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![Examples of the uses of cellulose as a biomaterial (based on [249]).](publication/354934368/figure/fig4/AS:1084324103368706@1635534420795/Examples-of-the-uses-of-cellulose-as-a-biomaterial-based-on-249.jpg)
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Natural polymers, based on proteins or polysaccharides, have attracted increasing interest in recent years due to their broad potential uses in biomedicine. The chemical stability, structural versatility, biocompatibility and high availability of these materials lend them to diverse applications in areas such as tissue engineering, drug delivery an...
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... recent years, significant progress has been made in the use of nanocellulose in lesion repair, as scaffolds to support cell culture and in tissue repair/regeneration ( Figure 5), with a predicted annual market value of approximately $97 billion [238]. ...
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... Wound Dressings BNC, in particular, has attracted a lot of interest in wound care as it appears to stimulate the proliferation of a number of human cell types, including human adiposederived stem cells, while exhibiting minimal cytotoxicity. Tissue regeneration and capillary formation were accelerated in wound beds treated with BNC-based biomaterials compared to commercial wound dressings ( Figure 5) [68,69]. BNC wound dressing materials have been also demonstrated to promote accumulation of ECM in rat ulceration models, leading to contraction of the wound and improved healing [70], and to adhere extremely well to burn sites, limit "dead space" and create an ideal healing environment [71]. ...
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... [1] While some of these materials are already in clinical use, [2][3][4][5][6] the lack of precise chemical tunability, batch-to-batch variability, generally weak mechanical properties, and potential immunogenicity stemming from biological impurities and pathogen transfer remain barriers to biomedical innovation. [7][8][9] Further, the concept of "one size fits all" is unrealistic, when considering the intrinsic differences in physical and mechanical properties amongst organs and tissues, as well as the variance between individuals in the shape and extent of tissue damage in need of repair. [10] Thus, in recent years, the use of synthetic materials, [11] whose properties can be finely tuned, has gained considerable interest, with successful examples in soft tissue organ repair. ...
Bioinspired synthetic materials can be designed as reliable, cost‐effective, and fully controlled alternatives to natural biomaterials for treating damaged tissues and organs. However, several hurdles need to be overcome for clinical translation, particularly for biomaterials gelled in situ. These include the potential toxicity of chemical crosslinkers used in the materials' assembly or breakdown products they generate and the challenges of fine‐tuning the mechanical properties of the materials. Here, a minimalistic, adhesive soft material is developed by screening hundreds of potential formulations of self‐assembling, custom‐designed collagen‐like peptide sequences for the in situ formation of tissue‐bonding 3D hydrogels. Nine promising formulations for tissue repair are identified using a low‐volume and rapid combinatory screening approach. It is shown that simply varying the ratio of the two key components promotes adhesion and fine‐tunes the material's mechanical properties. The materials' skin and heart repair capabilities are assessed in vitro and clinically relevant animal models. The materials are also tested for corneal applications using ex vivo pig cornea models complemented by in vitro cell compatibility assays.
... o Biomaterials Demand: Augmentation technologies, especially those related to organic enhancements, will increase the demand for specific biomaterials [13]. This could reshape supply chains and drive research in sustainable biomaterial production [14]. ...
The emergence of transhumanism-the belief in using technology to enhance the human body and experience-has the potential to profoundly disrupt international business landscapes. As genetic engineering, brain-computer interfaces, and human augmentation become increasingly sophisticated, the business world is poised to encounter unprecedented challenges and opportunities. These advancements not only reshape the structure of markets but also redefine the nature of human capital and work dynamics. This paper investigates the implications of these technologies on international business, while also exploring the potential for new markets, ethical considerations, and the complexities of managing a future workforce of augmented humans. This paper investigates the implications of these technologies on international business, while also exploring the potential for new markets, ethical considerations, and the complexities of managing a future workforce of augmented humans.
... Because of their remarkable characteristics, they have emerged as attractive and competitive alternatives for biomedical and environmental applications. In contrast to synthetic materials, natural by-products can offer a broad spectrum of biochemical and biophysical advantages that can play an essential role in specific biomedical applications, such as tissue engineering (Hubbell, 1995), drug delivery (Han et al., 2022a), and disease diagnosis (Liu et al., 2021), by providing inherent biocompatibility, mechanical adaptability, and microstructure interconnectivity, as well as in agricultural applications, such as bio-filtration for addressing pollutants (Gallardo-Rodríguez et al., 2019), bio-sensing (Karimi-Maleh et al., 2023), and bio-energy production (Troy et al., 2021). Natural biomaterials, such as protein-based (collagen, gelatin, silk, and fibrin) and polysaccharide-based biomaterials (cellulose, chitosan, and alginate), are most often classified based on their composition (Birajdar et al., 2021). ...
... Fish collagens have garnered a lot of interest in the past [8] nevertheless, the bulk of commercial collagens are made from pork. Other naturally occurring biomaterials include silicates derived from algae, chitin derived from crustaceans and insects, hair-derived keratin, and plant-derived cellulose, diatoms derived from invertebrates, and calcium phosphates derived from vertebrates [9]. ...
... This can compromise the integrity of implants and may necessitate additional surgical interventions for replacement or repair. Certain biomaterials can trigger inflammatory responses, leading to complications such as fibrosis or rejection [9][10][11]. Polymers, in particular, may incite immune reactions, challenging their application in some contexts. ...
The initiation of the "nanotechnology era" within the past decade has been prominently marked by advancements in biomaterials. This intersection has opened up numerous possibilities for enhancing the detection, diagnosis, and treatment of various illnesses by leveraging the synergy between biomaterials and nanotechnology. The term "nano biomaterials" referring to biomaterials featuring constituent or surface feature sizes below 100 nm, presents a realm of extraordinary materials endowed with unique structures and properties. Beyond addressing common biomedical challenges, these nano biomaterials contribute unprecedented insights and principles that enrich our understanding of biology, medicine, and materials science. A critical evaluation of recent technological progress in employing biomaterials in medicine is essential, along with an exploration of potential future trends. Nanotechnology breakthroughs have yielded novel surfaces, materials, and configurations with notable applications in the biomedical domain. The integration of nanotechnology has already begun to enhance traditional biomedical practices across diverse fields such as tissue engineering, intelligent systems, the utilization of nanocomposites in implant design, controlled release systems, biosensors, and more. This mini review encapsulates insights into biomaterials, encompassing their types, synthesis methods, and the roles of organic and inorganic nanoparticles, elucidating their mechanisms of action. Furthermore, the focus is squarely placed on nano biomaterials and their versatile applications, with a particular emphasis on their roles in anticancer and antimicrobial interventions. This review underscores the dynamic landscape of nanotechnology, envisioning a future where nano biomaterials play a pivotal role in advancing medical applications, particularly in combating cancer and microbial infections.
... [5]. В последние годы все большую популярность среди носителей БАВ приобретают различные биоразлагаемые губки, особенно на основе таких полимеров природного происхождения, как белки и полисахариды [6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. Важным достоинством подобных носителей является их хорошая биосовместимость, низкая иммуногенность и нетоксичность как самих губок, так и продуктов их резорбции или деградации при гидролизе в организме реципиентов. ...
Delivering bioactive substances to certain spots in the human and animal body is a crucial task. To address this problem, we have developed a delayed-release bioactive substance carrier – an albumin-based cryogel obtained by cryostructuring. It was tested on an organotypic culture model of the posterior eye segment of a newt.
Objective: to study the effectiveness of porous albumin-based cryogel obtained by cryostructuring and loaded with a bioregulator isolated from bovine sclera in different quantities in maintaining eye tissue integrity and preserving Iberian ribbed newt fibroblasts on an organotypic culture model.
Materials and methods . Albumin sponges were obtained after being denatured at temperatures –15 °C, –17.5 °C, and –20 °C, with albumin levels 40 mg/mL, 50 mg/mL, and 60 mg/mL in a thermostatic cooler. Their modulus of elasticity was measured. Eye tissues were isolated from adult sexually mature Iberian ribbed newts of both sexes. The posterior segment of each eye was placed on a sponge sample of albumin cryogel in penicillin vials, sealed and placed in a thermostat. At the end of cultivation, the samples were fixed, washed, dehydrated, and embedded in paraffin. Paraffin sections were made, followed by staining. A Leica microscope (Germany) with an Olympus DP70 camera (Japan) was used to view histological sections. Fibroblast count in the histological sections was estimated using the ImageJ program.
Results. Cryogel with initial albumin solution levels of 50 mg/mL obtained at –20 °C with 4.50 kPa elastic modulus, was chosen for the organ culture experiment. Histological studies showed that eye tissue integrity was maintained in the experiment when albumin-based scaffold was loaded with the bioregulator at doses of 2.46 × 10 –5 , 2.46 × 10 –7 , 2.46 × 10 –9 , 2.46 × 10 –13 , 2.46 × 10 –15 μg. Moreover, the statistically significant difference for fibroblast count per unit area in the sclera partially correlates with the qualitative state of the posterior eye tissue itself. Groups where bioregulator isolated from the sclera had a dose of 2.46 × 10 –7 , 2.46 × 10 –9 and 2.46 × 10 –15 μg, showed the best result as compared with the control group.
Conclusion. Albumin-based scaffold as a carrier with a bioregulator adsorbed on it (doses of 2.46 × 10 –5 , 2.46 × 10 –7 , 2.46 × 10 –9 , 2.46 × 10 –13 , 2.46 × 10 –15 μg) is effective in maintaining eye tissue integrity and preserving Iberian ribbed newt fibroblasts. Albumin cryogen is an effective carrier for delayed release of bioactive substances.
... Other examples include the design of drug-loaded cellulose-based bandages [19]. Notably, using plant fibers in biomedical devices is important to improve biodegradability and reduce immunogenicity [20][21][22][23][24]. ...
Plant fibers possess high strength, high fracture toughness and elasticity, and have proven useful because of their diversity, versatility, renewability, and sustainability. For biomedical applications , these natural fibers have been used as reinforcement for biocomposites to infer these hybrid biomaterials mechanical characteristics, such as stiffness, strength, and durability. The reinforced hybrid composites have been tested in structural and semi-structural biodevices for potential applications in orthopedics, prosthesis, tissue engineering, and wound dressings. This review introduces plant fibers, their properties and factors impacting them, in addition to their applications. Then, it discusses different methodologies used to prepare hybrid composites based on these widespread, renewable fibers and the unique properties that the obtained biomaterials possess. It also examines several examples of hybrid composites and their biomedical applications. Finally, the findings are summed up and some thoughts for future developments are provided. Overall, the focus of the present review lies in analyzing the design, requirements, and performance, and future developments of hybrid composites based on plant fibers.
... One of the promising directions in the search and development of antitumor immunoactive drugs is the use of natural raw materials. The advantage of drugs based on natural substances is the availability of raw materials, the environmental friendliness of its production, a favorable biosafety profile, as well as a relatively low cost compared to synthetic drugs [59]. Many authors have suggested the presence of active natural substances in humic tree fungi-saprotrophs, such as straight-legged melanoleuca (Melanoleuca strictipes), birch tinder fungus (Piptoporus betulinus), multi-colored trametes (Coriolus versicolor), etc. [60,61]. ...
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding RNAs that play an important role in regulating gene expression. Dysregulation of miRNA expression is commonly observed in cancer, and it can contribute to malignant cell growth. Melanoma is the most fatal type of skin malignant neo-plasia. Some microRNAs can be prospective biomarkers for melanoma in stage IV (advanced) at higher risk of relapses and require validation for diagnostic purposes. This work aimed to (1) determine the most significant microRNA biomarker candidates in melanoma using content analysis of the scientific literature, (2) to show microRNA biomarker candidates' diagnostic efficacy between melanoma patients and healthy control groups in a small-scale preliminary study by blood plasma PCR analysis, (3) to determine significant microRNA markers of the MelCher human melanoma cell line, which are also detected in patients with melanoma, that can be used as markers of drug anti-melanoma activity, and (4) test anti-melanoma activity of humic substances and chitosan by their ability to reduce level of marker microRNAs. The content analysis of the scientific literature showed that hsa-miR-149-3p, hsa-miR-150-5p, hsa-miR-193a-3p, hsa-miR-21-5p, and hsa-miR-155-5p are promising microRNA biomarker candidates for diagnosing melanoma. Estimating microRNA in plasma samples showed that hsa-miR-150-5p and hsa-miR-155-5p may have a diagnostic value for melanoma in stage IV (advanced). When comparing ΔCt hsa-miR-150-5p and ΔCt hsa-miR-155-5p levels in mel-anoma patients and healthy donors, statistically significant differences were found (p = 0.001 and p = 0.001 respectively). Rates ΔCt were significantly higher among melanoma patients (medians concerning the reference gene miR-320a were 1.63 (1.435; 2.975) and 6.345 (4,45; 6.98), respectively). Therefore, they persist only in plasma from the melanoma patients group but not in the healthy donors group. In human wild-type stage IV melanoma (MelCher) cell culture, the presence of hsa-miR-150-5p and hsa-miR-155-5p in supernatant was detected. The ability of humic substance fractions and chitosan to reduce levels of hsa-miR-150-5p and hsa-miR-155-5p was tested on MelCher Citation: Antonova, E.; Hambikova, A.; Shcherbakov, D.; Sukhov, V.; Vysochanskaya, S.; Fadeeva, I.; Gorshenin, D.; Sidorova, E.; Kashutina, M.; Zhdanova, A.; et al. Determination of Common microRNA Biomarker Candidates in Stage IV Melanoma Patients and a Human Melanoma Cell Line: A Potential Anti-Melanoma Agent Screening Model. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 9160. h ps://doi.
... Natural polymers are considered an emerging technological platform for the development of innovative materials for biomedical applications. Their inherent biological properties, chemical versatility, biocompatibility, biodegradability, sustainability, and ecofriendliness render them promising alternative materials in this field in comparison to synthetic polymers [1][2][3][4]. Among them, gelatin sponges have gained particular interest and are widely used in medical practice as hemostatic agents as well as scaffolds for different tissue engineering applications [5][6][7]. ...
... The gelatin derivatives were analyzed by 1 Two kinds of modified gelatin derivatives, namely, GM and GL, were prepared by grafting maltose and lactose, respectively. The conjugation of carbohydrates to gelatin was performed by a chemical protocol developed by Roy et al. with slight modifications [43]. ...
Gelatin sponges are widely employed as hemostatic agents, and are gaining increasing interest as 3D scaffolds for tissue engineering. To broaden their possible application in the field of tissue engineering, a straightforward synthetic protocol able to anchor the disaccharides, maltose and lactose, for specific cell interactions was developed. A high conjugation yield was confirmed by 1H-NMR and FT-IR spectroscopy, and the morphology of the resulting decorated sponges was characterized by SEM. After the crosslinking reaction, the sponges preserve their porous structure as ascertained by SEM. Finally, HepG2 cells cultured on the decorated gelatin sponges show high viability and significant differences in the cellular morphology as a function of the conjugated disaccharide. More spherical morphologies are observed when cultured on maltose-conjugated gelatin sponges, while a more flattened aspect is discerned when cultured onto lactose-conjugated gelatin sponges. Considering the increasing interest in small-sized carbohydrates as signaling cues on biomaterial surfaces, systematic studies on how small carbohydrates might influence cell adhesion and differentiation processes could take advantage of the described protocol.
... Biomaterials can be classified into natural or synthetic according to the origin and the components, such as extracellular matrix (ECM) (Song et al., 2018). In contrast to natural biomaterials, synthetic materials lack cell binding domains, resulting in weak bioactivity toward cells in vivo (Troy et al., 2021). The natural biomaterials commonly used in nerve regeneration are polyesters, proteins, and polysaccharides, such as silk fibroin (SF), alginate, hyaluronic acid, collagen, chitosan, and gelatin (Fornasari et al., 2020). ...
Neurological diseases such as traumatic brain injury, cerebral ischemia, Parkinson's, and Alzheimer's disease usually occur in the central and peripheral nervous system and result in nervous dysfunction, such as cognitive impairment and motor dysfunction. Long-term clinical intervention is necessary for neurological diseases where neural stem cell transplantation has made substantial progress. However, many risks remain for cell therapy, such as puncture bleeding, postoperative infection, low transplantation success rate, and tumor formation. Sustained drug delivery, which aims to maintain the desired steady-state drug concentrations in plasma or local injection sites, is considered as a feasible option to help overcome side effects and improve the therapeutic efficiency of drugs on neurological diseases. Natural polymers such as silk fibroin have excellent biocompatibility, which can be prepared for various end-use material formats, such as microsphere, gel, coating/film, scaffold/conduit, microneedle, and enables the dynamic release of loaded drugs to achieve a desired therapeutic response. Sustained-release drug delivery systems are based on the mechanism of diffusion and degradation by altering the structures of silk fibroin and drugs, factors, and cells, which can induce nerve recovery and restore the function of the nervous system in a slow and persistent manner. Based on these desirable properties of silk fibroin as a carrier with sustained-release capacity, this paper discusses the role of various forms of silk fibroin-based drug delivery materials in treating neurological diseases in recent years.
... With the benign nature of cost-effectiveness, high biocompatibility, low cytotoxicity, and appropriate rheological properties, this soluble biopolymer is nowadays one of the most commonly employed bioinks in 3D bioprinting [67]. Prior to its use as a bioink, alginate has been extensively explored as a culture system and delivery vehicle for MSCs in the fields of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering [68][69][70][71][72]. Alginate also plays a significant role in the controlled release of the paracrine factors derived from MSCs [71,73,74]. ...
... Prior to its use as a bioink, alginate has been extensively explored as a culture system and delivery vehicle for MSCs in the fields of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering [68][69][70][71][72]. Alginate also plays a significant role in the controlled release of the paracrine factors derived from MSCs [71,73,74]. However, alginate offers poor biodegradability and cell adhesive properties, which limit its potential applications [67,70]. Investigators are trying to overcome these limitations, and a recent work has indicated that hydrogels composed of alginate reinforced with hyaluronic acid may be an exquisite candidate for AKI intervention [75]. ...
... Chitosan Chitosan, a linear polysaccharide composed of randomly dispersed β- [1][2][3][4]-linked d-glucosamine (deacetylated unit) and N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (acetylated unit), derived from chitin, is the second most abundant natural biopolymer available on earth [70]. Chitosan can be found in the exoskeleton of crustaceans and the cell envelope of fungi [60]. ...
Considering the high prevalence and the lack of targeted pharmacological management of acute kidney injury (AKI), the search for new therapeutic approaches for it is in urgent demand. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been increasingly recognized as a promising candidate for the treatment of AKI. However, clinical translation of MSCs-based therapies is hindered due to the poor retention and survival rates as well as the impaired paracrine ability of MSCs post-delivery. To address these issues, a series of strategies including local administration, three-dimensional culture, and preconditioning have been applied. Owing to the emergence and development of these novel biotechnologies, the effectiveness of MSCs in experimental AKI models is greatly improved. Here, we summarize the different approaches suggested to optimize the efficacy of MSCs therapy, aiming at promoting the therapeutic effects of MSCs on AKI patients.
