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0 and 2.0 show the schematic diagram and assembly view of the thermo siphon solar water heater respectively.
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A solar water heater using a thermo-siphon principle has been developed. Major components of the heater include: (i) a cold water tank, (ii) hot water storage tank, (iii) solar collector, and (iv) the circulation system. The tanks were made with gauge 16 galvanized steel. The hot water storage tank is insulated with 50mm thick fibre glass. The sola...
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Citations
... Contrary to spherical single-crystal wafers, polycrystalline panels are manufactured of the same silicon material but in a square block, tangled with blue hues. The arbitrary crystal boundaries that surrounds it [16] causes efficiency to drop [17]. Moreover, Thin Film Solar Cells use a thin layer of an exotic material on a metal or glass sheet with partial shading that reduces power loss. ...
Despite their adverse environmental impact and principal cause of climate change, non-renewable fossil fuel-based energy sources currently dominate the global energy use. As such, the search for less harmful and non-depletable alternative sources of energy continues. In this respect, this paper attempted to provide a brief review of commonly available renewable sources of energy; including solar energy, wind energy, hydro power, geothermal, biomass, and wave or tidal energy; covering their generation process, advantages and disadvantages, and suitability for use. Structured literature review approach was applied for this research. It was observed that various types of renewable energy sources have a number of advantages and disadvantages, in terms of their availability, ease of use, and initial installation cost, among others. It was concluded that the overall benefits of selecting a certain type of renewable energy source should outweigh its relevant drawbacks. The outcomes are expected to generate a general awareness among the stakeholders, and in hopes motivate the policy makers to gradually adopt suitable renewable energy systems.
... Kolektor surya merupakan perangkat untuk mengumpulkan energi radiasi matahari yang sampai ke permukaan bumi dan mengubahnya menjadi energi kalor. Menurut Okafor Basil [5] ada tiga tipe kolektor surya yang paling banyak diaplikasikan yaitu kolektor tipe datar, kolektor dengan sistem penyimpanan terintegrasi dan kolektor berbentuk pipa. Gangane, et al. [6] menemukan bahwa sistem sederhana pemindah panas dengan kolektor berbentuk piring datar atau pipa dipasang secara bertingkat-tingkat dan horizontal pada atap bangunan dapat menghasilkan suhu pemanasan 100-160 o C sedangkan kolektor konsentrasi (Fresnel, bak parabola, menara dan oven) dapat mencapai suhu pemanasan hingga 250 o C. Penelitian yang telah disajikan oleh Ogie dkk. ...
Integration of solar water heating system and biodiesel unit process has resulted a prototype called Mini Biodiesel Plant. The key of that unit is the effectiveness of heat transfer that occured in the solar collector. The purpose of this research is to analyze the performance of the collector from the solar water heating system. The solar collector used is a flat plate type with a surface area of 0.7m2. It consists of a glass cover, alummunium absorber, styrofoam insulator and woof frame. Based on the research result for 5 times for 5 hours each day, the highest of intensity of solar radiation (I) was 859 W/m2 can produce maximum hot water (Ta) of 62oC. The average of real heat has been absorbes by teh collector (Qu) was 271 Watt while the maximum of heat loss (Qloss) was 144.6 Watt therefore the average of collector efficiency (ƞ) was 45.1%.
... Because many researchers proposed that, hydropower resources become an attractive means, of generating electricity for off-grid networks, especially in rural areas [Rismanchi et al. 2013]. An excellent review and analysis of hydropower systems and storing problems is presented in [Okafor 2013]. ...
Recently, hydropower energy resources become an attractive means of generating electricity for, off-grid networks, especially in rural areas. This work aims to design a suitable prototype of an energy-storing system, which is called a Potential Steam Hydro Capacitor. This system gives a manageable source of electricity, and partially provides drinkable water, at a low cost, as an alternative to comparatively high-cost electrical batteries. The system is composed of two solar collectors, connected in series. The working fluid in the first collector is Dead Sea water, and in the second fresh water, a heat exchanger, a thermosiphon solar water heater connected to a high column to pass the vapor to high altitude, and a condensation unit on the roof of the building. The system succeeds in producing a considerable amount of fresh water at a height of 3.4 m. The potential energy produced, can operate a small turbine. The capability of the system, to convert thermal energy in the freshwater, to potential energy, was high, with an efficiency of 66.7%. adding solar concentrators to the system would increase the water collected.
... These systems work best in mild freezing climates where temperatures do not go below freezing point [34]. In thermosyphon systems, water flows by gravity from the cold-water tank to the collectors to be heated by the radiation [35]. The thermosyphon principle creates a natural convection that allows the now heated water to circulate through the risers to the hot water tank (or to the upper part of the tank in a compact, built-in-tank solar water heater). ...
Among the renewable energy resources, solar thermal is one of the technologies that significantly contribute to energy supply and reduce global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Solar water heating (SWH) contributes a large proportion of the global solar thermal capacity, with 63% installation for domestic hot water (DHW) systems, 28% for large DHW systems, and the remaining 9% for other applications such as swimming pools heating, solar district heating, and space heating. Still, now, there are many challenges and limitations of those SWH technologies. The present work reviews the current challenges faced in the domestic SWH industry globally. The integration of thermal energy storage (TES) systems for better collector’s radiation absorption and overall performance are also highlighted. Many countries worldwide seem to face similar challenges within the SWH technologies and industry. It is proven that these challenges and limitations can hinder the global capacity of solar thermal utilization.
... Decrease in the entropy generation through 4.34% as well as the augmentation of the coefficient of heat transfer by15.33% was observed as a result of SWCNT nanofluids. Okafor (2013) conducted experiments on a designed solar water heater which works by the principle of them syphoning whose thickness is 50 mm, made up of fibreglass of collector area 1.6 m 2 at a tilted angle of 7°(degree). The result showed the attainment of an utmost temperature of 72°C at an average gain in energy of 24 W/h and efficiency of solar water heater is 42.4%. ...
The main objective of this study is to lower the greenhouse gases by developing and optimizing a solar flat plate collector. The rifled tube is integrated into the collector to increase the thermal heat transfer thereby improving its performance. Two flat plate collectors, one with in-housed longitudinal fins and another without fins of 0.5 m2 collector area, have been intended and fabricated with provisions for K-type thermocouples to examine the temperature variations inside the collector for different working fluids. This current study reveals using CuO and Al2O3 nanoparticles in varying weight fractions in incremental order to study the effect of weight fractions on the efficiency of the collector. The simulation was done using computational fluid dynamics both for the finned and without finned tube collectors separately and the outcome of the results for the collector outlet temperatures is compared with the experimental one and results show a valuable outcome for the intended collectors. Initially, the test was conducted with pure distilled water as working fluid and further nanoparticles were opted and doped inside the collector side for varying weight fractions of 0.2% and 0.4% and their results are compared. The experimental results showed an improved heat transfer was pragmatic in the collector side for using nanoparticles. Mixing the nanofluids exhibited superior efficiency on the collector side. The results showed after successful trials of experimentation, doping of CuO nanoparticles by varying weight fractions of 0.2% and 0.4%, augmentation of the collector (unfinned) efficiency is 2.1% and 4.05%, and similarly for finned tube collector, it is 3.02% and 5.5% for same weight fractions. In order to improve the thermal efficiency of collector, CuO is replaced by Al2O3 nanoparticles; for dissimilar weight fractions, the efficiency is enhanced nearly by 3.7% and 6.54% for unfinned tube collector, and for the finned tube, the collector is 4.8% and 7.8% respectively, compared with the base working fluid (water). Experimentation of the collectors with finned tube type achieved a superior efficiency compared with that of unfinned tube collectors which is proved to be higher when used for nanofluids to that of the base working fluid water.
... Maximum fluid output temperature, the collector temperature, and insolation of 55°C, 51°C, and 1,480 W/m 2 , respectively, were obtained on a sunny day. Okafor (2013) has also developed a thermosyphon solar water heater with a maximum recorded efficiency of 42.4% and maximum outlet temperature of 71.2°C was recorded. Ayompe and Duffy (2013) conducted a thermal performance analysis of a solar water heating system with heat pipe evacuated tube collector for water heating application over a year in Dublin, Ireland. ...
The quest for solution to the high cost of energy and the environmental impact emanating from century long overdependence on fossil fuel has propelled several research efforts in renewable alternative energy sources. Nigeria with an annual average of global horizontal irradiation of about 1.4kWh/m 2 in the coastal region, 2.4kWh/m 2 in the Northern region, and seven (7) or more hours of daily sunshine significantly demonstrates solar thermal potential. Solar energy can provide sufficient energy to heat up water to a desired temperature for both domestic and industrial applications with cost reduction in energy and its associated consumption. The study presents a review of literatures on Solar Water Heating (SWH) as well as Solar Thermal Energy Storage Systems (STES). Findings from the review show that solar water heating systems indicate good potential for cost reduction in fossil fuel consumption and its associated environmental concerns with well design solar water heating systems. The use of sensible heat storage materials for underground thermal energy storage (UTES) demonstrates high prospect for solar thermal energy storage for thermal application. The pertinent of laboratory investigation of sensible materials for their physical and thermal properties for heat storage and transfer characteristics in addition to modeling, simulation, and validation is fundamental to overcoming the challenge of daily and seasonal solar thermal systems load demand during solar radiation off peak period.
... This results to the density becoming lesser (natural convection), thereby causing the heated water (with less density) to rise through the riser pipes back to the tank. Passive collectors which operates on the principle of thermosyphon usually have low flow rates (Basil, 2013) compared to the active systems. Collector Orientation The orientation of the collector is based on two factors namely; Azimuth angle and Tilt angle 3. ...
Solar flat plate collector with a triple-glazed cover was designed and constructed using locally available materials. The designwas an upgrade of the existing double-glazed flat plate collector available at Sokoto Energy Research Center, Sokoto. The solarenergy penetrates through the glass cover and is received by the absorber plate, which is coated black in order to absorb as muchthermal energy as possible. The heat energy supposed to escape the collector after received in the collector is then trapped by theglass cover of up to three layers which serve as a good insulator, thereby reducing the heat loss. Some design parameters weredone considering the geographical location of the test site. The collector has a dimension of 90 cm X 100cm, poly urethane foamwas used for insulating the collector, the absorber plate was painted with a black dull paint with the emissivity of 0.95. Thecollector was able to heat up to a temperature of 55.9 0C, and the system efficiency was 14 % which is much better than the conventional flat plate collector with double glazing whose efficiency was 11.1 percentage.
... Energy always becomes important issue. Renewable energy of the sun is generated from the nuclear fusion of its hydrogen into helium, with resulting mass depletion rate of approximately 4.7 x 106 tons per second and solar radiation reaches the earth on a continuous basic amount to 120,000 terawatts [1].Solar energy is fast becoming a welcome alternative source and hazard free heat source, especially in the tropics [2].West Borneois in Equator line where the power of sunlight reaches ±1000 W/m 2 [3]. The solar radiation incident on the surface of the earth can be conveniently utilized for the benefit of human society. ...
Nowadays, electricity become very expensive thing in some remote areas. Energy from solar panels give the solution as renewable energy that is environment friendly. West Borneo is located on the equator where the sun shines for almost 10-15 hours/day. Solar water heating system which is includes storage tank and solar collections becomes a cost-effective way to generate the energy. Solar panel heat water is delivered to water in storage tank. Hot water is used as hot fluid in biodiesel jacked reactor. The purposes of this research are to design Solar Water Heating System for Biodiesel Production and measure the rate of heat-transfer water in storage tank. This test has done for 6 days, every day from 8.30 am until 2.30 pm. Storage tank and collection are made from stainless steel and polystyrene a well-insulated. The results show that the heater can be reach at 50ºC for ±2.5 hours and the maximum temperature is 62ºC where the average of light intensity is 1280 lux.
