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Abstract A low-cost spectrum analyzer is presented, based on a commercial software defined radio and an open-source application package. Fundamentals regarding the receiving operation and its sensitivity are presented, along with measurements, of two 8 and 12-bits software defined radio models. An application, run within GNU Radio, is presented, de...
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... regard to the HackRF One SDR, Fig. 1 shows a block diagram of its receiving branch. The RF input signal from the antenna (SMA connector) can be amplified by a broadband LNA (Low Noise Amplifier, 14 dB gain, MGA-81563), switchable by the user, where the signal can be bypassed through the active device. It can be filtered, by an HPF (High-Pass Filter) or LPF (Low-Pass ...
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... wave generator Fig . 10 shows the GNU Radio block diagram. A throttle block was left bypassed (in yellow), so in case a PC hardware overload is detected it can be switched back on. Fig. 11 shows the results of the SDR set to its maximum bandwidth (20 MHz), sweeping from 10 MHz to 210 MHz and 1.8 GHz and 2 GHz. For the 1.8 to 2 GHz case an external LNA ...
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... wave generator Fig . 10 shows the GNU Radio block diagram. A throttle block was left bypassed (in yellow), so in case a PC hardware overload is detected it can be switched back on. Fig. 11 shows the results of the SDR set to its maximum bandwidth (20 MHz), sweeping from 10 MHz to 210 MHz and 1.8 GHz and 2 GHz. For the 1.8 to 2 GHz case an external LNA amplifier was added (NF=4.2 dB and 20 dB gain), and it was employed a printed Log Periodic antenna, shown in detail in Fig. 11. The internal LNA was switched off for the ...
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... overload is detected it can be switched back on. Fig. 11 shows the results of the SDR set to its maximum bandwidth (20 MHz), sweeping from 10 MHz to 210 MHz and 1.8 GHz and 2 GHz. For the 1.8 to 2 GHz case an external LNA amplifier was added (NF=4.2 dB and 20 dB gain), and it was employed a printed Log Periodic antenna, shown in detail in Fig. 11. The internal LNA was switched off for the sake of protection against overload, and also educing the current drawn from the USB port. The screenshots were manually collected and assembled outside GNU Radio. It is possible to cover an arbitrary large bandwidth with this approach, limited by the SDR hardware only. Journal of Microwaves, ...
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... GNU Radio program that computes the power in dBm, following Eq. 8, is shown in Fig. 12. A sinusoidal signal is added to a white noise source. The composed data stream goes through a cascade of low and high-pass filters, and is submitted to a moving average filter, which has the effect of further reducing the noise peak-to-peak amplitude, leaving the signal energy unchanged -as long as the moving average block parameters ...
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... has the possibility of using probes to operate on the data, in the diagram it captures the data stream amplitude level. A Function Probe block polls the probe signal and displays it in a GUI label block. Both Time and Frequency Sinks spread along the chain sample the stream and plot the data in frequency and time domains. The result is shown in Fig. 13. The sinusoidal source polluted by the noise is seen, on the top time domain plot. The bottom plot shows the combined effect of the LPF and HPF, leaving the signal peak visible. The probe label is shown down (10.53 dBm). The amplitude of the sinusoidal signal is unitary, which results a theoretical 10 dBm according to the eq. 8. The ...
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... The amplitude of the sinusoidal signal is unitary, which results a theoretical 10 dBm according to the eq. 8. The noise amplitude, set to 2, accounts for the observed computed difference with the analytical expected value. In order to quantify the improvements caused by the filtering, a sampling rate of 10 MHz was used in the program shown in Fig. 12, where a 3 MHz sinusoidal source was added to a uniform white-noise source; both delivering complex numbers. Table I shows the filter bandwidth effect on the computed power. Transition frequencies of both filters were set to 100 kHz and their bandwidths are limited between F min and F max . It can be seen that as the filter bandwidths ...
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Citations
... In [8], an SDR was used as a signal generator to measure the angular dependency of antenna characteristics. An in-depth discussion of a HackRF One SDR operating as a spectrum analyzer can be found in [9]. Given that SDRs perform quadrature sampling of the received signal, they can also emulate a VNA. ...
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... Furthermore, in [4] an outdoor and indoor study was made using a RTL SDR in the band of 0.7 GHz with the Osmocom Source blocks of GNU Radio and in [5] also utilized a very low-cost SDR with the spectrum analyzer function; to discuss the results they compared the frequency (MHz range), maximum average difference, standard deviation difference (dB) and RMS difference. Similar to the present paper [6] utilizes the Osmocom blocks with the HackRF device. Finally, [7] compared six different RTL-SDR dongles to understand their RF performance. ...
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