Figure 1 - available via license: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
Content may be subject to copyright.
![Flexible touch sensors, consisting of Principles, Materials, Technologies, and Applications in e-skins. Reproduced with permission from Ref [6]. copyright 2019 Elsevier B.V., e-textiles. Adapted with permission from Ref [11]. copyright 2018 Springer Nature, e-healthcare. Adapted with permission from Ref [7]. copyright 2017 American Chemical Society, e-control. Adapted with permission from Ref [5]. copyright 2020 IEEE.](publication/348217023/figure/fig1/AS:1013254046375938@1618589998768/Flexible-touch-sensors-consisting-of-Principles-Materials-Technologies-and.png)
Flexible touch sensors, consisting of Principles, Materials, Technologies, and Applications in e-skins. Reproduced with permission from Ref [6]. copyright 2019 Elsevier B.V., e-textiles. Adapted with permission from Ref [11]. copyright 2018 Springer Nature, e-healthcare. Adapted with permission from Ref [7]. copyright 2017 American Chemical Society, e-control. Adapted with permission from Ref [5]. copyright 2020 IEEE.
Source publication
Nowadays, much of user interface is based on touch and the touch sensors have been common for displays, Internet of things (IoT) projects, or robotics. They can be found in lamps, touch screens of smartphones, or other wide arrays of applications as well. However, the conventional touch sensors, fabricated from rigid materials, are bulky, inflexibl...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... this short review, we focus only on flexible sensors in view of touch-sensing, emphasizing the sensors incorporated into garments, or directly on the skin for multidisciplinary applications on the latest advancements of recent years, as described in Figure 1. Some basic principles of touch sensors are introduced in Sections 1-2, consisting of capacitive touch, resistive touch, piezoelectric touch, and triboelectric touch. ...
Similar publications
Recent developments in IoT-enabled cloud computing and interactive applications have made researchers rethink how healthcare services are currently provided. The IoT-cloud-based systems facilitate remote monitoring and support for patients. However, in the existing area, much emphasis has not been given to making the healthcare systems green. So, i...
Citations
... To create smart textile-based sensors or actuators, there are two types of integration in textile products, such as textiles with conventional electronics (e.g., sensors or actuators mounted on PCB boards), based on whether the textile material is a support material or surface electrodes for textile actuators or sensors, which offer easy integration and operate on capacitive, resistive and piezoelectric principles. In these systems, structural integration occurs on small surfaces of a few mm or cm [1][2][3][4][5]. In this work, experimental plans are reported for reducing redundant experiments using static methods (e.g., using full factorial design, optimization or principal component analysis). ...
This paper presents several use cases for a full factorial experimental design method used in the development of flexible sensors and actuators. The full factorial experimental designs consisted of 4 factors with discrete values (3–4 levels) based on known parameters of the experimental devices. In general, the selected factors can influence other dependent variables. This study aims to investigate the main effects and the interaction effects (antagonistic, synergistic, ceiling) among the different factors and to optimize an experimental design for reducing the consumption (raw materials, water, energy, chemicals) and obtaining the optimal values for surface electrical resistance using a reduced number of experiments. The use of the complete factorial experimental plan and optimization with a minimization function helps to select, from the set of possible experiments, the experiments including the optimal parameters for obtaining the desired result. Therefore, the number of experimental plans and the corresponding amount of resource consumption is reduced (e.g., from 81–256 experiments to 10–20 experiments) while obtaining electroconductive textile electrodes for sensors and actuators.
... As current computer technology develop rapidly, the application of flexible wearable sensors is becoming increasingly widespread (Vu Chi et al., 2021). In terms of sports and health, flexible wearable sensors can be used in golf training, shooting posture training, table tennis posture training, Taekwondo posture training, rowing monitoring, swimming technology statistics, etc . ...
With the continuous development of flexible electronics, multi-functional device integration, artificial intelligence technology, etc., flexible wearable sensors are playing an increasingly important role in people’s daily motion monitoring. However, current flexible wearable sensors have problems such as low accuracy, poor real-time performance, and poor stability in motion monitoring, which seriously hinder the better application of flexible wearable sensors and are not conducive to the collection and monitoring of motion signals. To this end, this paper designed a flexible wearable sensor motion monitoring system and tested its performance through the preparation and performance research of new functional polymer conjugated materials. The research results show that the motion monitoring system designed based on the new functional polymer conjugated material flexible wearable sensor has good monitoring accuracy and real-time performance. When the output data is 500 pieces, the running monitoring accuracy reaches 95.4%, and the monitoring feedback time is 0.321 s; the high jump movement monitoring accuracy rate reaches 97%, and the monitoring feedback time is 0.287 s; the long jump movement monitoring accuracy rate reaches 96%, and the monitoring feedback time is 0.296 s. This shows that the flexible wearable sensor motion monitoring system of this paper has better performance and can meet the current demand for accuracy and real-time motion monitoring. This study highlights the impact of new functional polymer conjugated materials on flexible wearable sensors, helping to further solve the deficiencies of flexible wearable sensors in sports monitoring and promote their better development.
... The paper discusses the recent advances in flexible wearable sensors, focusing on touch-sensing applications. The authors provide an overview of the different types of flexible wearable sensors, including resistive, capacitive, piezoelectric, and triboelectric sensors and then discuss the various materials that can be used to fabricate flexible wearable sensors and the different manufacturing techniques that can be employed (Vu, Kim, & Kim, 2021). Dalkılıç, Özcanhan, and Özdemir (2022) focus on wearable sensors in smart textiles. ...
Smart textiles, also known as electronic textiles or e-textiles, are advanced materials that merge traditional textile structures with integrated electronic components and technologies. These textiles offer enhanced functionality and capabilities by incorporating sensors, actuators, power sources, processing units, and communication systems. They enable interaction with the environment and other devices, going beyond the capabilities of traditional textiles. This paper overviews smart textiles and their applications in various sectors such as sportswear, industry, automotive, entertainment, military, public sector, healthcare, and safety domains. It also highlights recent advancements in the field. The focus is wearable fabric-based personal systems, including fitness monitoring, safety, security, and promoting a healthy lifestyle. Integrating smart textiles into garments and accessories can revolutionise industries and improve the quality of life by offering personalised and innovative solutions.
... It is clear that the most significant benefit of soft sensors is their usability in different environments, flexibility, safety, and comfort for the wearer [8][9][10]. On the other hand, the main challenges of these sensors are signal collection and stable operation in an application [11][12][13]. ...
Soft sensors are attracting much attention from researchers worldwide due to their versatility in practical projects. There are already many applications of soft sensors in aspects of life, consisting of human-robot interfaces, flexible electronics, medical monitoring, and healthcare. However, most of these studies have focused on a specific area, such as fabrication, data analysis, or experimentation. This approach can lead to challenges regarding the reliability, accuracy, or connectivity of the components. Therefore, there is a pressing need to consider the sensor’s placement in an overall system and find ways to maximize the efficiency of such flexible sensors. This paper proposes a fabrication method for soft capacitive pressure sensors with spacer fabric, conductive inks, and encapsulation glue. The sensor exhibits a good sensitivity of 0.04 kPa−1, a fast recovery time of 7 milliseconds, and stability of 10,000 cycles. We also evaluate how to connect the sensor to other traditional sensors or hardware components. Some machine learning models are applied to these built-in soft sensors. As expected, the embedded wearables achieve a high accuracy of 96% when recognizing human walking phases.
... Moreover, electronic devices are greatly important due to their flexible touch-based sensing for e-healthcare applications as wearable chemical and biochemical sensors. 15 Phosphorene (Ph) is a mono-elemental two-dimensional (2D) material obtained from black phosphorus (BP) and manifests many outstanding electronic, mechanical, and carrier transport properties; thus, it is used in various technological areas. BP has a layered 2D material with a puckered honeycomb structure. ...
... Despite significant improvement in the sheet resistance of carbon-based nanomaterials compared with the conductive polymers, the use of CNTs for large scale applications is still complicated due to their controlled structure [13]. It has also been proven that CNTs can cause various adverse health effects, such as pneumonia, and MWCNTs have been identified as potentially carcinogenic [49]. Therefore, some precautions should be considered since conductive textiles coated with these types of compounds can also be in close contact with the skin. ...
... The instability of metals (risk of oxidation), the variability of costs, poor interfacial adhesion with fabrics, weight, rigidity, low durability during wash and wear, and concerns about their biocompatibility limit their applications [5,52,62]. Moreover, metallic nanostructures could also cause skin irritation and long-term toxicity in contact with the skin, as well as serious health problems, e.g., genotoxicity [21,49]. ...
The presented review summarizes recent studies in the field of electro conductive textiles as an essential part of lightweight and flexible textile-based electronics (so called e-textiles), with the main focus on a relatively simple and low-cost dip-coating technique that can easily be integrated into an existing textile finishing plant. Herein, numerous electro conductive compounds are discussed, including intrinsically conductive polymers, carbon-based materials, metal, and metal-based nanomaterials, as well as their combinations, with their advantages and drawbacks in contributing to the sectors of healthcare, military, security, fitness, entertainment, environmental, and fashion, for applications such as energy harvesting, energy storage, real-time health and human motion monitoring, personal thermal management, Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) shielding, wireless communication, light emitting, tracking, etc. The greatest challenge is related to the wash and wear durability of the conductive compounds and their unreduced performance during the textiles’ lifetimes, which includes the action of water, high temperature, detergents, mechanical forces, repeated bending, rubbing, sweat, etc. Besides electrical conductivity, the applied compounds also influence the physical-mechanical, optical, morphological, and comfort properties of textiles, depending on the type and concentration of the compound, the number of applied layers, the process parameters, as well as additional protective coatings. Finally, the sustainability and end-of-life of e-textiles are critically discussed in terms of the circular economy and eco-design, since these aspects are mainly neglected, although e-textile’ waste could become a huge problem in the future when their mass production starts.
... In the past years impressive progress in sensing technologies has been achieved due to the development of spectroscopic and microelectronic devices along with success in synthetic methods including organic and/or inorganic materials and nano composites [1]. This has led to the development of many technologies, including more precise touch sensors [2], fast devices for movement detection, and chemical sensors for media monitoring. Now, the field of chemical sensing is undergoing tremendous growth in areas from environmental control [3], healthcare [4] and the food industry [5] to materials examination such as metal corrosion [6] and oil quality. ...
Today, the development of nanomaterials with sensing properties attracts much scientific interest because of the demand for low-cost nontoxic colloidal nanoprobes with high sensitivity and selectivity for various biomedical and environment-related applications. Carbon dots (CDs) are promising candidates for these applications as they demonstrate unique optical properties with intense emissions, biocompatibility, and ease of fabrication. Herein, we developed synthesis protocols to obtain CDs based on o-phenylenediamine with a variety of optical responses depending on additional precursors and changes in the reaction media. The obtained CDs are N-doped (N,S-doped in case of thiourea addition) less than 10 nm spherical particles with emissions observed in the 300–600 nm spectral region depending on their chemical composition. These CDs may act simultaneously as absorptive/fluorescent sensing probes for solvent polarity with ∆S/∆ENT up to 85, for ∆ENT from 0.099 to 1.0 and for pH values in the range of 3.0–8.0, thus opening an opportunity to check the pH in non-pure water or a mixture of solvents. Moreover, CDs preserve their optical properties when embedded in cellulose strips that can be used as sensing probes for fast and easy pH checks. We believe that the resulting dual-purpose sensing nano probes based on CDs will have high demand in various sensing applications.
... This lightstimulated universe offered the competence of a local volume regulator by treating defined areas and monitoring the release profile by fine-tuning the concentration of the stimulus. [67][68] . Enzymatic reaction activated. ...
During the past two decades, the era of digitalization in pharmaceutical device manufacturing has gained significant momentum for maintaining human health. From various available technologies, internet of things (IoT) sensors are being increasingly used as wearable devices (e.g., smart watches, wrist bands, mobile phones, tablets, implantable pumps, etc.) that enable real-time monitoring of data. Such devices are integrated with smart materials that typically monitor the real-time data (blood pressure, blood sugar, heart and pulse rate, cytokine levels, etc.) to advise patients and physicians. Hence, there has been a great demand for wearable devices as potential tools for remote clinical trial monitoring in cancers and other diseases and they are proving to be very cost-effective.
... The research and development of wearable sensing technology are accelerating the development of new applications in entertainment, fitness, and gaming, and specialized applications in certain fields, such as defense, healthcare, and security. Wearable devices had an estimated market value of USD 80 billion in 2020, representing a threefold increase since 2014; their market value is predicted to reach USD 138 billion by 2025 [1]. Smartwatches and wristbands had a combined market of 51% among the wearables used by consumers in 2019, and ear-worn wearable devices were expected to have a market share of 48% by 2021. ...
... In addition, flexible sensors can be fabricated by transferring a conductive material onto textile or silicone. Although this technology is not practical, it serves as a step that can be used to support other technologies [1]. Evaporation is another an important step in the synthesis of thin films of materials used in various flexible devices. ...
Many modern user interfaces are based on touch, and such sensors are widely used in displays, Internet of Things (IoT) projects, and robotics. From lamps to touchscreens of smartphones, these user interfaces can be found in an array of applications. However, traditional touch sensors are bulky, complicated, inflexible, and difficult-to-wear devices made of stiff materials. The touch screen is gaining further importance with the trend of current IoT technology flexibly and comfortably used on the skin or clothing to affect different aspects of human life. This review presents an updated overview of the recent advances in this area. Exciting advances in various aspects of touch sensing are discussed, with particular focus on materials, manufacturing, enhancements, and applications of flexible wearable sensors. This review further elaborates on the theoretical principles of various types of touch sensors, including resistive, piezoelectric, and capacitive sensors. The traditional and novel hybrid materials and manufacturing technologies of flexible sensors are considered. This review highlights the multidisciplinary applications of flexible touch sensors, such as e-textiles, e-skins, e-control, and e-healthcare. Finally, the obstacles and prospects for future research that are critical to the broader development and adoption of the technology are surveyed.
... People in a culture of high uncertainty avoidance value risk aversion more than people in a culture of low uncertainty avoidance [30]. The adoption of new technologies will bring about new risks, such as privacy risks [1] and imperfect technology [55,56]. This might make people in a high uncertainty avoidance culture hesitate to adopt new technologies. ...
Background
Wearable health care devices have not yet been commercialized on a large scale. Additionally, people in different countries have different utilization rates. Therefore, more in-depth studies on the moderating effect of national culture on adoption intention in wearable health care devices are necessary.
Objective
This study aims to explore the summary results of the relationships between perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use with adoption intention in wearable health care devices and the impact of the moderating effect of national culture on these two relationships.
Methods
We searched for studies published before September 2021 in the Web of Science, EBSCO, Engineering Village, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, IEEE Xplore, and Wiley Online Library databases. CMA (version 2.0, Biostat Inc) software was used to perform the meta-analysis. We conducted publication bias and heterogeneity tests on the data. The random-effects model was used to estimate the main effect size, and a sensitivity analysis was conducted. A meta-regression analysis was used to test the moderating effect of national culture.
ResultsThis meta-analysis included 20 publications with a total of 6128 participants. Perceived usefulness (r=0.612, P
