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Performance and economic analyses of a hybrid solar thermal/photovoltaic-battery energy storage (ST/PV-BES) system for a commercial greenhouse were developed. One of the objectives of the study is to evaluate the best configuration of photovoltaic (PV) and solar thermal (ST) modules, and battery energy storage size to have the minimum levelized cos...
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... To determine that the annual cost due to PQ problems in the industry and service sectors ranges from USD 0.597 to 1.77 billion [5,6]. Moreover, it has been estimated that the expenses arising from PQ problems in the European industry are approximately USD 150 billion. ...
The intricacy of the power system configuration, coupled with the contemporary trends in power generation and demand, renders the attainment of adequate supply quality a daunting task for distribution companies. Several regulations govern the power quality (PQ) of the electrical system. In addition, EN-50160 outlines the voltage characteristics supplied by public electricity networks, which directly impact distribution companies. Secondly, the EN-61000 standards series regulates the electromagnetic compatibility of network-connected devices, which affects the loads. Both power companies and device manufacturers are responsible for ensuring and being impacted by the quality of supply. Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques refer to a variety of methods and algorithms that enable machines to perform tasks that typically require human-like intelligence, such as perception, reasoning, learning, and decision-making. AI techniques include machine learning, natural language processing, computer vision, robotics, expert systems, and other approaches that use algorithms to analyze and understand complex data, recognize patterns, and make predictions or decisions based on that data Notwithstanding the regulations, there are still unresolved aspects of the supply quality, one of the most significant being the location of the origin of disturbances. This article presents an investigation of the main techniques used to identify the cause of disturbances and locate their origin in the power grid,
... Also, the energy conversion efficiency of renewable sources-based systems is considerably low when compared to conventional methods [4][5][6]. Among the numerous types of renewable sources, photovoltaic (PV)-based electricity generation is one of the best and most widely accepted in recent years [7][8][9]. Even in solar PV systems, a large amount of solar radiation energy is wasted in the form of heat energy, which leads to low energy conversion efficiency [10,11]. ...
... Further, the TEG can also be combined with a solar PV panel to convert the waste thermal energy developed in the PV panel into a useful electric voltage [5,27,28]. The PV-TEG combined hybrid energy systems provide better energy efficiency than the standalone PV system [8,29]. ...
In this research, a modified fractional order proportional integral derivate (FOPID) control method is proposed for the photovoltaic (PV) and thermoelectric generator (TEG) combined hybrid renewable energy system. The faster tracking and steady-state output are aimed at the suggested maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control technique. The derivative order number (µ) value in the improved FOPID (also known as PIλDµ) control structure will be dynamically updated utilizing the value of change in PV array voltage output. During the transient, the value of µ is changeable; it’s one at the start and after reaching the maximum power point (MPP), allowing for strong tracking characteristics. TEG will use the freely available waste thermal energy created surrounding the PV array for additional power generation, increasing the system’s energy conversion efficiency. A high-gain DC-DC converter circuit is included in the system to maintain a high amplitude DC input voltage to the inverter circuit. The proposed approach’s performance was investigated using an extensive MATLAB software simulation and validated by comparing findings with the perturbation and observation (P&O) type MPPT control method. The study results demonstrate that the FOPID controller-based MPPT control outperforms the P&O method in harvesting the maximum power achievable from the PV-TEG hybrid source. There is also a better control action and a faster response.
... Solar systems can provide both electricity and heating depending on the technology used. Solar thermal (ST) collectors can provide heat to cover the heating load (Naghibi et al., 2020). Solar heating plants can be located next to the area to be used or in areas close to the cities for larger systems and can be connected to the main distribution lines of the district heating system. ...
... Solar systems can provide both electricity and heating depending on the technology used. Solar thermal (ST) collectors can provide heat to cover the heating load (Naghibi et al., 2020). Solar heating plants can be located next to the area to be used or in areas close to the cities for larger systems and can be connected to the main distribution lines of the district heating system. ...
This study was carried out to meet the domestic hot water need of Gazi University Hospital with vacuum tube solar collectors. Natural gas is used for hot water heating in the hospital. Accordingly, the use of natural gas stands out with both its cost and carbon dioxide emission. Global warming has been causing the world with many countries to reduce carbon dioxide emissions are already turning to renewable energy sources. In this context, by using solar thermal collectors, both the operational cost of the hospital will be reduced and some of the carbon emission will be prevented. Total annual natural gas use of the hospital, including space heating, is 2,015,644 m 3. It is estimated that the daily use of hospital domestic hot water is 320 m 3 /day and this corresponds to approximately 6,561,253 kWh/a energy. Accordingly, the annual natural gas consumption of the hospital is 616,816 m 3 and the motivation of this study is to reduce summer time natural gas consumption and consequently decreasing the CO2 emission from combustion. According to the results, 1866 collectors will be installed for the hot water heating of the hospital. The active area of the installed collectors is 3321.48 m 2. The water-glycol mixture, heated by the collectors, will be processed with water in the double coil tank by means of heat exchangers. For the storage of the solar energy, a tank volume of 330.85 m 3 is available. To support this system, there is a natural gas boiler of 1.2 MW, since the use of the sun will be less, especially in winter. As a result of all these data, 2,929,199 kWh of energy gain from solar, 318,889 m 3 of natural gas will be saved and 674,335 kg of CO2 emissions will be prevented.
Irrigation water temperature plays an essential role in yield and quality of greenhouse products. In the summer, the irrigation water can be warming than desirable, leading to certain problems such as root diseases. In this paper, the performance of using stormwater pond to cool irrigation water for a commercial greenhouse was studied using the Transient System Simulation (TRNSYS) software. The irrigation water system was simulated according to the reference greenhouse data in Leamington, Ontario, Canada. The model was validated with actual average temperature of the treated water tank and heat exchanger operation time data. The effect of changes in freshwater temperature, pond water temperature, the cold and hot side flow rate of the heat exchanger, and heat transfer coefficient of the heat exchanger were investigated. Incorporating pond water and heat exchanger reduce the treated water temperature by 1.5° in June and 0.5 °C in July. Sensitivity analysis showed that the pond water temperature had the greatest impact among other parameters in the studied ranges. Thus, a three-degree drop in pond water will reduce heat exchanger operating hours by 70% in July and 14% in June.
The Archimedes screw (also termed “hydrodynamic screw” or “Archimedean screw”) has been used for a variety of industrial applications since roughly 700 BCE. Its most common historical implementations were for land drainage/reclamation, irrigation, and to convey mixed media (i.e., granular solids, suspended solids, etc.). The screw has also found use as a hydroelectric generator since the earlier 1990s. Due to its robust design, screw pumps are still commonly used for land drainage and wastewater conveyance. Design methods for Archimedes screw pumps (ASPs) are not well documented in the literature. The leading text offering engineering design guidance for ASPs was compiled by Nagel (in 1968) and offers mostly empirical design guidance based on data and experimentation that usually do not appear to be further documented in the literature. Most design techniques are based off a paper presented by Muysken in 1932. The paper uses many simplifications and empirical models based on undocumented experiments, so there is a need to evaluate and update modelling techniques to determine optimized design of ASPs using modern computational techniques. This study investigates the literature of Archimedes screw pumps, and presents and summarizes current modelling techniques. Experimental methods and data are presented and compared to current performance prediction models from the literature. Results are analysed and used to suggest areas for further research and improvement in current engineering design guidance.
Modelling of the greenhouse microclimate represents a great opportunity for existing growers to find ways to optimize energy usage while maintaining temperature and humidity setpoints. Models can also be used by greenhouse designers, as different build options can be compared to ensure optimal design decisions. The cost of installing new technologies and equipment is often high: simulations can be used to provide a good estimate of the potential impact specific systems will have before investing in costly greenhouse infrastructure. This paper documents the development and validation of a thermal energy model designed to simulate the microclimate of a greenhouse based on site properties, exterior conditions, greenhouse operating protocols and heat and mass transfer relationships. A dynamic lumped capacitance model approach was used. Due to the large variety of greenhouse types and equipment, the main objective was to test the predictive performance of the model at various greenhouse sites, ranging from a small backyard greenhouse to large, more complex commercial operations. Measured timeseries data was obtained for each site, either from field studies conducted by the research team or from logged greenhouse controller data supplied by commercial greenhouse operators. Various greenhouse elements common in commercial operations, such as supplemental heating and lighting, forced and passive ventilation, evaporative cooling pads, and dehumidification equipment, are found in some of the test sites, and all are incorporated into the model. The studied greenhouses are all located in southern Ontario, Canada (42.0 °N, 82.8 °W to 43.2 °N, 79.4 °W). This region is characterized as a humid, continental climate with four recognizable seasons (summer, fall, winter and spring). The model was tested with data from each season, since the regional industry is moving towards year-round production. The accuracy of the model results are quantified by using the root mean squared error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE) between measured and simulated values for each test case. The accuracy of greenhouse air temperature and humidity predictions compared favorably with examples in the literature for lumped parameter greenhouse models for all greenhouse sites and seasons simulated. The results support the conclusion that the model is sufficiently accurate to be used as a design tool for growers and greenhouse designers.
One of the most exciting new developments in energy storage technology is Zn‐ion hybrid supercapacitors (ZHSCs). ZHSCs combine Zn‐ion batteries with supercapacitors (SCs) to address the energy and power needs of portable devices and electric automobiles. Low energy density and the development of cathode material are significant issues for ZHSCs. This review provides an in‐depth investigation of charge storage mechanisms from SCs to ZHSCs. The advantages/disadvantages of ZHSCs, the recent development of cathode materials, and the new design for device fabrications are critically summarized. New cathode materials should be developed to achieve high energy density while preserving the inherent power capability and stability. People increasingly engage with smart electronic and hybrid gadgets, demanding flexible, resilient, and highly safe energy storage devices. ZHSC has emerged as a complete alternative to risky sodium‐ion/lithium‐ion technologies. An overview of all reported carbon‐based, biomass‐derived carbons, metal oxides, MOFs, COFs, MXenes, graphene, and composite materials employed for ZHSCs is comprehensively provided. Furthermore, cathode materials for flexible, micro, wire‐shaped, printed, and photo‐rechargeable ZHSCs are also examined with their practical challenges. This review is anticipated to offer valuable recommendations for designing and manipulating cathode materials for high‐performance ZHSCs to achieve real‐world applications. This review article presents an in‐depth investigation of charge storage mechanisms of cathode materials for Zn‐ion hybrid supercapacitors, challenges and future prospects.
