Fig 1 - uploaded by Norbert Kilian
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Helichrysum nicolai – a habit; b synflorescence in detail; c female flower (left) and hermaphrodite flower (right; corolla and anthertube dissected); d achene (pappus fallen off); e proximal portion of two basally united pappus bristles (left); distal portion of pappus bristle. Scale bars: a – 1 cm, b – 0.5 cm, c – 0.5 mm, d – 200 µm, e – 100 µm. All from N. Kilian & T. Leyens NK 3189
Source publication
Helichrysum nicolai from the Cape Verdean island of São Nicolau is described as a species new to science and illustrated. The systematic position
in Helichrysum of this acaulescent dwarf rosette shrub with heterogamous capitula, in which the female flowers outnumber the hermaphrodite
ones, is established using an ITS phylogeny based on maximum pars...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... acute, upright; anthertube without appendages 0.3-0.5 mm long, apical appendages 0.2-0.3 mm long, acute; basal appendages filiform, 0.1-0.2 mm long; style shaft up to 1.6 mm long, style arms up to 0.5 mm long. Achenes 0.4-0.5 mm long, cylindrical to slightly ellipsoidal and basally somewhat more attenuate than apically, pale to dark brown, naked (Fig. 1d). Pappus 1.5-1.7 mm long, with a single row of basally denticulate to apically scabrid (Fig. 1e), white setae, deciduous in groups of ...
Context 2
... acute; basal appendages filiform, 0.1-0.2 mm long; style shaft up to 1.6 mm long, style arms up to 0.5 mm long. Achenes 0.4-0.5 mm long, cylindrical to slightly ellipsoidal and basally somewhat more attenuate than apically, pale to dark brown, naked (Fig. 1d). Pappus 1.5-1.7 mm long, with a single row of basally denticulate to apically scabrid (Fig. 1e), white setae, deciduous in groups of ...
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Citations
... Between these two entities (camp04 and camp07) emerge the entities on São Nicolau (camp05 and camp06) that are easily distinguishable, although slightly overlapping. The island of São Nicolau has distinctive geomorphology compared to the 11.13** 10.33** 7.17** 9.92** 6.17** 5.82** camp08 9.72** 9.95** 9.12** 12.31** 7.6** 9.39** 6.79** moreover, several remarkable micro-endemic species of Cabo Verdean flora are restricted to the summits of the western part (Gomes et al., 1995;Lobin et al., 1995;Schmidt & Lobin, 1999;Kilian, Galbany-Casals & Oberprieler, 2010). The presence of two entities in each part of the island is thus not surprising, with narrow infundibuliform corolla bellflowers in the western part (camp05) and those with campanulate corollas (camp06) in the eastern part. ...
In the Cabo Verde archipelago, Campanula spp. (bellflowers) are currently represented by four endemic species restricted to mountainous islands (C. bravensis, C. feijoana, C. hortelensis and C. jacobaea), all of which are known for high floral polymorphism. Diagnostic features of the corolla often differ from original descriptions, bringing into question their taxonomic delimitation. Based on the variations in the corolla shape observed during fieldwork, eight morphogeographical entities were distinguished among the taxa in the archipelago. Geometric morphometrics was used to quantify and examine these floral variations. Corolla morphology of 221 photographed flowers was captured by 2D landmarks and semi-landmarks configurations and analysed with canonical variate analysis. The results show agreement between morphological groupings and their geographical ranges. For most entities, the geographical origin may be determined with accurate morphological examination of the flower. In this case, the corolla shape proves to be a taxonomically discriminant trait. Furthermore, the terminology used until now to characterize these different floral forms is discussed. The present study contributes significantly to clarifying the floral polymorphism in Cabo Verdean Campanula and suggests that taxonomic revision of this group is necessary.
... The archipelago is of continental origin, thus of equal age to Africa, and was connected to the Arabian plate in the current Al-Mahra and Dhofar region (Beydoun & Bichan, 1970;Birse et al., 1997;Fleitmann et al., 2004). the southern Arabian Peninsula to south-eastern Iran (Wickens, 1976;Beentje, 2002;Boulos, 2002;Beentje in Thulin, 2006;Kilian, Galbany-Casals & Oberprieler, 2010), and H. schimperi (A.Rich.) Moeser (= A. schimperi A.Rich.), distributed in East Africa and the southern Arabian Peninsula (Beentje, 2002;Beentje in Thulin, 2006). ...
... In contrast, Helichrysum spp. with undivided stereomes in the involucral bracts, such as H. dasyanthum (Hilliard & Burtt, 1981), are placed outside the HAP clade (Galbany-Casals et al., 2014 and references therein). Helichrysum glumaceum and H. schimperi are already known to be part of the HAP clade (Kilian, Galbany-Casals, & Oberprieler, 2010;Galbany-Casals et al., 2014), but the Socotran endemic helichrysoids have not been included in molecular phylogenetic analyses, and their closest relatives are unknown. ...
The Socotra archipelago off the Horn of Africa shelters morphologically diverse endemic species of Asteraceae tribe Gnaphalieae, eight species placed in Helichrysum and five newly discovered. We reconstructed their phylogenetic relationships, analysing nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) internal transcribed spacer and external transcribed spacer, three plastid DNA and two low-copy nuclear DNA loci with Bayesian inference and maximum parsimony. The plastid DNA and nrDNA trees resolve the endemic helichrysoids as a monophyletic group and agree in that they are not members of Helichrysum or even part of the Helichrysum-Anaphalis-Pseudognaphalium clade, but disagree as to their sister group. In the nrDNA tree, they are nested in the Filago-Leontopodium-Antennaria-Gamochaeta (FLAG) clade, whereas in the plastid DNA tree they are sister to Syncarpha mucronata. The endemic helichrysoids possess two divergent copies of each of the nDNA low-copy markers, similar to those previously found for the FLAG clade. This suggests an ancient allopolyploid origin, with the putative ancestors among the ancestors of Gnaphalium or relatives and of S. mucronata or relatives. The reconstruction of ancestral states of morphological characters suggested hypotheses on the origin and evolution of the morphological diversity of the endemic helichrysoids. We conclude a taxonomic treatment with a key to, and descriptions for, the 13 species accommodated in a new genus, Libinhania.
... Similarly, the preliminary Red List for the flora of the archipelago was published 19 years ago (Leyens & Lobin, 1996), but new endemic taxa have been described or taxonomically rearranged over the last two decades (e.g. Marrero, 2008;Kilian, Galbany-Casals & Oberprieler, 2010;Romeiras et al., 2011a;Marrero & Almeida, 2012;Knapp & Vorontsova, 2013). Thus, a comprehensive, updated analysis of the available information regarding population size, distribution and threats to each endemic species is urgently required for the conservation of the unique flora of this archipelago. ...
We review the conservation status and threats to the endemic vascular flora of the Cape Verde islands, mostly based on the past two decades of collecting, literature review and herbarium specimens. The application of IUCN Red List criteria and categories using RAMAS software reveals that 78% of the endemic plants are threatened (29.3% Critically Endangered, 41.3% Endangered, 7.6% Vulnerable). Most of these endemics have a limited geographical range, and half of them have Areas of Occupancy and Extents of Occurrence of < 20 and 200 km2, respectively. Our data show that, over the last two decades, the Cape Verde vascular plants have become more threatened and their conservation status has declined, mostly as a consequence of the increase in exotic species, habitat degradation and human disturbance. This paper presents the first comprehensive IUCN Red List data review for the plants endemic to Cape Verde, thus providing an important step towards the recognition and conservation of its threatened endemic flora at the national and global level. It also fills a knowledge gap, as it represents the first thorough assessment of the conservation status of the entire endemic flora of a Macaronesian archipelago. © 2015 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2015, ●●, ●●–●●.
... Duarte 1998;Romeiras 2005). Information on taxon occurrences was also obtained from the thorough study of herbarium data, particularly from the collections housed at Sunding 1974;1981;1982;Brochmann & Rustan 1983-19841986;1993;Lobin 1986;Gomes et al. 1995;Paiva et al. 1995Paiva et al. -1996Brochmann et al. 1997;Gonçalves 1999;Martins et al. 2002;Marrero, 2008;Kilian et al. 2010;Romeiras et al. 2011;Marrero & Almeida 2012;Knapp & Vorontsova 2013). ...
The application of IUCN Red List criteria to oceanic islands often produces uniform species assignments to high threat categories, but in some cases this may result from uncertainties in the data and overly precautionary attitudes to risk. We illustrate this problem using the endemic vascular flora of the Cape Verde archipelago, and show that changing risk tolerance along the precautionary-evidentiary gradient greatly affects conservation assessments. Most taxa qualified for threat categories due to small areas of occupancy, but while precautionary assessments classified 88.9% of 81 evaluated taxa as Critically Endangered, evidentiary assessments assigned taxa to a wider range of categories. Taxa with very small ranges and restricted to 1-3 islands were consistently considered Critically Endangered. Our results suggest that conservation assessments under uncertainty may benefit from a more evidentiary attitude, which seem to provide higher discrimination ability among taxa, thereby enhancing the contribution of Red List assessments to prioritize conservation action.
... Whilst many such taxa are widespread taxa of little conservation concern, this is not the case for all. For example, Helichrysum nicolai, described by Kilian et al. (2010) is restricted to the Alto das Cabaças range in the northeastern part of São Nicolau. Its conservation status has not been assessed, but population sizes (very few tens) and the extent and area of occurrence would all appear to be extremely limited, suggesting a high threat status. ...
Conservation of plant diversity on islands relies on a good knowledge of the taxonomy, distribution and genetic diversity of species. In recent decades, a combination of morphology- and DNA-based approaches have become the standard for investigating island plant lineages and this has led in some cases to the discovery of previously overlooked diversity, including "cryptic species". The flora of the Cape Verde archipelago in the North Atlantic is currently thought to comprise about 740 vascular plant species, 92 of them endemics. Despite the fact that it is considered relatively well known, there has been a 12% increase in the number of endemics in the last two decades. Relatively few of the Cape Verde plant lineages have been included in genetic studies so far and little is known about patterns of diversification in the archipelago. Here we present an updated list for the endemic Cape Verde flora and analyse diversity patterns for three endemic plant lineages (Cynanchum, Globularia and Umbilicus) based on one nuclear (ITS) and four plastid DNA regions. In all three lineages, we find genetic variation. In Cynanchum, we find two distinct haplotypes with no clear geographical pattern, possibly reflecting different ploidy levels. In Globularia and Umbilicus, differentiation is evident between populations from northern and southern islands. Isolation and drift resulting from the small and fragmented distributions, coupled with the significant distances separating the northern and southern islands could explain this pattern. Overall, our study suggests that the diversity in the endemic vascular flora of Cape Verde is higher than previously thought and further work to characterise the flora is necessary.
Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Annals of Botany Company.
... Character states for each species were compiled from Humbert (1962), Hilliard (1983), Mesfin Tadesse & Rielly (1995), Bentjee (2002), al. (2006, andunpub. data), Nesom (2006a, b), Kilian & al. (2010) and personal observations of the specimens sequenced. ...
The Helichrysum-Anaphalis-Pseudognaphalium (HAP) clade is a major component of the tribe Gnaphalieae (Compositae) and includes the genera Helichrysum, Anaphalis, Achyrocline and Pseudognaphalium. Allopolyploid origins for at least two clades within
the HAP clade have previously been suggested, one involving the genus Anaphalis and the Mediterranean-Asian Helichrysum species, and a second one involving part of Pseudognaphalium. In the present paper, with the use of two nuclear ribosomal and two plastid DNA markers
and an extensive sampling of the HAP clade, further evidence relevant to the origin, composition and closest relatives of these clades is provided, and additional cases of incongruence are discussed. The superposition of distribution areas on the phylogeny suggests that the HAP clade originated
in the Cape region of southern Africa and subsequently dispersed to and diversified in the Afromontane regions of east southern Africa, mainly the Drakensberg, before spreading northward and giving rise to several lineages in Afromontane and Afroalpine areas of central tropical Africa and
in Madagascar. Allopolyploidy may have preceded the dispersal and diversification of the HAP lineage out of Africa to the Mediterranean area, and to the Americas and Asia. Finally, discussion on the distribution of several morphological characters in the phylogeny and their taxonomic relevance
is also provided, with views on the need for a new generic delimitation.
... The origin of the Macaronesian archipelagos is volcanic and their age ranges from 20.6 Ma for Lanzarote Island to 1.77 Ma for El Hierro Island (Geldmacher & al., 2001; Carracedo & al., 1998; Holm & al., 2006). Several groups of plants seem to have diversified in the Macaronesian archipelagos following a single colonization event (Francisco-Ortega & al., 1997 Helfgott & al., 2000; Allan & al., 2004) while others have reached these archipelagos multiple times (Cuenoud & al., 2000; Hess & al., 2000; Park & al., 2001; Percy & Cronk, 2002; Kilian & al., 2010). The aims of our study were twofold: first, to provide a general phylogenetic framework for sect. ...
Euphorbia subg. Esula (Euphorbiaceae) has recently been shown, using molecular analyses, to contain a clade with a disjunct distribution in Macaronesia, South Africa and the Eritreo-Arabian region, and being primarily made up of members of sect. Tithymalus subsect. Pachycladae and sect. Tirucalli. To delimitate this disjoint group, we carried out phylogenetic analyses of the internal transcribed spacer (nrITS) using a broad sampling, with emphasis on subg. Esula. Subsequently, we carried out phylogenetic analyses focused on this clade using nuclear (ITS, ETS) and chloroplast (trnL-trnF, psbA-trnH, ycf3-trnS, trnG, atpB-rbcL, trnK-matK, trnT-trnL) markers, with the aim of resolving the phylogenetic relationships within the group and reconstructing its biogeographic history. Our results showed that sect. Tithymalus subsect. Pachycladae and sect. Tirucalli are polyphyletic. Section Aphyllis is recircumscribed to comprise the Pachycladae core clade and part of sect. Tirucalli. Low resolution within sect. Aphyllis and incongruences between nuclear and chloroplast phylogenies may be due to hybridization. Section Aphyllis should have originated in the Mediterranean area; its disjunct distribution is probably due to vicariance, resulting from fragmentation of a wider distribution area in North Africa caused by the aridification of the climate during the late Miocene-Pliocene
Asteraceae are among the most abundant angiosperm families on oceanic islands. The reproductive biology of Asteraceae is reviewed and the attributes of the family contributing to their success on islands are discussed. Asteraceae are effective dispersers (the small, single-seeded fruits are moved great distances by wind and birds), and colonization is most likely limited by establishment. The pollinators of the colonizing ancestors rarely disperse with them to islands. Divorced from the pollinators of their ancestral habitats, the capitulum of aggregated small, shallow flowers typical of Asteraceae facilitates pollination of colonizers by various novel biotic visitors and by wind. Self-compatible (SC) colonizing ancestors are common, permitting establishment of sexual populations from one or few propagules. However, several large insular lineages of Asteraceae originated from functionally self-incompatible (SI) colonizers that may have also possessed the capacity to set some self-seed. Establishment may also be facilitated by dominance relationships among S-alleles in the sporophytic SI (SSI) system of Asteraceae, increasing cross-compatibility within small populations. Factors potentially promoting outcrossing in SC Asteraceae are: gynomonoecy, with temporal separation of receptive pistillate ray florets and pollen presentation in the hermaphroditic disc florets of a capitulum (interfloral protogyny); and intrafloral protandry where pollen presentation occurs before stigmata become receptive. Dioecy, gynodioecy, and monoecy are infrequent sexual systems in insular Asteraceae. Multiple paternity is similar in island composites to other Asteraceae, suggesting that neither compatible mates nor pollinators are typically limiting. Additional studies, particularly with genomic markers, are needed for more refined insights into mating systems and paternity in island Asteraceae as these results have important conservation implications.
