Fig 2 - uploaded by Francesca Coccon
Content may be subject to copyright.
-Floating raft set up in the study to favour the nesting of Common terns in the WWF oasis of Valle Averto. The arrow points the fake decoy of an hatching tern, placed on the rafts to attract individuals.
Source publication
The Venice lagoon hosts the 15% of the entire Italian breeding population of Common terns, Sterna hirundo, highlighting the great value of the area for this species. However, in the last 25 years, a substantial decline of Common terns has been detected in the Lagoon, which culminated in 2008. The main causes of this negative trend were the loss of...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... into the water. Rafts were covered with two habitats of election for nesting terns. Thus we scattered sand and shells over two of them and dead beached seaweed (hereafter windrow) on the remaining two (Burger & Lesser, 1978;Scarton, 2010). Finally, we placed a fake decoy of an hatching tern within each raft, in order to attract individuals (Fig. 2). Rafts were then located in the two lakes of the WWF oasis at an increasing distance from the shore, starting from 60 m, to limit the possibility of being reached by terrestrial predators and the human disturbance created by the visitors of the oasis. To prevent drifting, the rafts were anchored on hunting barrels or poles already ...
Similar publications
Summary of breeding birds, numbers and productivity, on the Farne Islands, Northumberland, in 2021. The article gives a detailed account of the reasons behind the abandonment of Inner Farne by Arctic Terns as a breeding colony that year. Evidence suggests that this was a result of the lack of people (National Trust Rangers living there and visiting...
Citations
... Tra le specie acquatiche non nidificanti, la sterna comune Sterna hirundo è stata più volte osservata in attività di ricerca trofica; attualmente non vi sono nella Cassa di colmata A siti idonei alla sua nidificazione, per cui la collocazione di zattere artificiali potrebbe probabilmente portare all'insediamento di nuove colonie, come comunemente osservato sia all'estero (MANIKOWSKA-ŚLEPOWROŃSKA et al., 2022) che in Laguna di Venezia (COCCON et al., 2018). ...
Mean-term trends (2011-2023) in wintering and nesting waterbirds using a constructed wetland in the lagoon of Venice (Italy).
It is widely acknowledged that constructed wetlands may have, besides the water depuration goals for which they were built, several environmental beneficial outcomes, such as local increase in biodiversity, providing suitable habitats for both vegetation and animals, birds in particular. Using field surveys made in springs 2011-2023, along with analysis of satellite images or drone flights during the last years, and the results of International Waterbirds Counts (IWC) of mid-January 2011-2020, we analysed the waterbirds population using a free water surface constructed wetland (CW-FWS) of about 120 ha. Located along the Venice lagoon edge (Veneto, NE Italy), it includes 48 ha of reedbeds and 56 ha of free waters, 0.3 to 1.6 m deep. In spring, 7-10 species of waterbirds nested each year, with 52->238 pairs. The most abundant species was the Purple Heron Ardea purpurea, occurring with the largest colony known in NE Italy (238 nests in 2021); among the other breeding species there were Coot Fulica atra, Mallard Anas platyrhynchos, Great Crested Grebe Podiceps cristatus, Pochard Netta rufina and Ferruginous Duck Aythya niroca. Wintering waterbirds species accounted for 32 species, which is 33% of the whole number of species wintering in the Lagoon of Venice. Each January there were 931-3,162 birds, mostly teals (566 birds, with a density of 5.1 birds/ha), mallards (411, 3.7 birds/ha), yellow-legged gulls (253, 2.2 birds/ha); among the remaining species, showelers accounted for 136 birds (1.2 birds/ha) and ferruginous ducks 9.6 birds (0.1 birds/ha). For this last species, the constructed wetland hosted up to 90% of the Venice lagoon wintering population and up to 4% of the whole Italian wintering population.
... In many parts of their range, terns breeding on rivers have been displaced from their natural habitats by river regulation and hydropower development (Gochfeld et al. 2018;Müller 2018). As a result, some countries nowadays have a significant part of their inland tern populations (Coccon et al. 2018;Brichetti and Fracasso 2018;Kralj et al. 2019), if not all of them (Müller 2018), breeding in artificial habitats. Terns still intensively use rivers while foraging, although the characteristics of their preferred habitats aren't completely understood. ...
An increasing number of inland Common Tern Sterna hirundo populations nowadays breed in artificial habitats. Inland breeding Common Terns still intensively use rivers while foraging, but the characteristics of their preferred foraging habitats are not well known. In this study we combined telemetric field research and river hydrology modelling to investigate whether Common Terns breeding near Zagreb show a preference for shallow river topography. Our results show that Common Terns breeding close to a preferred foraging area visit shallower parts of the river more when foraging than a random distribution of points along the river would suggest. Furthermore, we show that terns breeding on an artificial island further away from a preferred foraging area exhibit higher distance and duration of foraging trips. They also have a larger foraging range and shorter nest presence. The observed changes in foraging and nesting efforts may affect breeding success as well as adult fitness and survival, influencing the health of the entire population. These findings facilitate the identification of preferred feeding areas as those shallower than 1 m, and indicate that positioning artificial breeding sites closer to these areas could increase population fitness. Furthermore, our results offer useful input for river restoration projects, as well as for analysing the environmental impact of interventions in the riverbed.
... This project envisaged the construction of rafts and islets in only the Diaccia area, as well as some interventions to regulate the water levels, to favor the reproduction of the two target species and mitigate the effects of threats. There is evidence indicating the isolation of the nest structures from terrestrial predators and human disturbance can favor these species [35][36][37]. Floating rafts (1.5 × 1 m to 2 × 2 m and 1.5 × 2 m in size; n = 8) and islets (6 × 6 m in size; n = 7) were built until 2020. ...
We applied two recent approaches largely used in biological conservation: Threat Analysis (TAN) and Threat Reduction Assessments (TRAs), assessing the effectiveness of a project focused on two water-related bird species (common tern, Sterna hirundo and little tern, Sternula albifrons), commonly breeding in some wetlands of Italy. We used the IUCN standardized lexicon for the classification of threats, utilizing a panel of experts to assess a set of regime attributes (extent, severity and magnitude) of each human-induced disturbance. Our aims were: (i) through the TAN approach, to carry out an arrangement and quantification of the main threats acting on our focal species and select the priority ones; (ii) through the TRA approach, to test the effectiveness of an operational project focused on mitigating the threats and improving the breeding success of species (i.e., building rafts and floating islands to encourage their nesting). Using the TAN approach, experts identified the following human-induced threats (IUCN code): 6.1—Generic disturbance; 7.2—Water stress; 7.3—Salinization; 8.8—Vagrant dogs; 8.8—Mediterranean gulls; 8.8—Wild boars, all significantly different in their magnitude. Among them, wild boars and Mediterranean gulls appeared the priority threats with the greatest extent, intensity and magnitude. Using the TRA approach, after the project, we assessed an overall decrease in the threat magnitude of 23.08% (21.42% when considering only the threats directly affected by our project). These data suggest that further efforts should be devoted to achieving greater effectiveness of conservation actions focused on our target species. With limited time and resources to quantify threats, expert-based approaches could be useful for rapidly assessing the effectiveness of small conservation projects by providing a range of scores obtained following an analytical procedure. In this regard, Threat Analysis and Threat Reduction Assessment could be considered useful tools to support adaptive management in project management cycles.
... This project envisaged the construction of rafts and islets in only the Diaccia area, as well as some interventions to regulate the water levels, to favor the reproduction of the two target species and mitigate the effects of threats. There is evidence indicating the isolation of the nest structures from terrestrial predators and human disturbance can favor these species [35][36][37]. Floating rafts (1.5 × 1 m to 2 × 2 m and 1.5 × 2 m in size; n = 8) and islets (6 × 6 m in size; n = 7) were built until 2020. ...
We applied two recent approaches largely used in biological conservation: Threat Analysis (TAN) and Threat Reduction Assessments (TRAs), assessing the effectiveness of a project fo-cused on two water-related bird species (common tern, Sterna hirundo and little tern, Sternula albif-rons), commonly breeding in some wetlands of Italy. We used the IUCN standardized lexicon for the classification of threats, utilizing a panel of experts to assess a set of regime attributes (extent, severity and magnitude) of each human-induced disturbance. Our aims were: (i) through the TAN approach, to carry out an arrangement and quantification of the main threats acting on our focal species and select the priority ones; (ii) through the TRA approach, to test the effectiveness of an operational project focused on mitigating the threats and improving the breeding success of species (i.e., building rafts and floating islands to encourage their nesting). Using the TAN approach, experts identified the following human-induced threats (IUCN code): 6.1-Generic disturbance; 7.2-Water stress; 7.3-Salinization; 8.8-Vagrant dogs; 8.8-Mediterranean gulls; 8.8-Wild boars, all significantly different in their magnitude. Among them, wild boars and Mediterranean gulls appeared the priority threats with the greatest extent, intensity and magnitude. Using the TRA approach, after the project, we assessed an overall decrease in the threat magnitude of 23.08% (21.42% when considering only the threats directly affected by our project). These data suggest that further efforts should be devoted to achieving greater effectiveness of conservation actions focused on our target species. With limited time and resources to quantify threats, expert-based approaches could be useful for rapidly assessing the effectiveness of small conservation projects by providing a range of scores obtained following an analytical procedure. In this regard, Threat Analysis and Threat Reduction Assessment could be considered useful tools to support adaptive management in project management cycles.
... The connection with the sea is provided by three inlets (Lido, Malamocco and Chioggia), allowing for the exchange with the Adriatic Sea of about 400 million m 3 of water per day through microtidal and predominantly semidiurnal tidal flushing (Bernstein and Montobbio, 2011;Tagliapietra and Volpi Ghirardini, 2006). Natural and reconstructed salt marshes and fish farms occupy respectively 100 km 2 and 38 km 2 within the basin of Venice's lagoon and contribute to making it one of the primary breeding areas for marine birds in the Mediterranean area, including Sandwich tern and Mediterranean gull (Coccon et al., 2018;Scarton, 2017). ...
Neonicotinoids are one of the most diffusely used classes of pesticides whose level of danger toward non-target invertebrate and vertebrate species has raised increasing concern in the last decades. Among vertebrates, birds are particularly susceptible to unintentional neonicotinoid poisoning since they can be exposed through different pathways, including ingestion of dressed seeds, sucking of contaminated pollen, ingestion of sprayed insects, predation on contaminated aquatic and terrestrial preys. In the present study, we investigated the possible exposure of seabirds by measuring the residues of five neonicotinoids (acetamiprid, clothianidin, imidacloprid, thiacloprid and thiamethoxam) in samples of pooled feathers collected from fledglings of the strictly piscivorous Sandwich tern (Thalasseus sandvicensis) and the mixotrophic species Mediterranean gull (Ichthyaetus melanocephalus). At least one neonicotinoid was quantified in all the Mediterranean gull samples (n = 11) and 89% of the analysed Sandwich tern samples (n = 36). The active principles with the highest quantification rates were imidacloprid (100% in Mediterranean gulls and 58% in Sandwich terns) and clothianidin (100% in Mediterranean gulls and 61% in Sandwich terns), while thiacloprid was the less frequently detected pesticide (<20% of samples in both species). Mean concentrations ± standard error for imidacloprid, clothianidin and thiamethoxam were 8.8 ± 1.4, 4.5 ± 0.19 and 0.16 ± 0.02 ng g⁻¹ for the Mediterranean gull, and 5.8 ± 0.55, 0.60 ± 0.08 and 0.36 ± 0.03 ng g⁻¹for the Sandwich tern, respectively. Our data evidenced the exposure of seabirds to neonicotinoids and the further need to investigate the extent of neonicotinoid contamination in non-agricultural ecosystems.
... L'utilizzo di isole artificiali, con e senza vegetazione, in ambienti acquatici a favore dell'avifauna nidificante è una pratica consolidata da vari decenni in Nord America (McIntyre & Mathisen, 1977;Giroux, 1981) e in Europa, in Gran Bretagna (Swift, 1982;Burgess & Irons, 1992;Sutherland & Hill, 1995;RSPB, 2017), in Camargue per i fenicotteri (Scott, 1982), in Grecia per i pellicani (Pyrovetsi, 1997) e in Italia per le sterne comuni (Carini & Adorni, 2005;Coccon et al., 2018). Particolare attenzione è stata rivolta a favore di Sternidi (Dunlop et al., 1991;Lampman et al., 1996;Schönbächler, 2006;Shealer et al., 2006;Coccon et al., 2018) e meno frequentemente di Anatidi (Brenner & Mondok, 1979;Giroux, 1981), strolaghe (Hancock, 2000;Piper et al., 2002;De Sorbo et al., 2008), svassi (Scott, 1982), limicoli (Pigniczki et al., 2019), pellicani (Pyrovetsi, 1997) e fenicotteri (Scott, 1982). ...
... L'utilizzo di isole artificiali, con e senza vegetazione, in ambienti acquatici a favore dell'avifauna nidificante è una pratica consolidata da vari decenni in Nord America (McIntyre & Mathisen, 1977;Giroux, 1981) e in Europa, in Gran Bretagna (Swift, 1982;Burgess & Irons, 1992;Sutherland & Hill, 1995;RSPB, 2017), in Camargue per i fenicotteri (Scott, 1982), in Grecia per i pellicani (Pyrovetsi, 1997) e in Italia per le sterne comuni (Carini & Adorni, 2005;Coccon et al., 2018). Particolare attenzione è stata rivolta a favore di Sternidi (Dunlop et al., 1991;Lampman et al., 1996;Schönbächler, 2006;Shealer et al., 2006;Coccon et al., 2018) e meno frequentemente di Anatidi (Brenner & Mondok, 1979;Giroux, 1981), strolaghe (Hancock, 2000;Piper et al., 2002;De Sorbo et al., 2008), svassi (Scott, 1982), limicoli (Pigniczki et al., 2019), pellicani (Pyrovetsi, 1997) e fenicotteri (Scott, 1982). La creazione di nuove isole permette di creare un habitat idoneo per la nidificazione di molte specie di uccelli acquatici in quanto risultano inaccessibili ai predatori terrestri (Sutherland & Hill, 1995) e hanno un ampio campo visivo (Angle, 1992) che permette di osservare da distanza i predatori alati. ...
Abstract - Floating islands in Arno stream basins (Ticino river Park, Lombardy, Italy) for birds of conservation interest
The basins of wastewater treatment and of controlled leakage of Arno stream are localized in the northern sector of Ticino river Park, at the border between the provinces of Milano and Varese. Soon after their creation, in the early years 2000, they were colonized as breeding habitat by the first breeding pairs in Ticino river valley of Ferruginous Duck, Pochard and Tufted Duck and by the northernmost breeding colony of Black-Winged Stilt in Ticino Park and in Lombardy. The LIFE project “Ticino Biosource” permitted to realize about new 100 floating islands, with and without marsh vegetation, in one of the basin of controlled leakage without bordering wetland vegetation. The intervention was realized in 2019 and both in 2019 and in 2020 the 4 above cited species were breeding on the new artificial islands.Bird monitoring in 2017-2020 permitted to verify an increase in the number of breeding pairs of these species in the Arno basins. Ferruginous Duck (Annex I Birds Directive and Priority Species for the European Commission, SPEC 1 for BirdLife International) increased from 8 breeding pairs in 2017 to 14 pairs in 2020.
Riassunto - Le vasche di fitodepurazione e di dispersione controllata del torrente Arno sono localizzate nel settore settentrionale del Parco Lombardo della Valle del Ticino, a cavallo delle province di Milano e Varese. A seguito della loro creazione, avvenuta a metà degli anni 2000, il sito ha ospitato le prime coppie nidificanti di Moretta tabaccata, Moriglione e Moretta nella Valle del Ticino e la colonia nidificante più settentrionale in Lombardia di Cavaliere d’Italia. Il progetto LIFE “Ticino Biosource” ha portato alla posa di circa 100 nuove isole galleggianti, con e senza vegetazione, all’interno di una delle vasche a dispersione controllata dove la vegetazione palustre era precedentemente assente. L’intervento è stato effettuato nel 2019 e sia nel 2019 che nel 2020 le quattro specie sopra citate hanno nidificato su tali isole artificiali. Le attività di monitoraggio ornitologico standardizzato condotte nel 2017-2020 hanno permesso di accertare l’incremento delle popolazioni delle quattro specie che hanno nidificato con successo nel sistema delle vasche del torrente Arno. La Moretta tabaccata (Allegato I nella Direttiva Uccelli e Specie Prioritaria per la Commisione Europea, SPEC 1 secondo BirdLife International) è aumentata da 8 coppie nidificanti nel 2017 a 14 coppie nel 2020.
... L'utilizzo di isole artificiali, con e senza vegetazione, in ambienti acquatici a favore dell'avifauna nidificante è una pratica consolidata da vari decenni in Nord America (McIntyre & Mathisen, 1977;Giroux, 1981) e in Europa, in Gran Bretagna (Swift, 1982;Burgess & Irons, 1992;Sutherland & Hill, 1995;RSPB, 2017), in Camargue per i fenicotteri (Scott, 1982), in Grecia per i pellicani (Pyrovetsi, 1997) e in Italia per le sterne comuni (Carini & Adorni, 2005;Coccon et al., 2018). Particolare attenzione è stata rivolta a favore di Sternidi (Dunlop et al., 1991;Lampman et al., 1996;Schönbächler, 2006;Shealer et al., 2006;Coccon et al., 2018) e meno frequentemente di Anatidi (Brenner & Mondok, 1979;Giroux, 1981), strolaghe (Hancock, 2000;Piper et al., 2002;De Sorbo et al., 2008), svassi (Scott, 1982, limicoli (Pigniczki et al., 2019), pellicani (Pyrovetsi, 1997) e fenicotteri (Scott, 1982). ...
... L'utilizzo di isole artificiali, con e senza vegetazione, in ambienti acquatici a favore dell'avifauna nidificante è una pratica consolidata da vari decenni in Nord America (McIntyre & Mathisen, 1977;Giroux, 1981) e in Europa, in Gran Bretagna (Swift, 1982;Burgess & Irons, 1992;Sutherland & Hill, 1995;RSPB, 2017), in Camargue per i fenicotteri (Scott, 1982), in Grecia per i pellicani (Pyrovetsi, 1997) e in Italia per le sterne comuni (Carini & Adorni, 2005;Coccon et al., 2018). Particolare attenzione è stata rivolta a favore di Sternidi (Dunlop et al., 1991;Lampman et al., 1996;Schönbächler, 2006;Shealer et al., 2006;Coccon et al., 2018) e meno frequentemente di Anatidi (Brenner & Mondok, 1979;Giroux, 1981), strolaghe (Hancock, 2000;Piper et al., 2002;De Sorbo et al., 2008), svassi (Scott, 1982, limicoli (Pigniczki et al., 2019), pellicani (Pyrovetsi, 1997) e fenicotteri (Scott, 1982). La creazione di nuove isole permette di creare un habitat idoneo per la nidificazione di molte specie di uccelli acquatici in quanto risultano inaccessibili ai predatori terrestri (Sutherland & Hill, 1995) e hanno un ampio campo visivo (Angle, 1992) che permette di osservare da distanza i predatori alati. ...
The book describes best practices of habitat management in favour of aquatic species like birds, fishes and amphibians, through the creation of new wetlands and new floating islands with reedbeds.
The book presents as weel case studies of best practices of habitat management in favour of aquatic species in UK, Slovenia and The Netherlands.
... The floating island is designed similarly with the most common sea bath typology in İstanbul, namely encircling a rectangular pool in the centre. Through this design terns, gulls, and some other bird species are expected to find more space for breeding and feeding in addition to the decreasing natural sand and gravel pits in the area (Coccon & Borella & Simeoni & Malavasi, 2018). ...
Purpose
The paper reflects the impacts of the "Arab Spring" that broke out in Tunisia and Syria and led to the loss of more than 300,000 people. A wave of migration began in 2011, especially from Syria to its neighbouring countries including Turkey and Lebanon. Syrian migratory flows have caused social, economic, and ecological problems in the hosting countries. Turkey is one of the countries most affected by the wave of migration from Syria. Syrian refugees were unequally distributed or dispersed not only in leading metropolitan areas of western Turkey but also in many neighbouring cities in the southeast. The distribution of Syrian refugees in Turkish cities revealed considerable spatial heterogeneity and differences.
Design/Methodology/Approach
The sample size of the study is 953 and the margin of error of this sample size is ± 3.17 at a 95% confidence level. Stratified simple random sampling was used. Interviews were
Findings
Fatih in İstanbul is one of the districts where Syrian immigrants most often settle. As part of the research on social risk mapping for Fatih District, immigrants - especially Syrian immigrants - have been identified as the main cause of problems by residents (the locals), with this group experiencing higher layoffs in terms of economic opportunities. Our analysis found that the main reason why Syrian immigrants are cited as a problem is "economic motivation". The rate at which Syrians are declared a problem in the districts of Fatih district is directly proportional to the distribution of the Syrian immigrant population.
Research Limitations/Implications
Time restriction, unfavourable weather conditions, missing information for socio economic status calculation, reluctance of women to join the survey.
Originality/Value
This study is the first research which examined spatially, how forced migration has an impact on local residents. Its results that can be useful for social measures towards urban planning and management to reduce the negative effects caused from forced migration population.
... The floating island is designed similarly with the most common sea bath typology in İstanbul, namely encircling a rectangular pool in the centre. Through this design terns, gulls, and some other bird species are expected to find more space for breeding and feeding in addition to the decreasing natural sand and gravel pits in the area (Coccon & Borella & Simeoni & Malavasi, 2018). ...
Purpose
This text intends to discuss the outcome of the graduate design studio titled ‘hydrophilic structures’. Studio research is organized on two primary axis; revealing the potentials of floating spaces as an extension of public spaces on one hand, and digital design and fabrication technologies for prototyping on the other. Concepts such as floating structures, water interaction and public space may initially refer to human utilization however, non-human living organisms are critical for their decisive role on the qualities of the water and the urban environment.
Design/Methodology/Approach
Design of floating structures and water interaction had been a niche inside the traditional culture and practice of architectural design, whereas design and production skills in connection with water had historically developed mostly in the field of engineering and transportation. Floating structures and their potential for unconventional spatial experiences have recently engaged in the focus of contemporary design culture, mainly due to the increasing density and lack of public spaces on the land.
Findings
The proposal, designed through computational tools and fabricated through robotic technology, concentrates on various ways of interaction with water and acknowledge research on the spatial requirements for the birds, as the users of space.
Research Limitations/Implications
Fabrication of the floating prototype is assumed as a primary target for its observation potential enabling an original discussion of the design parameters for bird species. Limitations of the existing fabrication tools and sustainability of the practically available materials were assumed to be out of the scope of this study.
Social/Practical Implications
Design-research presented here covers principal case-studies of floating spaces, the buoyancy principles, material tests and essential variables of ecological dynamics in Haliç as a general framework.
Originality/Value
The subsequent prototype serves for a specific bird population utilizing Haliç as a part of their life cycle, rather than human utilization.
... È possibile siano state effettuate altre indagini nell'arco costiero veneziano, i cui risultati però non sono stati pubblicati, rimanendo relegati nella cosiddetta "letteratura grigia". L'Oasi WWF di Valle Averto, sita ai margini della laguna meridionale di Venezia, grazie alla gestione conservativa adottata da trent'anni e al ridotto e controllato disturbo antropico si presta come eccellente area di studio per indagini faunistiche, sia a 34 Bollettino del Museo di Storia Naturale di Venezia, 70: 33-43 Scarton & Borella fini conoscitivi che applicativi: si vedano per recenti esempi TIOLI et al. (2008) per la teriofauna, MEZZAVILLA (2018) per i Formicidi e COCCON et al. (2018) per l'avifauna acquatica. ...
Summary. Mean term variations (2014-2018) observed in the bird community of a coastal brackish marsh (WWF Oasis Valle Averto, Venice, NE Italy).
The bird community occurring in May and June 2014-2018 was studied with point counts in a WWF Oasis, formerly a fish-farm. The observed richness ranged between 46 and 54 species, while the diversity index (H') was in the range 3.5-3.7. Thirty-two species were observed each year, with additional 14-22 species according to the year. Similarity between the communities in two consecutive years was in the order of 0.66-0.70 (Bray-Curtis index) or 0.77-0.84 (Sorensøn index). The extreme aridity observed in 2017 caused changes in several community parameters, but they recovered to pre-aridity values in the following year. Density (birds/10 ha) for 12 nesting species did not show significant variations across the study period and mean values ranged between 0.9/10 ha (pairs, Red-backed Shrike Lanius collurio) and 3.6/10 ha (individuals, Cetti's Warbler Cettia cetti). Trends evaluated using the TRIM software observed for 23 species were significant only for Marsh Warbler Acrocephalus palutris (moderate increase) and Kingfisher Alcedo atthis (moderate decrease). Overall, the bird community of the WWF Oasis Valle Averto is rich, well structured and with a high degree of resilience.
