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Illustration of Tapping Panel Dryness (TPD) symptoms in Hevea brasiliensis plantation. ( a ) Normal latex flow on tapping panel; ( b ) Healthy bark; ( c ) Healthy bark after scrapping; ( d ) Partial cessation of latex flow related to reactive oxygen species-Tapping Panel Dryness (ROS-TPD); ( e ) ROS-TPD bark; ( f ) ROS-TPD bark after scrapping; ( g ) Total cessation of latex flow related to brown bast-TPD (BB-TPD); ( h ) BB-TPD bark; ( i ) BB-TPD bark after scrapping.
Source publication
Ethephon, an ethylene releaser, is used to stimulate latex production in Hevea brasiliensis. Ethylene induces many functions in latex cells including the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The accumulation of ROS is responsible for the coagulation of rubber particles in latex cells, resulting in the partial or complete stoppage of latex f...
Contexts in source publication
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... term TPD is related to two types of physiological symptoms. Firstly, a temporary halt in latex flow is reversible after a resting period for the trees (Figure 1d-f) [8]. This form of TPD is related to an overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in laticifers, called ROS-TPD in this manuscript. ...
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... form of TPD is related to an overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in laticifers, called ROS-TPD in this manuscript. In aggravated conditions, an irreversible-type of TPD occurs that is called brown bast TPD (BB-TPD) (Figure 1g-i). The latter involves histological deformation of bark due to thylosoid formation, lignified gum, and abnormal division of parenchyma cells, and may be related to a cyanogenesis process [12][13][14][15]. ...
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... order to predict the occurrence of TPD for each studied clone, the dry cut length was measured over a period of three years ( Figures 1a,d,g and 4). Clone PB 260 revealed an early dry cut symptom (34%-100%) 5 months after the first tapping for several treatments (d1 ET 12/y, d1 ET 24/y, d2 ET 12/y, d4 ET 12/y, d4 ET 24/y). ...
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... histo-cytological analysis was carried out on healthy ( Figure 1a) and two types of TPD-affected trees for clone PB 260. The occurrence of brown bast-TPD was observed after bark scraping (Figure 1c,f,i). ...
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... histo-cytological analysis was carried out on healthy ( Figure 1a) and two types of TPD-affected trees for clone PB 260. The occurrence of brown bast-TPD was observed after bark scraping (Figure 1c,f,i). The transversal cut of bark was visualised on a section approaching the cambium (Figure 7a,c,e). ...
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... latter enzyme is also known to be induced by NADPH oxidase [38]. The relative transcript abundance of ROS-scavenging genes was higher in bark than in latex but no differential gene expression was noticed in response to ethephon and TPD occurrence, except the inhibition of HbAPX2 in latex tissue ( Figures S1 and S2). Post-transcriptional regulation of ROS-scavenging systems was assumed, as little transcriptional regulation and dramatic biochemical changes were observed during TPD occurrence. ...
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... transcript abundance analysis for genes involved in ethylene biosynthesis showed a differential expression in latex and in bark tissues. Globally, the relative transcript abundance of these genes was higher in bark than in latex (Figures S1 and S2). In latex, down-regulation of the HbSAMS gene suggested a predominant control of this gene during TPD. ...
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... was differentially perceived and transduced in latex and in bark during ROS-TPD. In general, the relative transcript abundance of HbETR1, HbETR2, HbEIN2 and HbEIN3 was higher in bark than in latex ( Figures S1 and S2). The HbETR2 gene had a high transcript abundance in both tissues. ...
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... genes involved in ethylene signalling were not similarly regulated in both tissues during TPD. In general, the transcript abundance of HbERF-I was higher in bark than in latex, while HbERF-VIII had a high transcript abundance in both tissues (Figures S1 and S2). ERF-VIII is involved in programmed cell death (PCD) [47,48]. ...
Citations
... Moreover, they found a wide range of variation in these two parameters. For the Pi, the minimum value was 0.15 mM and the maximum was 36.3 mM, the average was 16.3 mM [13,38] . The Suc displayed a minimum value of approximately 0.4 mM, while the non-outlier maximum observation reached 20.2 mM, with an average of 9.2 mM [13,39] . ...
Rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) provides the sole commercial source of natural rubber in the world. Over the past three decades, a number of latex physiological parameters has been applied to construct tapping systems, enhance natural rubber production, monitor tapping panel dryness, and evaluate rubber clone performance. Inorganic phosphorus and sucrose content (Pi and Suc) are two well-interpreted parameters to describe the latex metabolic status of rubber trees, whereas the candidate genes responsible for regulating Pi and Suc have never been reported. Here, a natural population consisting of 218 rubber tree individuals was exploited to identify candidate genes associated with Pi and Suc. The phenotype of this population was measured over a period of two years. Genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted using mixed linear models and 7,835,736 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP). A total of 26 and 11 SNPs were significantly associated with Pi and Suc, respectively. By combining the GWAS results with genomic annotation data, 57 and 29 candidate genes within 50 kb of the significant SNPs were identified for Pi and Suc, respectively. The expression patterns of these candidates were further investigated, and five for Pi and three for Suc were identified to be specifically expressed in the latex. A DOF transcription factor and a histone H2A gene have been interpreted, while the annotations for the other candidate genes remain limited. These findings contribute to understanding the genetic foundation of Pi and Suc in the latex as well as the breeding of high-yielding rubber clones by employing latex physiological parameters.
... Moreover, they found a wide range of variation in these two parameters. For the Pi, the minimum value was 0.15 mM and the maximum was 36.3 mM, the average was 16.3 mM [13,38] . The Suc displayed a minimum value of approximately 0.4 mM, while the non-outlier maximum observation reached 20.2 mM, with an average of 9.2 mM [13,39] . ...
... Plant hormones are important stress signals because they stimulate the synthesis of phytohormones to regulate the expression of many stress-responsive genes in plants in response to abiotic stress (Putranto et al., 2015;Liu et al., 2022). To determine whether MsOSCA family genes were affected by different phytohormone treatments, the expression levels of MsOSCA genes were determined by RT-qPCR in the presence of JA, SA and ABA phytohormones (Figure 8; Supplementary Table S5). ...
... ABA improves plant tolerance to adverse conditions by regulating stomatal opening and closing and the expression of stress response genes (Chen et al., 2014). The OSCA gene family has been reported to be involved in regulating multiple hormone responses (Putranto et al., 2015;Xiaoyu et al., 2018). For instance, the HvOSCA2.2, ...
Alfalfa is an excellent leguminous forage crop that is widely cultivated worldwide, but its yield and quality are often affected by drought and soil salinization. Hyperosmolality-gated calcium-permeable channel (OSCA) proteins are hyperosmotic calcium ion (Ca ²⁺ ) receptors that play an essential role in regulating plant growth, development, and abiotic stress responses. However, no systematic analysis of the OSCA gene family has been conducted in alfalfa. In this study, a total of 14 OSCA genes were identified from the alfalfa genome and classified into three groups based on their sequence composition and phylogenetic relationships. Gene structure, conserved motifs and functional domain prediction showed that all MsOSCA genes had the same functional domain DUF221. Cis -acting element analysis showed that MsOSCA genes had many cis -regulatory elements in response to abiotic or biotic stresses and hormones. Tissue expression pattern analysis demonstrated that the MsOSCA genes had tissue-specific expression; for example, MsOSCA12 was only expressed in roots and leaves but not in stem and petiole tissues. Furthermore, RT–qPCR results indicated that the expression of MsOSCA genes was induced by abiotic stress (drought and salt) and hormones (JA, SA, and ABA). In particular, the expression levels of MsOSCA3 , MsOSCA5 , MsOSCA12 and MsOSCA13 were significantly increased under drought and salt stress, and MsOSCA7 , MsOSCA10 , MsOSCA12 and MsOSCA13 genes exhibited significant upregulation under plant hormone treatments, indicating that these genes play a positive role in drought, salt and hormone responses. Subcellular localization results showed that the MsOSCA3 protein was localized on the plasma membrane. This study provides a basis for understanding the biological information and further functional analysis of the MsOSCA gene family and provides candidate genes for stress resistance breeding in alfalfa.
... It is well known that TPD is a complex physiological disorder probably caused by overstimulation with ethylene and/or excessive tapping (Fan and Yang, 1984;Chrestin, 1989;Faridah et al., 1995). Being consistent with the aforementioned results, several latex physiological parameters significantly differ between healthy and TPD-affected rubber trees (Zeng and Li, 1997;Putranto et al., 2015;Guo et al., 2016;Nie et al., 2023). ...
... was consistent with the previous results (Putranto et al., 2015;Guo et al., 2016). The TSC, inorganic phosphorus, and thiol content indicate latex regeneration between two successive tappings, metabolic activity, and antioxidant capacity and stress level (Jacob et al., 1989). ...
... T3 had the highest overall average latex yield (127.3 g tree -1 tapping -1 ) with an increase of +57 %, followed by T2 (118.1 g tree -1 tapping -1 ) with an increase of +45 % of T1. (Figure 2). Similarly, [43] and [44] reported that 2-chloroethyl phosphonic acid increased rubber yield due to hormonal stimulation which prolonged the period of latex flow by activating latex cell metabolism [3,22,45]. Results showed enhanced yield per tree and per tapping to compensate for reduction in the tapping frequency [3,21,22,46,47]. Accordingly, over the 10-year period of tapping, the yield per tree (g tree -1 ) of treatment T2 was significantly higher than T1 (Table 3). ...
Clone RRIT 251, a primary clone, was developed by RAOT (Thailand) with promising high yield potential. Low frequencies of tapping (LFT) was tested using 8-year-old trees to characterize the performance of the clone RRIT 251 under such latex harvesting systems. The aim of the study was to assess the response of the yield to LFT related to some biochemical indicators of the latex cells’ metabolism. The experiment was established at the Sithiporn Kridakorn Research Station of Kasetsart University, Prachuap Khirikhan Province, Thailand. The experimental randomized Fisher block design consisted of the 3 treatments. These were abbreviated to T1: S/2 d2 opening BO-1 at 1.5 m, T2: S/2 d3 ET 2.5 % Pa1 (1) 6/y opening BO-1 at 1.3 m and T3: S/2 d4 ET 2.5 % Pa1 (1) 8/y opening BO-1 at 1.2 m. Three replications were conducted with 55 trees per treatment in each experimental plot. Analysis of variance (ANOVA; F test) has been used to compare treatments using Duncan’s multiple range test (DMRT) at a significant level of p < 0.05. Results showed that daily yield greatly increased when using lower tapping frequencies. More than 10 years of tapping, panel management and location of the tapping cut on the panel in downward tapping have significantly impacted yield. Tapping on virgin bark at d3 and d4 frequencies gave higher yield than d2 frequency on renewed bark. Good panel management, combined with tailored stimulation and reduced tapping frequency showed greater efficiency. Results were encouraging. It might be considered that these low tapping frequencies systems can be tested by smallholders and then transferred at the farm gate in Thailand. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
... Esto, debido a que la sobreestimulación puede inducir un estrés oxidativo al interior de las células laticíferas, lo cual conlleva a un desorden fisiológico conocido como panel seco o tapping pannel dryness (TPD), que da como resultado el cese de la producción de látex (Jacob et al., 1994). Lo anterior es causado por la producción de compuestos que deterioran tanto las membranas como la paredes de las células laticíferas, alteración que conduce a un desorden en el sistema laticífero del árbol (Liu, 2016;Putranto et al., 2015), principalmente mediante la formación de especies reactivas de oxígeno (ROS). Por lo tanto, el éxito de la estimulación enfocada al aumento de la producción sin ocasionar problemas de secamiento del panel dependerá de conocimientos relacionados con el material genético, los parámetros fisiológicos del látex, la edad de la plantación, la fenología, el estado nutricional, la frecuencia de sangría, la dosificación y el estado del clima y el tiempo (oportunidad de la aplicación) (Rivano et al., 2015). ...
The natural rubber plantations of Bajo Cauca (Antioquia)
require a high tapping intensity. This generates
a higher cost of labor and overexploitation. This is
why physiological and production parameters were
evaluated in rubber trees clone FX3864, which were
subjected to different tapping frequencies and chemical
stimulation in Northeast of Antioquia, Colombia.
The latex yield and the contents of sucrose, inorganic
phosphorus, thiols, and total solids content were compared
in rubber trees stimulated with 2.5% ethephon
and subjected to three tapping frequencies (every two,
three, and four days). The highest latex production was
reached in trees stimulated and tapped every four days
(170.99 mL.d-1 per tree), without indications of overexploitation
for this frequency. Stimulation and the reduction
of tapping intensity in rubber trees increase the
yields without significant metabolic alterations.
... Due to the in-situ coagulation of rubber particles, tapping panel dryness (TPD) is a phenomenon that causes a partial or finally complete halt of latex flow upon tapping [1]. The study of TPD is vitally important, encompassing developmental regularity, physiological mechanisms and prevention [2]. But observation of TPD images and accurate diagnosis are the fundamental steps in this process. ...
The main disease that decreases the manufacturing of natural rubber is tapping panel dryness (TPD). To solve this problem faced by a large number of rubber trees, it is recommended to observe TPD images and make early diagnosis. Multi-level thresholding image segmentation can extract regions of interest from TPD images for improving the diagnosis process and increasing the efficiency. In this study, we investigate TPD image properties and enhance Otsu's approach. For a multi-level thresholding problem, we combine the snake optimizer with the improved Otsu's method and propose SO-Otsu. SO-Otsu is compared with five other methods: fruit fly optimization algorithm, sparrow search algorithm, grey wolf optimizer, whale optimization algorithm, Harris hawks optimization and the original Otsu's method. The performance of the SO-Otsu is measured using detail review and indicator reviews. According to experimental findings, SO-Otsu performs better than the competition in terms of running duration, detail effect and degree of fidelity. SO-Otsu is an efficient image segmentation method for TPD images.
... Berhentinya aliran lateks akibat adanya koagulasi partikel karet yang menyumbat luka irisan sadap (Sumarmadji, 1999). Adanya kandungan etilen dari stimulan selain menginduksi produksi lateks dalam jaringan pembuluh lateks, juga mengakumulasi jumlah reactive oxygen species (ROS) yang mengakibatkan penghentian aliran lateks baik sebagian atau seluruhnya (Putranto et al., 2015). ...
... Tanaman yang memiliki panjang alur sadap kering sebagian pada lilit batang 45 cm dan 50 cm sebesar 2,2% pada klon GT 1 (Lukman, 1983). Pengaruh penyadapan dan stimulan terhadap panjang alur sadap yang kering pada klon PB 260 terlihat nyata selama 2 tahun dan selama 3 tahun pada klon RRIM 600 (Putranto et al., 2015). Nilai persentase panjang alur sadap yang kering setelah disadap diduga berkaitan terhadap umur tanaman. ...
Penggunaan stimulan pada tanaman karet saat awal buka sadap umumnya digunakan untuk memaksimalkan produksi lateks saat penyadapan. Adanya serangan penyakit gugur daun sekunder mengakibatkan kondisi daun gugur dan produksi rendah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh konsentrasi stimulan saat awal buka sadap pada kondisi gugur daun sekunder. Penelitian dilakukan di Kebun Percobaan Unit Riset Sungei Putih, Pusat Penelitian Karet, Galang, Deli Serdang, Sumatra Utara pada bulan November 2021 sampai Februari 2022. Tanaman karet yang digunakan berumur tujuh tahun pada panel B0-1 (konsumsi kulit terpakai 9,60 cm) dan multiklon (PB 260, PB 340, PB 330, IRR 104, IRR 5, IRR 112, IRR 118, dan BPM 1) dengan interval sadap D3. Rancangan percobaan menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok non faktorial dengan perlakuan 1) tidak diaplikasikan stimulan atau kontrol, 2) aplikasi stimulan konsentrasi 1%, 3) aplikasi stimulan konsentrasi 2%, dan 4) aplikasi stimulan konsentrasi 2,5%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa aplikasi konsentrasi stimulan 1% selama empat bulan pada saat awal buka sadap signifikan berbeda nyata terhadap parameter pengamatan produksi, laju aliran lateks, indeks penyumbatan, dan kadar fosfat anorganik. Produksi perlakuan konsentrasi stimulan 1% lebih tinggi 44,11% dibandingkan konsentrasi stimulan 2% dan 48,10% lebih tinggi dibandingkan konsentrasi stimulan 2,5% pada kondisi gugur daun sekunder. Nilai rataan persentase panjang alur sadap yang kering pada perlakuan konsentrasi stimulan 1% sebesar 5,51%. Secara fisiologis, aplikasi konsentrasi stimulan 1% masih aman digunakan pada tanaman dan tidak membuat tanaman tertekan saat terjadi serangan penyakit gugur daun sekunder.
... However, the quick starter clones were reported to have a weak response to ethylene stimulation (Gohet et al. 1996;Jetro and Simon 2007;Lacote et al. 2010). Some studies also showed that the quick starter clones are susceptible to tapping panel dryness Okoma et al. 2011;Putranto et al. 2015). ...
... The latex harvesting practice, by mechanical artificial wounding and exogenous ethylene application, induces the reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation beside the natural production by cellular metabolism and environmental stress (Tian et al. 2015;Putranto et al. 2015). Overexploitation and over-stimulation are known as the main factors of the TPD, a physiological disorder due to over-accumulation of ROS (Yusof et al. 1995;Gohet et al. 1997;Das et al. 2002;Putranto et al. 2015). ...
... The latex harvesting practice, by mechanical artificial wounding and exogenous ethylene application, induces the reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation beside the natural production by cellular metabolism and environmental stress (Tian et al. 2015;Putranto et al. 2015). Overexploitation and over-stimulation are known as the main factors of the TPD, a physiological disorder due to over-accumulation of ROS (Yusof et al. 1995;Gohet et al. 1997;Das et al. 2002;Putranto et al. 2015). Antioxidants and ROS-scavenging enzymes are essential to maintain the redox homeostasis and prevent cellular damage. ...
Latex diagnosis is widely adopted in natural rubber-producing countries to optimize the natural rubber production through a physiological-based latex-harvesting system management. This study is the first bibliographical searching and meta-analysis on the variation of latex physiological parameters i.e. sucrose, inorganic phosphorus, thiols, and total solid content. The study used information extracted from 158 scientific papers. Descriptive statistics, agglomerative hierarchical clustering, and principal component analysis were performed to characterize applications of latex diagnosis, how often parameters are used and interpreted as well as the variation of its parameter values. From 158 papers, latex diagnosis parameters were used in 114 agronomy, 22 in physiology, and 22 in breeding papers. The agglomerative hierarchical clustering analysis indicated that sucrose and inorganic phosphorus contents were clustered together and total solid and thiols contents were located in another cluster. The average values of the total solid content, sucrose, inorganic phosphorus and thiols were 43.9%, 9.4 mM, 16.5 mM, and 0.52 mM, respectively. The percentage of interpretation is 63.3% for sucrose, 54.4% for inorganic phosphorus, 47.5% for thiols, and 41.1% for the total solid content. The low interpretation of thiols and total solid contents question their relevance in latex diagnosis. The low adoption of latex diagnosis in breeding could hinder the selection of activities leads to a limitation of selection for long-term high yielding and stress-adapted clones.
... ROS production can be significantly augmented due to environmental and harvesting stress and metabolic activities essential for latex regeneration between two tappings. Therefore, rubber tree overexploitation with high-frequency rubber tapping and excessive ET stimulation can lead to decreased RSH content, excessive ROS accumulation, and, ultimately, TPD occurrence (Putranto et al., 2015). This is supported by our results, as we observed a decrease in the abundance of ROS metabolism-related proteins and in RSH content in the latex of TPD-affected trees. ...
Tapping panel dryness (TPD) is a century-old problem that has plagued the natural rubber production of Hevea brasiliensis. TPD may result from self-protective mechanisms of H. brasiliensis in response to stresses such as excessive hormone stimulation and mechanical wounding (bark tapping). Previous studies have hypothesized that TPD impairs rubber biosynthesis; however, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. In this study, we firstly verified that TPD-affected rubber trees exhibited lower rubber biosynthesis activity and greater rubber molecular weight compared to healthy rubber trees. We then demonstrated that the HbFPS1, a key gene of rubber biosynthesis, and its expression products were downregulated in the latex of TPD-affected rubber trees, as revealed by transcriptome sequencing and iTRAQ-based proteome analysis. We further discovered that the farnesyl diphosphate synthase HbFPS1 could be recruited to small rubber particles by HbSRPP1 through protein-protein interactions to catalyze farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) synthesis and facilitate rubber biosynthesis initiation. FPP content in the latex of TPD-affected rubber trees were decreased significantly with the downregulation of HbFPS1 abundance, ultimately resulting in abnormal development of rubber particles, decreased rubber biosynthesis activity, and increased rubber molecular weight. Upstream regulator assays indicated that a novel regulator, MYB2-like, may be the relevant regulator of down-regulation expression of HbFPS1 in the latex of TPD-affected rubber trees. Our findings not only provide new directions for understanding the molecular events involved in rubber biosynthesis and the TPD syndrome and can contribute to its management, but also broaden our knowledge of plant isoprenoid metabolism and its regulatory networks.
