Figure 2 - uploaded by Michelle R Smiricky-Tjardes
Content may be subject to copyright.
Illustrations of (A) incision and cannula exteriorization sites; (B) incision site in ileum and pursestring suture; (C) cannula secured to ileum with second pursestring suture and cannula barrel plug. Volume 40, No. 6 / November 2001 CONTEMPORARY TOPICS © 2001 by the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science 29
Source publication
Inserting a device (cannula) into the ileum is a common technique for studying nutrient digestibility, determining the disappearance or synthesis of a component, live tissue sampling, and inserting compounds or therapeutic agents into a specific region of the gastrointestinal tract. The purpose of this study was to implement improved cannulation pr...
Citations
... Briefly, six Yorkshire-Landrace male pigs at 55 days of age were transported to the Université Laval animal research facility. At 66 days, they underwent surgery to implant an ileal-T canula, as previously described (Wubben et al., 2001). They were allowed a 11-day recovery period before the beginning of the treatments, as it was demonstrated that inflammation at the cannulation site was negligible 7 days after the surgery (Zhang et al., 2014). ...
Introduction: To consider the growing health issues caused by antibiotic resistance from a “one health” perspective, the contribution of meat production needs to be addressed. While antibiotic resistance is naturally present in microbial communities, the treatment of farm animals with antibiotics causes an increase in antibiotic resistance genes (ARG) in the gut microbiome. Pigs are among the most prevalent animals in agriculture; therefore, reducing the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the pig gut microbiome could reduce the spread of antibiotic resistance. Probiotics are often studied as a way to modulate the microbiome and are, therefore, an interesting way to potentially decrease antibiotic resistance.
Methods: To assess the efficacy of a probiotic to reduce the prevalence of ARGs in the pig microbiome, six pigs received either treatment with antibiotics (tylvalosin), probiotics (Pediococcus acidilactici MA18/5M; Biopower® PA), or a combination of both. Their faeces and ileal digesta were collected and DNA was extracted for whole genome shotgun sequencing. The reads were compared with taxonomy and ARG databases to identify the taxa and resistance genes in the samples.
Results: The results showed that the ARG profiles in the faeces of the antibiotic and combination treatments were similar, and both were different from the profiles of the probiotic treatment (p < 0.05). The effects of the treatments were different in the digesta and faeces. Many macrolide resistance genes were detected in a higher proportion in the microbiome of the pigs treated with antibiotics or the combination of probiotics and antibiotics. Resistance-carrying conjugative plasmids and horizontal transfer genes were also amplified in faeces samples for the antibiotic and combined treatments. There was no effect of treatment on the short chain fatty acid content in the digesta or the faeces.
Conclusion: There is no positive effect of adding probiotics to an antibiotic treatment when these treatments are administered simultaneously.
... A commercial diet (CP: 15.1%; crude fat: 5.2%; crude fiber: 3.5%; Ca: 0.5%; P: 0.5%; Agri-Marché, St-Isidore, QC, Canada) was given to the growing pigs during the adaptation period before their surgery. Seven days after their arrival, the animals were fitted surgically with a single T-cannula in the distal ileum in accordance with the procedure of Wubben et al. (2001). After the surgery, pigs were fed with the commercial diet, and the daily allowance was increased afterward by 200 g/day up to 1.4 kg. ...
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of dietary zinc and copper levels on their apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and total tract digestibility (ATTD), and that of calcium, manganese, iron, phosphorus, and fibre in pigs. The experiment was carried out with six individuals fitted with a T-cannula. Pigs received one of four diets with two levels of zinc (100 [low] and 500 [high] mg/kg) and copper (40 [low] and 80 [high] mg/kg). HighZinc increased AID of zinc and manganese but decreased that of calcium (P < 0.05). HighCopper tended to improve AID of copper but only when highZinc was used (Zinc×Copper, P = 0.051). ATTD of zinc, copper, manganese, and phosphorus was greater in highZinc (P < 0.05). HighCopper also increased ATTD of copper, but reduced that of calcium (P < 0.05) as it likely did for ATTD of phosphorus in lowZinc (Zinc×Copper, P = 0.065). There was an improving trend for ATTD of NDF (Zinc×Copper, P = 0.069), and ATTD of ADF was increased with a combination of highZinc and highCopper (Interaction, Zinc×Copper P < 0.05). This research showed that levels of copper and zinc modified the digestibility of minerals but also the degradability of fibre.
... Animals were housed and used in accordance with the guidelines established by the Canadian Council on Animal Care (CCAC 2009 The pigs were housed in individual pens on slatted floors. Following a 10-d adaptation period, surgeries were performed to install ileal T-cannulas (Wubben et al., 2001), followed by a 2 wk recovery period. Pigs were fed a commercial diet based of corn and soybean meal during the adaptation period (Meunerie St-Bernard, St-Bernard, QC, Canada). ...
When conducting a digestibility trial, pigs are usually fed only twice a day with a restricted feed intake which is not representative of the feeding conditions in a commercial farm. This study aimed to determine the effects of meal size and frequency, and exogenous enzymes (xylanase and phytase) on digestibility of a high-fibre diet using porcine in vivo and in vitro approaches. Pigs (n = 6) were fitted with a T cannula, and each received all treatments using a 6 × 6 Latin square experimental design. The diets were supplemented (Enz) or not with a combination of xylanase and phytase and distributed into 3 feeding programs: one received 2 meals per day that met 3 times the maintenance energy requirement (2M), one received the same quantity of feed in 8 meals (8M), and another received an amount that met 5 times the maintenance energy requirements in 8 meals (8M+). For in vitro experiment, degradability of fibre with or without xylanase supplementation only was determined. Enzyme supplementation increased apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of dry matter, starch and degradation of insoluble non-starch polysaccharides (I-NSP) in all in vivo treatments (P < 0.05). The 2M compared with 8M increased AID of starch and total tract digestibility of organic matter and I-NSP (P < 0.05). Enzyme supplementation decreased the content of insoluble arabinoxylan (P < 0.05) and increased arabinoxylan oligosaccharides (P < 0.05) in the in vivo ileal digesta and in vitro incubation. The results of this study confirm degradation by xylanase of the fibre fraction at the ileal level, which resulted in less fermentation of fibre in the large intestine. However, number and size of meals had little influence on feed digestibility. The consequences of shifting fibre fermentation more towards the upper part of the gastrointestinal tract need further investigation. The in vitro model provided a confirmation of the action of xylanase on the degradation of non-starch polysaccharides.
... Prior to the procedure, the pigs were fasted for 16 h. The surgery, along with preparation and post-procedure care, was performed as described by Wubben et al. [19] . The pigs were returned to their full feeding rations 24 h after surgery and were allowed 11 days to recover before the start of the treatment phase. ...
Studies on the microbiome of different species are on the rise, due to a growing interest in animal health and the safety of food products of animal origin. A challenge with studying animals’ microbiomes is to find methods that obtain a good representation of the microbial community of interest. Good unbiased sampling protocols are the basis for a solid experimental design, but may need to be done in environments where sample preservation could be difficult. In this study, we evaluate by shotgun sequencing the impact of stabilizing swine faeces samples using a commercial stabilizer (PERFORMAbiome • GUT | PB-200, DNA Genotek). Using stabilizer makes it possible to obtain DNA that is significantly less degraded than when the samples are not stabilized. Also, the results on the taxonomy and on the bacterial functions encoded in the microbiome are impacted by whether or not the samples are stabilized. Finally, the stabilization of samples that had already been frozen and stored at -80°C led to extraction and DNA quality results similar to those obtained from samples that were stabilized before freezing.
•Stabilization of faecal samples improves the integrity of extracted DNA.
•Microbiome results are affected by sample stabilization.
•Results are similar for samples that were stabilized when frozen, to samples that were stabilized before freezing.
... A total of ten crossbred barrows (Duroc × Landrace × Large white) from Glenlea Swine Research Unit, University of Manitoba, were selected and surgically fitted with a T-cannula at the distal ileum as previously described (Wubben et al. 2001). After surgery, all the pigs were housed individually under a comfortable environment. ...
Red-osier dogwood (ROD) extract contains a lot of polyphenols that have the potential for modulation of gut microbiota. However, little information is available about its prebiotic properties. This study investigated the impact of ROD polyphenol extract on the ileal microbiota with dietary supplementation of ROD polyphenol extract in a pig model. The data indicated that supplementation of ROD polyphenol extract significantly increased class Bacilli , order Lactobacillales and family lactobacillaceae . Within family lactobacillaceae , Lactobacillus was the main responder by increasing from 5.92% to 35.09%. Further analysis showed that ROD polyphenol extract improved two species Lactobacillus delbrueckii and Lactobacillus mucus . The results of this study suggested that ROD polyphenol extract has the potential to play prebiotic role and confer health benefit through modifying gut microbiota.
... Water was provided ad libitum by watering nipples in each pen. Following a 10-d adaptation period, pigs were fitted with a simple T cannula at the distal ileum (Wubben et al. 2001). Following the surgery, pigs had a 2-wk recovery period before the onset of experimentation. ...
This study was conducted to determine the effect of pelleting and diet type on the apparent ileal (AID) and total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients and energy in growing pigs. Six pigs were cannulated at the ileum and were assigned to treatments following a crossover design. One diet was a control diet based of corn and soybean meal (CT). Part of it was replaced by corn distillers dried grains with solubles (cDDGS), wheat middlings and bakery meal in the second diet (ByP). Diets were in mash (CT-MH and ByP-MH) or pelleted (CT-PT and ByP-PT) form. Results showed that pelleting increased digestibility in all diets with a distinct effect on the CT diet (interaction Diet x Pelleting, P < 0.05). Pelleting improved the AID of DM, CP and energy by 17, 27 and 17% in the CT diet and by 10, 9 and 17% in the ByP diet (P < 0.01). The AID of AA followed the effect observed on CP (P < 0.01). Pelleting increased AID of total NSP for the CT diet by 63% and 42% for the ByP diet (P < 0.01). The pelleting conditions improved the degradability of the compounds in the diets during digestion in pigs.
... Pigs were fitted with a T-cannula at the distal ileum according to the procedure described by Wubben et al. (2001). Following the surgery, pigs had 17 days to recover before the start of the experiment. ...
In experiment, six pigs fitted with a T-cannula at the distal ileum were fed six diets in a 6×6 Latin square design. Treatments were corn-soybean meal diet (CS), diet containing wheat by-products (WBP), and diet containing corn distillers dried grains with solubles and canola meal (DDCM) without or with xylanase (X) supplementation (CS-X, WBP-X and DDCM-X). The WBP and DDCM diets had higher AID of lipids and ADF (P < 0.05) than CS diets. A xylanase×diet interaction was observed for the AID NDF (P < 0.05) showing larger impact of xylanase in WBP than in the other diets. Using similar dietary treatments except for CS-X, growth and body composition of the sixty males (83.0 kg) at the end of the d28 growing phase showed that pig fed the CS had greater ADFI (P = 0.004) and ADG (P = 0.014) for period 0-14d but not from 15 28d. Overall performance (0-28d) showed higher ADFI (9.5%; P = 0.015) in CS but no difference was observed for ADG and G:F. These results showed that diets containing a high proportion of by-products can give equivalent performance to a CS diet and that adding xylanase for this short period had limited.
... The location and method for externalising t-cannulas can affect their longevity and function (Wubben et al., 2001). In order to externalise the second cannula on the same lateral side, the ileal t-cannula was externalised more dorsally to the initial laparotomy to accommodate the second t-cannula. ...
... Furthermore, the jejunal t-cannula was externalised in a location that would not interfere with ileal sample collections and was out of range of the hind limbs ( Figure 3I). While externalising t-cannulas between the last two ribs has been previously reported, it is more invasive, limits the diameter of the barrel and reduces cannula longevity (Stein et al., 1998;Wubben et al., 2001). The abdominal wall, ventral to the ileal t-cannula location, is leaner and less robust, and thus requires a lighter weight t-cannula with greater external reinforcement to prevent twisting. ...
... Barrel length is a primary factor limiting t-cannula longevity. Accretion of tissue through growth reduces the length of exposed barrel and impairs collection bag attachment (Wubben et al., 2001). Experiments that need to collect digesta for a greater range of body weight should consider a t-cannula with a longer barrel. ...
Singular cannulation in the small intestine of pigs is a common methodology for studying nutrient digestibility, delivering compounds into the gastrointestinal tract, or repeated tissue and digesta sampling. In that respect, it is an important tool for nutritionists and researchers. However, there is a dearth of detailed methodologies describing multiple intestinal cannulations using modern techniques. The objective of this experiment was to develop a single right flank laparotomy technique that allowed for imsertion of multiple cannulas in the small intestine, with minimal variation, and allowed for externalisation of both cannulas on the same lateral side as the laparotomy. Thirty gilts (L337 × Camborough) with an initial body weight of 30.2±0.78 kg underwent the procedure. Each gilt was equipped with a simple t-cannula in the terminal ileum, approximately 10 cm cranial to the ileocecal valve, and a second t-cannula in the jejunum 240 cm distal from where the duodenum is visually posterior to the transverse colon. The procedure used hallmarks of commonly implemented terminal ileal cannulation techniques, but modified the laparotomy location and cannula externalisation sites and used a novel approach for determining the more proximal cannula location to mitigate the need of a second laparotomy. Gilts were allowed to recover for a minimum of 7 d and were used for an average of 67 days in subsequent experimental trials. Cannula longevity was from 30 to 73 kg of body weight. Pigs were necropsied for surgical site gross examination and small intestine measurements at the end of the experiment. The jejunal cannula had a mean placement of 298.90±9.96 cm distal to the pyloric sphincter with a coefficient of variation of 3.33%. Hence, this procedure provided a single laparotomy technique for obtaining digesta from multiple locations of the small intestine, with minimal variation in proximal cannula placement.
... A commercial diet (Agri-Marché, St-Isodore, Qc, Canada) for growing pigs was given for the first 7 d. After this period, the animals were fitted surgically with a single-T cannula in the distal ileum according to the procedure of Wubben et al. (2001). The daily feed allowance was increased thereafter by 200 g/d up to 1.4 kg/d for a recovery period of 12 d. ...
Deoxynivalenol (DON), a mycotoxin synthesised by the Fusarium, is known to affect the growth of pigs. This effect can be attenuated with sodium meta-bisulphite (SBS). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of SBS with antioxidant blend on nutrient digestibility in pigs fed a diet contaminated naturally with DON. Six crossbred castrated pigs fitted surgically with single-T cannulas in the distal ileum received one of four barley-corn-soybean diets with or without SBS. After 8 d of feeding, faeces and ileal digesta were collected for 2 d. Apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of the dry matter (DM), energy, nutrients and DON, and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of DM, acid detergent fibre (ADF), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), energy and DON were evaluated. The AID of phosphorus, calcium and some amino acids was increased (p < 0.05) in the DON diets whereas the ATTD of DM and energy tended to decrease (p = 0.064 and p = 0.071). SBS reduced the AID of DM, energy, ADF, ether extract, phosphorus and DON (p < 0.05) but had no effect on the ATTD of DM, energy, fibre or DON. These results show that DON improved the AID of some nutrients but tended to reduce the ATTD of energy, which could explain, although anorexia is the main effect of DON on live weight gain, the reported negative effect of DON on pig growth. Finally, SBS with antioxidant blend had reduced AID of some nutrients and intestinal absorption of DON.
... Cannulation was exteriorised on the right side of the pig between the last two ribs (Wubben et al., 2001). Anaesthesia was administered intravenously with 15 mg/kg ketamine. ...
The aim of this study was to evaluate the activity of marbofloxacin and establish the optimal dose regimens for decreasing the development of fluoroquinolone resistance in pigs against Escherichia coli with ex vivo pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) modeling. The recommended dose (2 mg/kg body weight) of marbofloxacin was orally administered in healthy pigs. The ileum content and plasma were both collected for the determination of marbofloxacin. The main parameters of Cmax, AUC0-24 h, AUC, Ke, t1/2ke, MRT and Clb were 11.28 μg/g, 46.15, 77.81 μg⋅h/g, 0.001 h-1, 69.97 h, 52.45 h, 0.026 kg/h in ileum content, and 0.55 μg/ml, 8.15, 14.67 μg⋅h/ml, 0.023 h-1, 30.67 h, 34.83 h, 0.14 L/h in plasma, respectively In total, 218 E. coli strains were isolated from most cities of China. The antibacterial activity in vitro and ex vivo of marbofloxacin against E. coli was determined following CLSI guidance. The MIC90 of sensitive strains (142) was calculated as 2 μg/ml. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of HB197 was 2 and 4 μg/ml in broth and ileum fluids, respectively. In vitro mutant prevention concentration, growth and killing-time in vitro and ex vivo of marbofloxacin against selected HB197 were assayed for pharmacodynamic studies. According to the inhibitory sigmoid Emax modeling, the value of AUC0-24 h/MIC produced in ileum content was achieved, and bacteriostatic, bactericidal activity, and elimination were calculated as 16.26, 23.54, and 27.18 h, respectively. Based on Monte Carlo simulations to obtain 90% target attainment rate, the optimal doses to achieve bacteriostatic, bactericidal, and elimination effects were 0.85, 1.22, and 1.41 mg/kg.bw for 50% target, respectively, and 0.92, 1.33, and 1.53 mg/kg.bw for 90% target, respectively, after oral administration. The results in this study provided a more optimized alternative for clinical use and demonstrated that the dosage 2 mg/kg of marbofloxacin by oral administration could have an effect on bactericidal activity against E. coli.
