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This study aimed to isolate and characterize sulfated polysaccharides (SPs) from Iridaea cor-data and evaluate their anticancer activity. SPs of the Antarctic red seaweed were obtained by CaCl2 (SP1) and ethanol precipitations (SP2) following diluted acid extraction at room temperature. Yields of SP1 and SP2 were approximately 14% and 23%, respecti...
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... FT-IR spectra of SP1 and SP2 were shown in Fig. 4. The assignments of FT-IR spectra on SP1 and SP2 are shown in Table 4 and were made according to the literature ( Pereira et al. 2003;Qiu et al. 2006;Synytsya et al. 2003). The data revealed the presence of characteristic bands of SP in red seaweeds; the very intense and broad IR bands at 1219 and 1211 cm −1 were assigned to asymmetric ...
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A fucoidan, sulfated polysaccharide, was extracted from the brown seaweed Cystoseira schiffneri during 4 harvest periods (December, April, July, and September) and studied for its structural and chemical properties. The Cystoseira schiffneri fucoidan (CSF) showed important variation in sulfate content ranging from 7.8% in December to 34.8% in July....
Citations
... Other genera, including Gigartina, Iridaea, hypnea, Acanthophora, Porphyra umbilicalis, Meristotheca, Cystocloniaceae, and Sarconema are also used as sources of carrageenan. [35][36][37][38][39][40][41] Species of Eucheuma and Hypnea predominantly produce κ-Carrageenan and ι-Carrageenan; 42,43 the genera of Gigartina and Chondrus are the source of -λ-Carrageenan, and the genera of Cystocloniaceae family mostly produce iota-Carrageenan. 44 In recent years, some processes for the extraction of carrageenan from various red seaweed species have been reported. ...
The discovery that human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the primary cause of cervical cancer has opened up new avenues for prevention. Carrageenans are attractive candidates for developing potential HPV prevention due to their actions against a wide range of viruses, mainly through the blocking of the viral attachment stage. In addition, they are characterised by low production costs, abundant availability, biodegradability, biocompatibility, and non-toxicity. This review presents an overview of in vitro and in vivo studies of carrageenan antiviral properties, availability, and future liquid-sexual material. Based on the results of previous studies, both in vitro and in vivo carrageenan has the potential to be applied as a lubricant and feminine cleanser because it can reduce HPV infection, is non-toxic, and non-allergenic.
... Several studies were carried out using unsorted samples from diverse Iridaea species [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. In the case of unsorted Iridaea cordata collected in Antarctica, extraction with dilute acid at room temperature and precipitation with ethanol afforded a galactan with high sulfate content (40%); the low resolution of the IR spectrum of the sample was consistent with the presence of carrageenans of the κ-family but no signals corresponding to λ-carrageenan-type polysaccharides were observed [9]. ...
The polysaccharide systems from cystocarpic and tetrasporic phases of the Sub-Antarctic algae Iridaea cordata were studied. Cystocarpic plant polysaccharides are mainly composed by carrageenans of the κ–family. However, agaran structures were also detected in the fraction soluble in 2.00 M KCl, after fractionation with increasing potassium chloride solutions. The presence of β-d-galactose-α-l-galactose 3-sulfate, β-d-galactose-α-l-galactose 6-sufate, β-d-galactose 6-sulfate-α-l-galactose 6-sufate, and of β-d-galactose 4-sulfate-α-l-galactose 2,3-disulfate diads was confirmed by means of methylation and NMR spectroscopy analyses; the latter diad has been scarcely reported. The first extracts from tetrasporic plants rendered a pure λ-carrageenan with considerable yield, which confers this species promising commercial applications. In some cystocarpic and tetrasporic extracts α-glucose was also found and assigned to floridean starch by ¹H-¹³C HSQC NMR spectroscopy.
... Recently, it has been studied as a source of polyunsaturated fatty acids [14] and as a biosorbent that can effectively remove crystal violet and methylene blue dyes from aqueous solutions [12]. Lastly, some studies have shown the potential antimicrobial and antitumoral activity of IC extracts and IC polysaccharides [7,15]. ...
Macroalgae are sources of bioactive compounds that are interesting from both a chemical and a medical point of view. Although their use in biomedicine has increased significantly in recent years, tests conducted to date have been mostly related to species from temperate latitudes, with the potential application of Antarctic biodiversity being minor. The wide variety of algae species present on Antarctic coastal areas can be a source of new antioxidants. Bearing this in mind, the brown macroalgae Desmarestia antarctica (DA) and the red Iridaea cordata (IC) were selected for the preparation of aqueous extracts with the aim of analyzing their antioxidant activity. This analysis was performed by determining reducing power, total phenolic content, and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging activity. Furthermore, both extracts were employed to synthesize gold and silver nanoparticles. The nanomaterials were fully characterized by means of UV-Visible spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Z potential measurements, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, which confirmed the formation of stable, spherical nanoparticles with mean diameters of 13.7 ± 3.1 and 17.5 ± 3.7 nm for Ag@DA and Ag@IC and 12.6 ± 1.9 and 12.3 ± 1.6 nm for Au@DA and Au@IC. Antioxidant assays were performed after the synthesis of the nanomaterials to evaluate their possible synergistic effect with the extracts. The results suggest that polysaccharides and proteins may play a key role in the process of reduction and stabilization. Finally, for the sake of comparison, the results obtained for the Antarctic macroalgae Desmarestia menziesii and Palmaria decipiens have also been considered in the present work.
... Kim et al. [90] were the first to investigate the biological activity of Antarctic red seaweed Iridaea cordata on cervical cancer. They extracted sulfated polysaccharides from Iridaea cordata and showed their cytotoxic activity against HeLa cells. ...
Cervical cancer represents one of the leading causes of cancer-related death in women all over the world. The infection with human papilloma virus (HPV) is one of the major risk factors for the development of premalignant lesions, which will progress to cervical cancer. Seaweeds are marine organisms with increased contents of bioactive compounds, which are described as potential anti-HPV and anti-cervical cancer agents. Our study aims to bring together all the results of the previous studies, conducted in order to highlight the potency of bioactive molecules from seaweeds, as anti-HPV and anti-cervical agents. This paper is a review of the English literature published between January 2010 and August 2020. We performed a systematic study in the Google Academic and PubMed databases using the key words “HPV infection”, “anticancer”, “seaweeds”, “cervical cancer” and “carcinogenesis process”, aiming to evaluate the effects of different bioactive molecules from marine algae on cervical cancer cell lines and on HPV-infected cells. Only original studies were considered for our research. None of the papers was excluded due to language usage or affiliation. Recent discoveries pointed out that sulfated polysaccharides, such as dextran sulfate heparan or cellulose sulfate, blocked the ability of HPV to infect cells, and inhibited the carcinogenesis process. Carrageenans inhibited the virions of HPV from binding the cellular wall. Fucoidan induced the growth inhibition of HeLa cervical cells in vitro. Heterofucans exhibited antiproliferative effects on cancer cell lines. Terpenoids from brown algae are also promising agents with anti-cervical cancer activity. Considering all the results of the previous studies, we observed that great amounts of bioactive molecules from seaweeds could treat both unapparent HPV infection and clinical visible disease. Furthermore, these molecules were very efficient in the treatment of invasive cervical carcinomas. In these conditions, we consider seaweeds extracts as a novel and challenging therapeutic strategy, and we hope that our study paves the way for further clinical trials in the field.
... Thus, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the photoprotective effects and toxicity of the Antarctic red macroalgae Curdiea racovitzae and Iridaea cordata to be used in cosmetic formulations. There is no report regarding the photoprotective or antioxidant potential of these algae, which have been studied only in terms of their anticancer activity [28,29]. The algae were collected in the Antarctic region where the depletion of the ozone layer has resulted in a greater amount of UVB radiation reaching the Earth's surface, so that this higher incidence of UVB can stimulate marine organisms to increase their production of photoprotective compounds [30,31]. ...
Botanical and marine extracts have been used in cosmetic products as natural antioxidants or UV-absorbers to reduce the use of organic UV filters. However, despite the high UV exposure of Antarctic macroalgae that induces the production of photoprotective compounds, the use of marine macroalgae extracts for photoprotection has been little explored. Thus our objective was to assess the photoprotective potential and the toxicity of extracts from two red macroalgae Curdiea racovitzae and Iridaea cordata. Chemical characterization was based on the qualitative and quantitative analyses of mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Photoprotective properties were assessed by UV spectrophotometry and photostability assay. Antioxidant capacity was studied by DPPH and superoxide radical scavenging assays. UVB and UVA photoprotection was assessed in keratinocytes by cell viability analysis after UVB irradiation and quantification of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by UVA, respectively. Toxicity was estimated by cytotoxicity, phototoxicity and HET-CAM (Hen's egg test-chorioallantoic membrane) assays. Red algae extracts had high concentrations of MAAs, mainly consisted of palythine. The extracts absorbed in the UVB and UVA-II and were photostable. The C. racovitzae extract showed antioxidant activity against superoxide radicals. In addition, the C. racovitzae (1.0 and 0.5 mg/mL) and I. cordata (1.0 mg/mL) extracts had an UVB photoprotection similar to benzophenone-3, which was dependent on the total MAAs concentration. Besides, the C. racovitzae extract decreased ROS generation by 31 and 24% at 100 and 50 μg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, it was more effective in reducing ROS generation than quercetin and Helioguard 365®. Finally, both extracts were considered to be non-cytotoxic, non-phototoxic and non-irritant. Therefore, the C. racovitzae extract is a good candidate to be added to anti-aging and sunscreen formulations in order to protect against oxidative stress and to improve the absorption spectra of UV filters.
... vi interest for the identification and discrimination of brown algal polysaccharides from S. polycystum (adapted from Vandanjon et al. 2017;Sun et al. 2018;Palanisamy et al. 2018;Kok and Wong, 2018;Artemisia et al. 2019). XXXI List of infrared (IR) vibrational modes characteristic to polysaccharides used in determining spectral bands of interest for the identification and discrimination of brown algal polysaccharides from S. ilicifolium (adapted from Artemisia et al., 2019;Kok and Wong, 2018;Palanisamy et al., 2018;Vandanjon et al., 2017;Marudhupandi et al., 2015;Ale et al., 2011 vii XLIV List of InfraRed (IR) vibrational modes characteristic to polysaccharides used in determining spectral bands of interest for the identification and discrimination of red algal polysaccharides from Halymenia durvillei and Halymenia dilatata (adapted from Fenoradosoa et al. 2009;Kim et al. 2016;Fernando et al. 2017;Al-Nahdi et al. 2019). ...
... Gracilaria corticata var ramalinoides, Gracilaria foliifera, Ahnfeltiopsis pygmaea, Gracilaria corticata, Jania adhaerens, and Gracilaria edulis) in the study of Fernando et al. (2017). Small spectral bands at [576-575 cm -1 ] in the present study fractions were due to asymmetric and symmetric O=S=O deformation of sulfates, was also found in Kim et al. (2016). High, medium and small intensity bands between 1200 and 970 cm -1 are mainly caused by CC and CO stretching in the pyranose ring and COC stretching of the glycosidic bonds. ...
... High, medium and small intensity bands between 1200 and 970 cm -1 are mainly caused by CC and CO stretching in the pyranose ring and COC stretching of the glycosidic bonds. Intense absorption in this region is common to all types of polysaccharides (Kim et al. 2016). ...
The Philippines is known for its diverse marine flora with more than 1291 taxa of benthic marine algae. They represent a rich natural plant production. Out of 350 species considered to be of economic importance, only 5% are used. Currently at the international level, only the red algae of the genera Eucheuma and Kappaphycus are valued by the production of carrageenans. The objective of this work was to bring new knowledge on 6 seaweeds traditionally used in human food in the villages, confirm their nutritional interests and propose new ways of valorization. The study carried out allowed to highlight and confirmed (1) the nutritional potential of these species by their richness in protein content, the quality of essential amino acids, fatty acids and minerals (2) the presence of parietal polysaccharides with a high yield that can be valorized in the texturizing sector and also presenting antiviral and antioxidant activities interesting the human health sector.
... Galactan sulfate has been related to numerous biological and pharmaceutical properties in the last decades [15,16,[91][92][93][94][95]. These activities mostly are correlated with the sulfation patterns, molecular weight, monosaccharide composition and glycosidic linkage [15,16]. ...
... Dictyota cervicornis [71] Antioxidant Cystoseira compressa [28] Antioxidant, antiparasitic capacity Lessonia sp. [72] Antitumor, immunomodulator Lobophora variegate [73] Antiviral activity Sargassum swartzii [74] Fibronectin binder, capillary-like tube formation inhibitor Spatoglossum schroederi [75] Renal epithelial mesenchymal transition inhibitor Laminaria japonica [76] Alginate 3D bioprinting hydrogel - [77] Bioactive surface - [78] Biosensor - [79] Drug delivery (beads) - [80] Regenerative - [81] Tableting agent - [82] Tunable injectable hydrogel - [83] Ulvan Anticoagulant Ulva reticulata [84] Anticoagulant Ulva lactuca [85] Antioxidant Ulva intestinalis [86] Anticancer Ulva lactuca [87] Antihyperlipidemic Ulva pertusa [88] Antimicrobial Ulva reticulata [89] Bone tissue engineering Ulva armoricana [90] Galactan sulfate Anticancer Iridaea cordata [91] Anticoagulant Spyridia hypnoides [92] Antiviral Cryptonemia seminervis [93] Immunomodulator, antioxidant, anticoagulant Hypnea musciformis [94] Anti-inflammatory [95] Skin wound healing - [96] Tissue engineering scaffold - [97] produced two galactan sulfates able to significantly inhibit in vitro replication of HSV-1 [99]. Studies reported the anti-metapneumovirus activity of a sulfated galactan from Cryptonemia seminervis [93]. ...
Background
Recently, researchers have given more and more consideration to natural polysaccharides thanks to their huge properties such as stability, biodegradability and biocompatibility for food and therapeutics applications.
Methods
Lot of enzymatic and chemical processes were performed to generate bioactive molecules such as low molecular weight fractions and oligosaccharides derivatives from algal polysaccharides.
Results
These considerable characteristics allow algal polysaccharides and their derivatives such as low molecular weight polymers and oligosaccharides structures to have great potential to be used in lots of domains such as pharmaceutics and agriculture etc.
Conclusion
The present review describes the mains polysaccharides structures from Algae and focuses on the currents agricultural (fertilizer, bio-elicitor, stimulators, signaling molecules and activators) and pharmaceutical (wound dressing, tissues engineering and drugs delivery) applications by using polysaccharides and/or their oligosaccharides derivatives obtained by chemical, physical and enzymatic processes.
... The present study describes the antileishmanial potential of Iridaea cordata (Turner) Bory de Saint-Vincent, a carrageenan-producing red alga found in the Antarctic region, which had previously shown to present only mild anticancer activity (Navarro et al. 2010;Kim et al. 2016). This macroalga was collected in Antarctica, a continent with extreme climate and environmental conditions, which might be contributing to the production of newly and structural sophisticated secondary metabolites. ...
... The morphology and ecology of the red macroalga I. cordata has been exhaustively studied, but regarding its bioactivity potential, there is only one study about the anticancer activity (Jolliffe and Tregunna 1970;Waaland 1973;Hansen and Doyle 1976;Kim et al. 2016). Herein, the screening of extracts and fractions were firstly performed against promastigote forms of L. amazonensis and the most active ones were further tested against their corresponding intracellular amastigotes. ...
Leishmaniasis is considered a neglected disease and affects billions around the world, currently presenting few therapeutic options, which makes the development of new antileishmanial drugs urgent. Secondary metabolites from marine and terrestrial organisms are important sources of new chemical entities. Herein, the potential activity of crude extracts and fractions from the Antarctic macroalga Iridaea cordata (Turner) Bory de Saint-Vincent was studied against promastigote and intracellular amastigotes forms of Leishmania amazonensis. The cytotoxicity of the active fractions was evaluated on macrophages and 3T3 BALB/c fibroblasts. The chemical profile of volatile substances was analyzed using the GC-MS technique. The fractions IC-FE (IC50-AMA = 23.6 ± 3.4 μg mL⁻¹; SI > 11) and IC-FF (IC50-AMA = 12.4 ± 1.2 μg mL⁻¹; SI > 24) showed promising activity against amastigotes and higher selectivity to the parasite rather than to the mammalian host cells, when compared to the reference drug amphotericin B (IC50-AMA = 5.9 ± 0.3 μg mL⁻¹; SI = 3.9). Their estimated LD50 in rodents are also higher than that in amphotericin B (LD50 IC-FE = 594.5 ± 25.87 mg kg⁻¹; LD50 IC-FE = 580.1 ± 11.84 mg kg⁻¹; LD50 amphoter = 172.20 ± 2.40 mg kg⁻¹). The chemical profile of these fractions showed the presence of phthalates, esters, ketones, fatty acids, and carboxylic acids, which might be contributing alone or synergistically to the observed antileishmanial activity. Consequently, I. cordata might be used to identify new antileishmanial compounds.
... toxicity of extracts is important as it is the initial step for the selection of new compounds with anticancer activity[18] [19]. The present study was the first to evaluate the cytotoxicity of D. anceps extracts. ...
... Recent studies on these algae have revealed a fatty acid profile (Santos et al., 2017) and steroids . Moreover, other studies have been carried out in the Chilean sub-Antarctic region where these algae are abundant and may be exploited for bioprospecting research (Wiencke et al., 2007;Astorga-España and Mansilla, 2014;Fujii et al., 2014;Kim et al., 2016). To date, there are few published reports on pharmacological investigation of seaweeds from Antarctica. ...
... from I. cordata and evaluated their anticancer activity against PC-3 (prostate cancer), HeLa (cervical cancer), and HT-29 (human colon adenocarcinoma). Their antitumor activities, albeit weak, proved to be interesting for medical attention and application (Kim et al., 2016). H. grandifolius CE and EE extracts showed the highest inhibitory activity against A-431 cells. ...
Background: Macroalgae are sources of bioactive compounds due to the large number of secondary metabolites they synthesize. The Antarctica region is characterized by extreme weather conditions and abundant aggregations of macroalgae. However, current knowledge on their biodiversity and their potential for bio-prospecting is still fledging. This study evaluates the antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity of different extracts of four macroalgae (Cystosphaera jacquinotii, Iridaea cordata, Himantothallus grandifolius, and Pyropia endiviifolia) from the Antarctic region against cancer and non-cancer cell lines.
Methods: The antimicrobial activity of macroalgae was evaluated by the broth microdilution method. Extracts were assessed against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 19095, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 4083, Escherichia coli ATCC29214, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027, Candida albicans ATCC 62342, and the clinical isolates from the human oral cavity, namely, C. albicans (3), C. parapsilosis, C. glabrata, C. lipolytica, and C. famata. Cytotoxicity against human epidermoid carcinoma (A-431) and mouse embryonic fibroblast (NIH/3T3) cell lines was evaluated with MTT colorimetric assay.
Results: An ethyl acetate extract of H. grandifolius showed noticeable antifungal activity against all fungal strains tested, including fluconazole-resistant samples. Cytotoxicity investigation with a cancer cell line revealed that the ethyl acetate extract of I. cordata was highly cytotoxic against A-431 cancer cell line, increasing the inhibitory ratio to 91.1 and 95.6% after 24 and 48 h exposure, respectively, for a concentration of 500 μg mL⁻¹. Most of the algal extracts tested showed little or no cytotoxicity against fibroblasts.
Conclusion: Data suggest that macroalgae extracts from Antarctica may represent a source of therapeutic agents.
HIGHLIGHTSDifferent macroalgae samples from Antarctica were collected and the lyophilized biomass of each macroalgae was extracted sequentially with different solvents
The antimicrobial and anticancer potential of macroalgae extracts were evaluated
Ethyl acetate extract of H. grandifolius showed noticeable antifungal activity against all the fungal strains tested, including fluconazole-resistant samples
Ethyl acetate extract of I. cordata was highly cytotoxic against the A-431 cancer cell line
Most of the algal extracts tested showed little or no cytotoxicity against normal cell lines
