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Inundation of Baghdad city for the calculated Mosul Dam break scenarios when storage at elevation of 330 m a.s.l. (Annunziato, Andredakis, and Probst, 2016).
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Iraq has a unique irrigation system since the early history, these systems are functioning through many irrigation projects built over `Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. Irrigation projects include several categories, which are dams, barrages, canals, drains, pumping stations, regulators, and reservoirs. There are six large dams inside Iraq, 5 are exist...
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... Al-Majjarah Canal is a part of Al-Ramadi Project System, which is considered one of the main control systems on Euphrates River. The project plays an essential role in reducing flood risks for Euphrates River by diverting excess water to Al-Habbaniyah Lake and returning it to Euphrates River from Al-Thiban Regulator during the summer season or diverting it to Al-Razazza Lake from Al-Majjarah Canal and Al-Majjarah Regulator [1]. ...
It is essential to review and develop a system of water control structures and canals that can be used to manage high-flow discharges and the flood control plan requirement to modify the system's capacity. Al-Ramadi Project System is considered one of the main flood control projects on the Euphrates River within Anbar Governorate, Western Iraq. This study will focus on Al-Majjarah Canal and Regulator, which is part of Al-Ramadi Project and has the function of a link canal between Al-Habbaniyah and Al-Razazza lakes, and describe the capacity of the canal under typical operating conditions and during floods. The study used HEC-RAS 6.1 software to run a numerical model to simulate this canal. According to previous research studies near the research region on the Euphrates River, for the main canal, the roughness coefficient was taken at 0.026, and for the flood plain, it was taken at 0.03. The same parameter value was applied to Al-Majjarah Canal. Due to the study region's similar geology and nature. Moreover, a sensitivity analysis was made of the roughness coefficient and its influence on the water surface elevation for the canal. The model result indicated in the current situation of Al-Majjarah Canal can pass a flow rate of 1300 m3/s when Al-Razazza Lake is at an average water level that has been approved by the Ministry of Water Resources at 32.02 m.a.m.s.l.. If the water level in Al-Razazza Lake is in the semi-filled position of 40 m.a.m.s.l., it causes floods for the canal because the water level rises above the banks of the canal at the last kilometer from the canal, even when passing a few discharges through the canal. Accordingly, it is not possible to safely pass the flow rate for a flood wave with a 500-year return period predicted by the "Study of Strategy for Water and Land Resources in Iraq (2014)", which is 2000 m3/s for this canal, without making modifications to the expansion of Al-Majjarah Regulator by adding additional gates, expanding the entrance and exit of the Regulator, reshaping and expanding some cross-sections, and raising some of the banks for the canal. The above-mentioned modification were applied for the purpose of passing the expected discharge from the canal, while maintaining a freeboard of 1 m between the water surface and the canal banks.
... Euphrates River is one of the largest and important rivers in southwestern Asia. The uses of Euphrates baisin water in Iraq, Turkey and Syria focuses on hydropower, irrigation, and drinking water supply, with agriculture consuming the largest share of water (more than 70%) [1]. The river originates from the Taurus Mountains in Turkey. ...
... To protect the country from floods, ensure the required quantities of water for irrigation and for power generation, number of dams, barrages and hydrological projects were implemented [5]- [15]. The long-term average of the flow of the Tigris River is 21.2 km 3 and its tributaries contribute 24.78 km 3 . ...
Mosul Dam is located in the northwestern part of Iraq impounding the Tigris River; about 60 km north of Mosul city. This project is multipurpose project; to provide water for irrigation, flood control and hydropower generation. The dam is 113 m high and 3650 m long including the spillway. The dam is earth fill type with a mud core. The dam was designed to impound 11.11 km3 because it is based and underlain by gypsum beds alternated with limestone and marl. Therefore, it is planned to use continuous grouting to fill the karst caverns. The used quantity exceeded 95000 tons of solid grouting materials since 1986 up to 2014. After all, is the dam safe? The details are given in the current article.
... On the upstream left of Ramadi Barrage, there Warrar Regulator which is composed 24 gates with dimensions of (6×8) m. Warrar Regulator diverts water through Warrar Canal to Habbaniyah Lake [11,12,13] . This stream supplies Habaniya Lake with excess water from the Euphrates during flood period. ...
... Horan 2 Dam is located Horan Valley, 18 kilometers northeast of Al-Rutba city (west of Iraq) and eight kilometers from Highway 1. It has a storage capacity of 4.9 million cubic meters and a concrete spillway 150 meters long and three meters high [11,16] (see Figure 6). Cut-off walls are used in hydraulic projects, particularly dams, to prevent water seepage beneath the dam [3]. ...
This paper aims to shed light on the concrete security barriers that have become out of service and widespread in Iraq, as well as the possibility of employing them in some sections of hydraulic structures. The majority of them were used to protect military points or to block roads, and Iraqi authorities are now attempting to find a way to use them for civilian purposes. The importance of repurposing concrete security barriers benefits and advantages are discussed, as well as methods of employing them to be a successful alternative to some of the components and parts used in hydraulic structures. This paper addresses an identified need by applying the principle of sustainability to find a successful alternative for some parts of the hydraulic structures, whereas repurposing concrete security barriers will reduce visual and physical pollution and find a practical use for them. The methodology of this paper is based on a discussion and comparison of several scenarios in which concrete security barriers are used as alternative parts in hydraulic structures. The main emphasis is on the parts used to stop water seepages, such as cutoff walls. Two case studies were used to demonstrate the application of repurposing concrete security barriers to address issues with specific hydraulic structures and water channels in order to prevent or reduce seepage problems. The SEEP/W software was used to create the scenarios and calculate the seepage values. The study found that using concrete security barriers as a cutoff or/and a horizontal floor can significantly reduce the amount of seepage beneath the hydraulic structure.
... To protect the country from floods, ensure the required quantities of water for irrigation and for power generation, number of dams, barrages and hydrological projects were implemented [5]- [15]. The long-term average of the flow of the Tigris River is 21.2 km 3 and its tributaries contribute 24.78 km 3 . ...
Mosul Dam is located on the River Tigris about 60 km northwest Mosul in Iraq. It is the biggest dam where its storage capacity reaches 11.11 billion cubic meters at normal operational level (330 m. above sea level). The dam was constructed on alternating beds of karistified limestone, gypsum and marl. This dam suffered from water seepage under its foundation since its operation in 1986. Grouting operations were implemented since that time to overcome this problem. This seepage is believed to be due to dissolution of gyp-sum beds under the foundation, which was not carefully considered by the designers. It was recommended by the international board of experts that the water level should be kept at or below 319 m.a.s.l. to minimize damages in case of the failure of the dam. ISIS occupied the dam site on 8 August 2014 and it was seized back from the hands of ISIS on the 16th of the same month. They did plenty of damage despite the short period they occupied the area. After that, the Iraqi Ministry of Water Resources rebuilt the damaged parts and used new grouting and maintenance program. Now, the dam looks very safe at 319 m water level at its reservoir. In addition, the impounding was raised 325 m.a.s.l. for few days and nothing abnormal was noticed.
... This dam is a multipurpose dam for flood prevention, electricity generation and irrigation purposes. Its storage capacity is 11.11 BCM at normal operation level 330 meters above sea level (m.s.l.) ( Figure 2) [1]- [11]. The construction of the dam took 5 years where it started on 25 January 1981 and it started operating on 7 July 1986. ...
Mosul Dam is located on the River Tigris about 60 km north of Mosul city in Iraq. The dam is a multipurpose earth fill dam with a storage capacity of 11.11 million cubic meters, which was in operation since 1986. During the first impounding of its reservoir, seepage of water underneath the foundation of dam was noticed due to the desolation of gypsum beds. This raised concern about the stability of the dam and since then grouting operation were carried out. ISIS occupied the dam 8-16 August 2014. Grouting operations stopped and number of equipment and buildings were destroyed during that short period. After the defeat of ISIS, the Iraqi Ministry of Water Resources rebuilt and constructed the destroyed parts within the site and a new maintenance operations program was adopted. New training courses for the staff of Mosul Dam were conducted with Trevi Company and US Army Corps of Engineers. In this paper, the dye test is highlighted to monitor the seepage of groundwater within the dam site. It seems that the dam is stable in its present conditions and water level height.
Iraq is facing a dire water crisis due to the decrease in water quantities flow in Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. Due to population growth, several studies estimated the water shortage in 2035 to be 44 Billion Cubic Meter (BCM). Thus, Water Budget-Salt Balance Model (WBSBM) has been developed, applied and examined for the Euphrates River basin to compute the net water saving from Non-Conventional Water Resources (NCWRs). WBSBM includes 4-stages; the first is to identify the required data correspond to the conventional water resources in the study-area. The second stage is demonstrating the water-users activities. Thirdly, develop model through the proposed NCWR projects that reflect the required data. The final stage involves net water saving computation while applying all the NCWR projects simultaneously. The results obtained the optimal potential net water saving amount, which are 6.823 and 6.626 BCM/year in 2025 and 2035, respectively. In conclusion, the proposed WBSBM model has comprehensively examined different scenarios of utilizing NCWRs and has determined the optimal potential the net water saving amounts.
Accurate computation of the roughness coefficient is important in the studies of open channel flow. To measure and identify the hydraulic characteristics of the flow system, the model simulation is necessary to study and get the results of the hydraulic properties to specify Manning coefficient of the Euphrates River. In this study, the reach is extended along the Euphrates River from Haditha Dam to Ramadi Barrage with a distance of 169km. The HEC-RAS model was implemented to simulate the flow within the study reach. The geometry of the river was represented by more than two hundred cross-sections surveyed in 2013 and 2021. The model was calibrated using some observed discharges at the Heet gage station for records of the last five years. The Model was validated using five sets of observed water levels in different cases of manning coefficient in the model. The Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) was used for comparison of the model results. Results of the model showed that the roughness coefficient value for this reach is 0.026 for the river bed and 0.030 for the River bank. These values gave the best coincidence between the simulated and observed values of water levels.
