other country with similar data limitations.
... The models are generally lumped (e.g. Mink 1981, Zhang and Kennedy 2006, Liu 2007, Loaiciga 2008, Aksever et al 2015, Alcala et al 2015, Bailey et al 2015, Benini et al 2016, Butler et al 2016, Bailey and Tavakoli Kivi 2017, Miro and Famiglietti 2018, which is consistent with the nature of this class of models. As described by Butler et al (2016Butler et al ( , 2018, a typical lumped model (also known as a single-cell aquifer model) considers groundwater recharge as an input and pumping and natural discharge as outputs. ...
Concerns over groundwater depletion and ecosystem degradation have led to the incorporation of the concept of groundwater sustainability as a groundwater policy instrument in several water codes and management directives worldwide. Because sustainable groundwater management is embedded within integrated, co-evolving hydrological, ecological, and socioeconomic systems, implementing such policies remains a challenge for water managers and the scientific community. The problem is further exacerbated when participatory processes are lacking, resulting in a communication gap among water authorities, scientists, and the broader community. This paper provides a systematic review of the concept of groundwater sustainability, and situates this concept within the calls from the hydrologic literature for more participatory and integrated approaches to water security. We discuss the definition of groundwater sustainability from both a policy and scientific perspective, tracing the evolution of this concept from safe yield, to sustainable groundwater management. We focus on the diversity of societal values related to groundwater sustainability, and the typology of the aquifer performance and governance factors. In addition, we systematically review the main components of an effective scientific evaluation of groundwater sustainability policy, which are multi-process modeling, uncertainty analysis, and participation. We conclude that effective groundwater sustainability policy implementation requires an iterative scientific evaluation that (i) engages stakeholders in a participatory process through collaborative modeling and social learning; (ii) provides improved understanding of the coevolving scenarios between surface water-groundwater systems, ecosystems, and human activities; and (iii) acknowledges and addresses uncertainty in our scientific knowledge and the diversity of societal preferences using multi-model uncertainty analysis and adaptive management. Although the development of such a transdisciplinary research approach, which connects policy, science, and practice for groundwater sustainability evaluation, is still in its infancy worldwide, we find that research towards groundwater sustainability is growing at a much faster rate than groundwater research as a whole.
... The most important surface flow of the study area is Kestel creek ( Figure 2). The groundwater flow direction is towards NE in south of the basin, towards north in west of the basin and towards Kestel creek in north of the basin [26]. Water samples were taken from the wells on the porous aquifer. ...
... Age/ Period of Groundwater <0. 8 Sub-modern (recharged prior to 1952) 0. Mixture of sub-modern and modern [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] Modern (<5-10 years) [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30] Some bomb tritium present >30 ...
The
Sandıklı basin is located in the southwestern part of Turkey. In this paper, groundwater
stable isotope analyzes were evaluated to understand the recharge of the
aquifer system in the Sandıklı basin. For this, samples of groundwater were
collected for two periods in 2009-2010 years and the stable isotope and natural
radioactivity analyzes were made in the basin. The δ18O and δ2H
contents of groundwaters in the region range from -8.08 to -10.77‰ and
from-52.44 to -69.53‰, respectively. The stable isotope data lie generally
above the Global Meteoric Water Line and waters are meteoric origin. The
tritium content of the groundwaters ranges from 0.00 to 4.20 TU in dry period
and from 0.30 to 5.40 TU in rainy period, respectively. These δ3H
values of waters could be represented that this waters are deep aquifer waters
and slow circulation. The determination of the natural radioactivity in
groundwater is important in terms of human health. The gross alpha and gross
beta radioactivity concentrations of waters varied between 29-162 mBq L−1
and 70-330 mBq L−1, respectively. The results have shown that gross
α and ß radioactivity concentrations in drinking waters in the basin are
relatively low and suitable the World Health Organization regulations for
drinking water.
... Menurut Fatma Aksever et al., (2015), bahwa oleh karena air tanah banyak digunakan untuk keperluan minum, domestik dan irigasi dari cekungan, maka salah urus sumber airtanah di cekungan akan menyebabkan dampak negatif termasuk penipisan penyimpanan akuifer dan penurunan muka air tanah. Untuk memastikan keberlanjutan cekungan, penentuan kapasitas air tanah diperlukan. ...
Ketersediaan air di dalam perut bumi dapat tetap terjaga karena adanya hujan. Hujan dapat tercipta karena adanya suatu mekanisme alam yang berlangsung secara terus menerus dalam satu siklus. Perputaran ujud air di planet Bumi dikenal dengan nama Siklus Hidrologi, yang merupakan salah satu dari 6 jenis siklus biogeokimia yang berlangsung secara simultan di planet Bumi ini, sebagaimana diketahui bahwa selain Siklus Hidrologi juga terjadi siklus biogeokimia lainnya, yakni ; (1) Siklus Oksigen, (2) Siklus Karbon, (3) Siklus Nitrogen, (4) Siklus Fosfor, dan (5) Siklus Sulfur (Belerang). Air tanah adalah air yang eksistensinya berada pada lapisan di bawah permukaan tanah. Kedalaman letak air tanah tidak sama pada setiap tempat, karena kedalaman air tanah sangat tergantung pada jenis tanah permukaan dan kedudukan lapisan tanah yang menyimpan air tanah tersebut. Permukaan yang merupakan bagian atas dari tubuh air itu disebut muka air tanah atau permukaan freatik. Kedalaman air yang terdapat pada sumur-sumur yang digali merupakan cerminan kedalaman air tanah pada suatu tempat. Air tanah berasal dari air hujan, laut, atau magma. Air tanah yang berasal dari air hujan (air meteorit) disebut air tua atau vados water. Air tanah yang berasal dari air meteorit mengandung air berat (H3) atau tritium. Tritium ialah suatu unsur yang terbentuk pada atmosfer, dan turun bersama-sama dengan air hujan dan masuk ke dalam lapisan tanah. Sedangkan air tanah yang berasal dari laut mudah terbentuk di daerah pantai dan biasanya air tanah ini asin. Air tanah yang berasal dari intrusi magma disebut air juvenil, dan belum mengalami siklus hidrologi. Air ini merupakan air baru yang ditambahkan pada zone kejenuhan dari kulit bumi yang dalam. Air tanah juvenil belum tentu berbentuk air tetapi dapat berbentuk hidrogen (H) dan oksigen (O2), yang ketika muncul ke permukaan tanah biasanya berupa air panas (gayser). Pemahaman tentang air tanah sangat diperlukan bukan hanya oleh para engineer tetapi juga bagi para pemakai dan yang berkepentingan terhadap air tanah. Beberapa aspek yang perlu dipahami tentang air tanah, antara lain ; eksistensi, pembentukan, pemanfaatan, dan pemeliharaan air tanah. Untuk itu maka oleh penulis buku ini menyajikan beberapa materi yang menunjang pembaca dapat memahami hal-hal tersebut. Buku ini diberi judul PENGETAHUAN AIR TANAH, YANG terdiri atas 8 Bab, yaitu : Pengertian Air Tanah, Siklus Hidrologi, Proses Terbentuknya Air Tanah, Cekungan Air Tanah (CAT), Akuifer dan Jenis Akuifer, Pemanfaatan Air Tanah, Pencemaran dan Kerusakan Air Tanah, dan Pengelolaan Air Tanah. Di akhir waktu penulisan buku ini, penulis sempat tertekun mengingat pesan para sesepuh bahwa “suatu saat air akan menjadi kebutuhan yang sangat sulit didapatkan oleh umat manusia”. Pesan empiris tersebut sempat penulis abaikan saat baru belajar dasar-dasar hidrologi yang menguraikan tentang siklus hidrologi, bahwa volume air di planet bumi cenderung tetap, yang terjadi hanya berupa sirkulasi eksistensi air dari air permukaan yang menguap dan berkondensasi menjadi air meteorit, lalu turun menjadi hujan yang sebagian kembali menjadi air permukaan dan sebagian berinfiltrasi menjadi air tanah yang pada akhirnya muncul menjadi air permukaan di sungai, danau, dan di laut, untuk kemudian berproses lagi menjadi uap dan air meteorit, dan seterusnya. Namun ketika penulis mendalami proses pembentukan air tanah melalui proses infiltrasi yang dipengaruhi berbagai variabel, semakin jelas bahwa gambarannya penyebab krisis air yang diprediksi empiris (diramalkan) oleh para tetua dari dahulu, adalah pergeseran keseimbangan dari eksistensi air dalam siklus hidrologi. Penurunan kapasitas infiltrasi permukaan tanah baik akibat penurunan kuantitas dan kualitas vegetasi maupun akibat pengunaan pupuk dan pestisida yang berlebihan, akan mengurangi volume air tanah sekaligus meningkatkan volume limpasan (banjir) yang mengalir pada sungai, yang secara otomatically akan menggeser volume air lebih besar ke laut (air asin). Demikian pula ekstraksi air tanah akibat pemompaan air tanah di permukiman/pertanian pada wilayah pesisir pantai, akan berakibat intrusi air laut ke daratan, dan akan membuat air tanah di area pesisir tidak memungkinkan lagi dimanfaatkan secara langsung. Fenomena alam dan gaya hidup masyarakat modern sekarang ini perlu dipahami, agar menimbulkan kesadaran untuk membuat semua masyarakat berpartisipasi dalam mengelola (menggunakan dan memelihara) air tanah secara arif dan bijaksana, dengan suatu budaya bersahabat dengan lingkungan, yang dikenal dengan istilah ecofrendly. فَ فَ لْنْفَ الْ فَ امِ فَ ا ا سَّ لفَ مِاافَ اءًابمِفَ فَدرٍا فَ فَ لْ فَ ك سَّ وكُامِفِا لْلْفَلْر مِ ضافَ إمِ سَّ ا فَ علفَىا فَفَه اٍا
بمِمِ اافَفَ مِاكُر فَ نا
“Dan Kami turunkan air dari langit menurut suatu ukuran, lalu Kami jadikan air itu menetap di bumi, dan sesungguhnya Kami benar-benar berkuasa menghilangkannya.” [Al-Mu’minun: 18].
... The Küçük Menderes Basin Protection Action Plan (TUBITAK Marmara Research Centre, 2010) shows a dramatic water table drop in almost all aquifers in the basin as a result of the expansion of wells in the area since 1995. More specifically, the Sandıklı (Afyonkarahisar) aquifer, part of the Büyük Menderes water basin in the southwest of Turkey, is an example of mismanagement of groundwater (Aksever et al., 2015). ...
In 2013, the EBRD and FAO launched a multi-country project to improve water efficiency in selected agricultural value chains. The project aimed at providing analytical support to improve the environmental impact of EBRD agribusiness investments and inform policy-makers on sustainable paths for specific value chains in Turkey, Jordan, Ukraine and the Kyrgyz Republic.
Although Turkey has more water resources than many of its neighbors in the Middle East and North Africa, it is expected to face shortages in the near future. Climate change, rapidly rising demand and inefficient practices are contributing to the overexploitation of groundwater resources. This is particularly problematic for agriculture, an important sector in the Turkish economy that is also a major water consumer and highly sensitive to water shortages. By 2023, the agricultural use of water – especially for irrigation – is expected to be the single most important source of domestic water use, accounting for 64 percent of total national water consumption.
This study elaborates on current and projected trends – as well as institutional and policy issues – related to water use in Turkey’s agriculture sector. It builds on quantitative and qualitative evidence gathered through literature review, data analysis as well as substantial field work carried out during the course of 2014 and 2015. The objective of the latter was to gain a better understanding of water-related issues in the country and identify the most important food value chains in terms of water use and potential for improvement. The red meat value chain was selected for more in-depth analysis given its economic importance and also because it constituted an interesting example of the impact of policies on water use efficiency in the agrifood sector. The report provides a value chain and water-use efficiency analysis for the red meat sector, building on available research and secondary statistics. It also includes information on key market players as well as sector dynamics and structural characteristics. Finally, this review identifies key constraints and opportunities for a “water-smart” development of the red meat sector and suggestions in terms of policy.
As a result of heavy subsidization and growing purchasing power, domestic red meat demand and production in Turkey have grown steadily in the past decade. This trend is expected to continue, with an estimated 34 percent growth in total beef consumption between 2014 and 2024. Water consumption in the Turkish red meat production chain is significant, especially for irrigation purposes at the primary production level. Partly due to the provision of specific input subsidies for the production of forage crops, a significant share of irrigated land in the country - c. 24 percent - is dedicated to the production of maize silage used as fodder. With high production costs, red meat in Turkey ends up being a major water consumer while not being very competitive. Developing “water-smart” policies would therefore require Turkey to pay close attention to the appropriate design of incentives around water use, especially in primary agriculture.
http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5991e.pdf
... Among the physical methods for estimation for groundwater recharge, water-table fluctuation-through the storage parameter (specific yield in unconfined aquifers)-is considered to be one of the most promising and attractive due to its accuracy, ease of use and low cost of application in semi-arid areas (Aksever et al. 2015;Lakshmamma et al. 2015;Scanlon et al. 2006;Scott 2011;Sophocleous 1991;Sukhija et al. 1996). The water-table fluctuation data are not only used to study recharge conditions; they also help to study groundwater withdrawal or draft during post-irrigation, water-use efficiency, crop production and groundwater flow, and they are therefore useful for groundwater management, water balance studies, etc. (Bhadra et al. 2016;Gundogdu et al. 2000;Healy and Cook 2002;Marechal et al. 2006;MoWR 2009;Panda et al. 2012;Radhakrishna 2003;Scott and Shah 2004;Sharif and Ashok 2011). ...
Over-exploitation of groundwater for agricultural crops puts stress on the sustainability of natural resources in the arid region of Rajasthan state, India. Hydrogeological study of groundwater levels of the study area during the pre-monsoon (May to June), post-monsoon (October to November) and post-irrigation (February to March) seasons of 2004–2005 to 2011–2012 shows a steady decline of groundwater levels at the rate of 1.28–1.68 m/year, mainly due to excessive groundwater draft for irrigation. Due to the low density of the groundwater observation-well network in the study area, assessment of groundwater draft, and thus groundwater resource management, becomes a difficult task. To overcome the situation, a linear groundwater draft model (LGDM) has been developed based on the empirical relationship between satellite-derived crop acreage and the observed groundwater draft for the year 2003–2004. The model has been validated for a decade, during three year-long intervals (2005–2006, 2008–2009 and 2011–2012) using groundwater draft, estimated through a discharge factor method. Further, the estimated draft was validated through observed pumping data from random sampled villages (2011–2012). The results suggest that the developed LGDM model provides a good alternative to the estimation of groundwater draft based on satellite-based crop area in the absence of groundwater observation wells in arid regions of northwest India.
... Researchers have assessed the availability of groundwater resources based on the estimation of groundwater recharge and draft with various techniques in different countries, i.e. Mexico (Scott and Shah, 2004), Turkey (Gundogdu and Guney, 2007;Aksever et al., 2015), USA (Harou and Lund, 2008), Ghana (Lutz et al., 2015), China (Wang and Zhao, 2015), India (Scott and Shah, 2004;Kumar and Remadevi, 2006;Bhuiyan et al., 2009;Reddy, 2012;Surinaidu et al., 2012;Lakshmamma et al., 2015) and Bangladesh (Jahan et al., 2010;Shahid et al., 2015). In this study, we also discussed the results of groundwater recharge and draft in Jodhpur district of Rajasthan, India along with the rainfall pattern. ...
... Water table fluctuation (WTF) method is the most widely used technique to estimate groundwater recharge (Healy and Cook, 2002;Aksever et al., 2015;Lakshmamma et al., 2015). In this study, we assessed the groundwater recharge in different villages of the study area from the groundwater level fluctuation. ...
... The WTF method can also be applied for the estimation of groundwater draft in an area. Groundwater overdraft occurs when groundwater extraction exceeds both natural and induced aquifer recharge over long periods (Scott and Shah, 2004;Harou and Lund, 2008;Aksever et al., 2015). Groundwater fluctuation due to irrigation draft in different villages of the study area was estimated using the groundwater level data in the periods of post-monsoon and post-irrigation during 2008-2009 to 2011-2012. ...
Over-exploitation of groundwater for irrigation can result in drastic reduction in groundwater level in Jodhpur district of western Rajasthan, India. In this study, we used the long-term trend analysis of seasonal groundwater level data to predict the future groundwater scenario in 33 villages of Jodhpur district, assessed the impact of water harvesting structures on groundwater recharge and explored the non-equilibrium between groundwater recharge and irrigation draft in the study area. Analysis of groundwater level data from 26 observation wells in 33 villages in the pre-monsoon period showed that groundwater level decreased continuously at the rate of 2.07 m/a. With this declining rate, most of the tube wells (including the well with the maximum depth of 193 m) are predicted to become completely dry by 2050. Behavior of temporal groundwater level data in the study period (from 2004 to 2012) can be explained by different geospatial maps, prepared using ArcGIS software. Statistical analysis of the interpolated maps showed that the area with the maximum positive groundwater recharge occupied 63.14% of the total area during 2010–2011 and the area with the maximum irrigation draft accounted for 56.21% of the total area during 2011–2012. Higher groundwater recharge is attributed to the increase in rainfall and the better aquifer condition. Spatial distribution for the changes of average groundwater recharge and draft (2008–2009 and 2011–2012) showed that 68.50% recharge area was in positive change and 45.75% draft area was in negative change. It was observed that the area of the irrigation draft exceeded that of the groundwater recharge in most of the years. In spite of the construction of several shallow water harvesting structures in 2009–2010, sandstone aquifer zones showed meager impact on groundwater recharge. The best-fit line for the deviation between average groundwater fluctuation due to recharge and irrigation draft with time can be represented by the polynomial curve. Thus, over-exploitation of groundwater for agricultural crops has result in non-equilibrium between groundwater recharge and irrigation draft.
