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This review examines major trends in water resource management in Jordan over the ten-year period before 2011. It explores water supply, water use, water treatment and re-use across major sectors. It projects future water demand and supply and analyzes challenges facing Jordan's water infrastructure, institutions and polices. Finally it proposes st...
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... It is important for growing irrigated vegetables, citrus, and bananas. High-value crops, such as tomatoes and fruit, are grown mainly for the export markets and are irrigated by surface water and wastewater (Humpal et al., 2012) The northern and southern highlands experience annual rainfall between 350-500 mm and are suited to cultivating wheat, summer vegetables, olives, and fruit trees. Irrigated crops use surface water, wastewater and groundwater pumped from deep wells (MWI, 2016). ...
... This is relatively low compared to other countries in the region. WUE is thus considered high at 70% (MWI, 2016) and is attributed to the extensive use of hi-tech micro and sprinkler irrigation (Humpal et al., 2012) (Talozi, Al Sakaji and Altz-Stamm, 2015). ...
... With approximately 80% of its land area classified as sparsely vegetated rangeland or desert receiving less than 200 mm of annual precipitation (ICARDA, 2016), the area suitable for crop production is Agriculture also supports export-oriented value chains and many jobs in parts of the country where alternative job creation is difficult (Humpal et al., 2012). Agriculture is seen as part of the solution for future food security (EBRD and FAO, 2015;Talks, without date). ...
The horticultural sector in Jordan is undergoing a crisis, due to a decline in export. Innovation can improve the performance of the sector. To this end, the government of Jordan should pursue an innovation policy with the Agricultural Knowledge and Innovation System (AKIS) as object of the governance. Based on a review of the AKIS in Jordan it is proposed that a Living Lab setting be used to gain experience with the management of a number of innovation projects and capacity building projects.
... Irrigation in some areas has reached its limits and results in aquifer depletion and salinization of agricultural lands. There has been a renewed interest in the utilization of water harvesting as a way of achieving sustainability transitions in water management (Humpal et al., 2012;Karrou et al., 2011;Qadir et al., 2007) − a diverse topic that has received considerable interest in transitions literature (see Brown et al., 2013;Fam et al., 2014;Moore et al., 2014;Van der Brugge and Rotmans, 2007). ...
... Its current annual renewable per capita water resources are less than 100 m 3 (Ministry of Water and Irrigation, 2016), placing it well below the water stress index threshold for absolute water scarcity of 500 m 3 per capita per year (Falkenmark et al., 1989). The water shortage in Jordan is expected to become more severe over the coming decades, making the transition to a comprehensive approach to water management imperative (Humpal et al., 2012). ...
... Agriculture in the Jordan Valley is characterized by the use of surface water and treated wastewater for irrigation of higher-value crops for domestic use and export (Talozi et al., 2015). Agricultural water use efficiency in the Jordan Valley is relatively high thanks to requirements by the Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MWI)/Jordan Valley Authority (JVA) that farmers use drip and micro sprinklers (Humpal et al., 2012). ...
This study identifies systemic problems and opportunities for transitions in water harvesting − a water conserving agricultural practice − in the context of a developing country pursuing greater agricultural sustainability. We utilize a combined and enriched functional-structural technological innovation system (TIS) analysis to identify systemic problems in the water harvesting TIS in rainfed agricultural production systems of Jordan.
Results indicate Jordanian water harvesting TIS development is hindered by three principal blocking mechanisms: 1) inadequate financial resources to support innovation; 2) lack of a common vision across government ministries; 3) institutional problems that inhibit legitimizing the technology. These challenges are caused by interlocking systemic problems, which indicate the need for integrated policy approaches and interventions. Our analysis reinforces the concept that in developing countries, donor interventions should be centrally considered because they play a role in influencing priorities throughout the system and in supporting TIS development. Donors can counteract TIS development and contribute to directionality problems that favor one form of the
technology over another, which gives insufficient protection for the water harvesting TIS until markets for technologies form. This would require more effective coordination between different donors’ efforts to develop critical mass in TIS development. We also show that cultural institutions and interactions between formal and informal land tenure laws play a significant role in causing an erosion of trust in the government and counter efforts to promote and engage farming communities in water harvesting activities and innovation. This requires recognition that, in developing countries, informal institutions may have the same status as formal institutions.
... Jordan is somewhat at the epicenter of the debate, with international donors and research communities putting forth significant efforts to understanding and then mitigating the consequences of that scarcity (e.g., seeBonn, 2013). Most of the research literature on the Jordanian water sector has focused on the national-and internationalscale dimensions of water politics, supply enhancement, management, and conservation questions (e.g., seeHumpal et al., 2012;Yorke, 2013). In this paper we move beyond the national-scale supply side approach toward addressing water security in Jordan and instead highlight the politics of access to and control over water. ...
... Jordanian policymakers have framed the security implications of water, climate change, and migration in terms of the need to build large-scale infrastructure projects to increase water supplies. As Jordan has low per capita water availability (Humpal et al. 2012), access to sufficient water is seen as integral to national security. When several foreign investors chose not to invest in Jordan because of the country's water scarcity in 2008, King Abdullah established a Royal Commission to address the country's water crisis. ...
Protracted droughts and scarce water resources, combined with internal and cross-border migration, have contributed to the securitization of discourses around migration and water in much of the Middle East. However, there is no clear understanding of the conditions under which water, climate change, and migration are conceived of as security concerns or of their policy implications. This article explores the different means through which Israel, Jordan, and Syria have framed issues of water, climate change, and migration as national security concerns. Based upon an analysis of governmental and publicly available documents, coupled with field interviews with Israeli and Jordanian policymakers, experts, and nongovernmental organizations, we identify two different framings of the water–climate–migration nexus, depending on whether migration is largely external or internal. In Israel and Jordan, concern with influxes of external migrants elevated migration as a security issue in part through impacts on already-scarce water resources. In Syria, where severe drought in the early 2000s prompted large-scale internal migration, officials downplayed connections between scarce water resources, drought, and internal migration, part of a broader pattern of rural neglect. Unlike much of the conventional literature that has posited a linear relationship between climate change, decreasing water availability, and migration, we provide a more robust picture of the water–climate–migration nexus that shows how securitized framings take different forms and produce several unintended consequences.
... The lack of consistent and accurate data makes long-term planning and management extremely difficult. One specific case that came to the attention of the review team was the 2030 Water Resources Group (WRG) determination that total water supply in 2009 was 866 MCM compared to the official record of 936 MCM, a difference of 70 MCM (Don Humpal et al., 2012). *Corresponding author e-mail: n.hadadin@ju.edu.jo ...
Without concrete action Jordan will face a water series problem in the near future. Jordan is a naturally water scarce country. Its climate ranges from semi-arid in the northwestern part of the country to arid desert in its eastern and southern reaches. Jordan is subjected to periodic droughts; water supply from surface sources has declined substantially over the past years. The difficulty to solve water shortage is significant, but not insurmountable. In this study, this issue will be continued without taking real solutions from the government. This paper examines how construction of new dams may reduce the gap between the sources and water demands. Some important information is presented about the dams. Currently existing dams and those that will be constructed in the country in the future perspective plan may resolve the problem of the water shortage. Rainfall harvesting, ponds, and construction new dams in the near future will assist in the reduction gap between water sources and demand.
... Water availability (by source type in 2010) and use (by sector) in Jordan. Source: [32]. ...
... 1. Water availability (by source type in 2010) and use (by sector) in Jordan. Source: [32]. that can potentially be leveraged to identify and implement integrated policies. ...
... Although the majority of long-term planning now falls to the MWI, it effectively serves as a policy planning organization over the JVA and WAJ, two older agencies that were created in the 1970s and 1980s to oversee access and delivery of water to specific economic sectors. The Jordan Valley Authority (JVA) was created in 1977 to manage the water supply in the Jordan Valley through dam construction, irrigation and drainage water management for farmers, and the bulk supply of water to municipal and industrial users [32]. At that time, the JVA was also responsible for land management and distribution outside of municipal boundaries and the development of touristic infrastructure around the Dead Sea. ...
This chapter begins with what a brief description of water management and water governance in each Israel, Palestine, and Jordan, as well as a review of non-governmental and of private organizations involved with water management in the region. It then shifts attention toward a new approach for managing and governing shared water both from a conceptual perspective and then from a specific approach known as the EcoPeace Proposal, which could be applied now, in advance of a Final Status Agreement between Israel and Palestine. It is no surprise that such a proposal has come in for review and critique, the most important of which are presented and then critiqued in this chapter.
Rapid urban growth processes pose severe challenges to the existing water infrastructure, particularly in developing countries (see Bedtke and Gawel, Chap. 3 in this volume). Responding to these challenges might exceed the scope of a gradual change and require a sustainability-oriented system transformation (Kabisch and Kuhlicke 2014). This chapter examines the prospects for such an urban transformation in Amman, the capital of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, where the challenges of supplying water to all residents are particularly demanding. Since the year 2000, the population of the greater Amman municipality is estimated to have grown by more than one third (DOS 2014), and this trend can be expected to persist, due to continually high rates of immigration of Syrian refugees. In addition, Jordan is among the most water-scarce countries in the world (Yorke 2013) and is currently overexploiting its renewable groundwater sources by about 65% above the sustainable extraction rate (IRG 2015). Thus, making progress towards a more sustainable use of its freshwater resources is a matter of urgency. The pressing scarcity of water has led Miyahuna, the public water utility of Amman, to introduce a water quantity rationing scheme by which households only receive water for a limited number of hours per week, leading to perceived and actual water quality problems (supply interruptions can, e.g., lead to contaminant infiltration and the development of biofilms; see Hashwa and Tokajian 2004; Yorke 2013; Potter and Darmame 2010). Both the supply intermittency and the quality concerns have forced residents to intensify the use of various coping strategies (e.g., maintaining private storages, ordering private water tankers, purchasing bottled water), which further complicate any targeted steps to initiate a transformation of the public water supply system and water use patterns towards sustainability.
This paper describes management options and interventions taken by the Government of Jordan to ensure that the quality of drinking water supplied to consumers via the Disi Water Conveyance Project (DWCP) meets Jordanian drinking water standards and WHO guidelines for drinking water quality in respect of their radiological composition. Results from an initial survey of radioactivity present in water abstracted from each of the 55 wells (which comprise the operational well field) indicated an average radiological dose of 0.8 milliSieverts per year (mSv/y) would be accrued by members of the population if consuming water directly from the well head. During full scale operation, the estimated accrued dose from the well field as a whole decreased to an average of 0.7 mSv/y which was still approximately 1.4 times the Jordanian reference radiological limit for drinking water (0.5 mSv/y). Following assessment of treatment options by relevant health and water authorities, blending prior to distribution into the consumer network was identified as the most practicable remedial option. Results from monthly sampling undertaken after inline blending support the adoption of this approach, and indicate a reduction in the committed effective dose to 0.4 mSv/y, which is compliant with Jordanian standards.
