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Corn starch serves as food, feed, and a raw material for industrial use. Starch makes up most of the biomass of the corn hybrid and is the most important and main yield component in corn breeding programs. Starch is composed of two polymers, branched amylopectin and linear amylose, which normally constitute about 75% and 25% of the corn starch, res...
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... corn oil from the germ is extracted, and the remaining starch, gluten, and fiber components are further segregated. The starch can then be processed in one of three ways: fermented into ethanol, dried, and sold as dried or modified corn starch, or processed into corn syrup (Figure 3). ...
Citations
... Starch is the main component, accounting for about 75 % of corn (Yu & Moon, 2021). The physicochemical properties (e.g., thermal, pasting, or rheological properties, solubility, and paste clarity) of corn starch are critical to the development, evaluation, and estimation of process design, unit operation, and quality of corn-based products. ...
... The successful colonization of Cd-immobilization bacteria depended critically on the soil pH, organic ligands, and microbial community composition in the rhizosphere soil of plants (Romano et al. 2020). Large amounts of waste are produced after industrial corn starch production (Yu and Moon 2021), which is a byproduct of the corn wet-milling process, and it contains amino acids, carbohydrates, humic acid, polypeptides, and B-complex vitamins (Hofer et al. 2018;Kim et al. 2020;Vecino et al. 2023). Amino acids and humic acids are widely recognized as plant growth promoters by increasing root architecture and nutrient uptake in agriculture (Canellas et al. 2014, Haghighi et al. 2020). ...
Corn steep liquor-assisted microbial remediation has been proposed as a promising strategy to remediate cadmium (Cd)-contaminated soil. In this study, we determined Bacillus subtilis (K2) with a high cadmium (Cd) accumulation ability and Cd resistance. However, studies on this strategy used in the Cd uptake of Chinese cabbage are lacking, and the effect of the combined incorporation of corn steep liquor and K2 on the functions and microbial interactions of soil microbiomes is unclear. Here, we study the Cd uptake and transportation in Chinese cabbage by the combination of K2 and corn steep liquor (K2 + C7) in a Cd-contaminated soil and corresponding microbial regulation mechanisms. Results showed that compared to inoculant K2 treatment alone, a reduction of Cd concentration in the shoots by 14.4% and the dry weight biomass of the shoots and the roots in Chinese cabbage increased by 21.6% and 30.8%, respectively, under K2 + C7 treatment. Meanwhile, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were decreased by enhancing POD and SOD activity, thereby reversing Cd-induced oxidative damage. Importantly, inoculation of K2 would decrease the diversity of the microbial community while enhancing the abundance of dominant species. These findings provide a promising strategy for reducing the Cd accumulation in Chinese cabbage and recovering soil ecological functions.
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... Corn (Zea mays L.) is the third most significant grain crop globally, serving as a primary energy source in livestock feed. Its versatile applications extend to the production of various food and industrial products, such as starch, corn oil, industrial alcohol, and biofuel [1]. Over the last 5 years, South Korea has exhibited an average grain demand of approximately 19.5 million tons (https://fas.usda.gov/data/south-korea-grain-and-feedupdate-21) ...
In the temperate climate of South Korea, specific corn varieties are cultivated using plug trays. The cultivation process is initiated from February to March within greenhouse facilities, maintaining a temperature below 10 degrees Celsius. Following this, in April, seedlings are transplanted to enable an exceptionally early harvest for increased profitability. However, the subsequent elevation in indoor temperatures leads to seedling overgrowth. This study explores the effectiveness of three plant growth regulators—paclobutrazol, prohexadione-calcium, and diniconazole–on super sweet corn seedlings. Significantly, the application of prohexadione-calcium at 2 ppm during the first leaf stage substantially reduces seedling height and impedes the growth of both the first and second internodes. This impact extends to leaf-related traits, manifesting reductions in the area, length, and width of the third leaf. Furthermore, prohexadione-calcium induces a significant decrease in both fresh and dried shoot weight, while simultaneously augmenting root weight. This alteration results in a noteworthy shift in the root–shoot ratio, particularly at 2 ppm. Subsequent experiments have identified the optimal concentration of prohexadione-calcium at 15 ppm, effectively mitigating overgrowth in both hybrid and inbred corn varieties. These findings provide essential insights for practitioners seeking to efficiently manage corn seedling overgrowth. The study contributes to understanding the retardant effect of prohexadione-calcium on various morphological traits, offering practical applications for optimizing plant growth regulator concentrations in corn cultivation strategies.
... Corn starch is in high demand and breeding efforts have targeted the need (Yu & Moon, 2021). In this study, starch content ranged from 70.03% to 72.67%. ...
Global demand for corn ( Zea mays L.) is increasing and it remains one of the most consumed crops by both humans and animals due to its high calorie content. However, corn grain quality research is sparse and often focused only on a few selected influencing factors. Therefore, two side‐by‐side studies (Addition and Deletion) were conducted in 2020 and 2021 in Mississippi, assessing the grain composition including protein, starch, oil, and moisture of corn under several management practices. A randomized complete block design was implemented in both experiments involving a complete factorial of three factors including two plant populations (32 and 40K seed acre ⁻¹ ), two‐row configurations (single and twin), and six combinations of nutrients plus fungicide application (NF). The trials differed based on the manner of NF applications. In trial termed Addition, all NF treatments were added incrementally, whereas in the Deletion trial, they were withheld in a stepwise manner. Conditional inference tree (CIT) analysis was conducted to examine interaction effects among the three factors over site‐years. Corn protein content ranged between 8.2 and 9.8% across all years and locations. All three factors and certain interactions significantly influenced both protein and starch content. Specifically, single row, 40K seeds acre ⁻¹ , and higher rates of N resulted in higher protein content. Contrarily, the starch content was positively influenced by twin row, 32K seeds acre ⁻¹ and only N application. Single row configuration resulted in higher oil than twin rows. This study determined that different management factors have the potential to positively influence protein, starch, and oil. These management strategies could extend farmers profitability and provide superior products for industrial purposes with additional implications for livestock feed supplements.
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... As the most important food crop, maize, along with rice and wheat, is an important source of staple foods and provides nutritional security for humans worldwide (Shiferaw, Prasanna, Hellin, & Bänziger, 2011). Maize starch, which accounts for about 75% of dry corn is the most important component of corn and is widely applied in the industries (Yu & Moon, 2021). However, as a typical porous cereal type A starch, maize starch is easily hydrolyzed by digestive enzymes, making it highly digestible and causing high glycemic response values after consumption (Bello-Pérez, Flores-Silva, Sifuentes-Nieves, & Agama-Acevedo, 2021). ...
This study aimed to investigate the interaction modes between maize starch (MS) and quinoa polyphenols (QPs) under hydrothermal treatments and its influence on the multi-scale structure and digestive behaviors of MS through mechanistic analyses. Thermodynamic and microscopic results revealed that during starch gelatinization, the starch chains interacted with QP polyphenols to form new aggregates with retarded gelatinization. The X-ray diffraction and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy further confirmed the presence of both V-type inclusion complexes and non-inclusion complexes in QP-complexed MS. Through multiple spectroscopic approaches, it was demonstrated that complexation with QPs promoted the formation of local helical and short-range ordered structures and crystallinity in MS and led to resistance of the starch chains to digestive enzymes. As a consequence, the MS–QP complexes showed substantially reduced digestion rates with increases in the contents of resistant starch and slowly digestible starch, as well as lower values of the predicted glycemic index. Compared to white quinoa polyphenols, polyphenols from red and black quinoa displayed a greater efficiency in modulating the starch structure and digestive properties. This study provides a valuable basis for the application of pigmented quinoa polyphenols as functional ingredients in starchy foods with desired glycemic response.
... A GCK-like gene was also upregulated; this kind of hexokinase has been related to the phosphorylation of glucose to obtain D-glucose-6P [64], which could be associated with starch accumulation [63]. Additionally, it was observed in the transcriptome that genes associated with starch biosynthesis were upregulated, such as glgC, glgA, and glgP ( Figure 5), similar to those reported in susceptible citrus genotypes [65,66] and the WAXY gene associated with the formation of starch granules [67], as well as the GBE1 gene related to the transformation of amylose into starch [68]. All of this is in line with the high levels of starch detected previously by our research team [69]. ...
Huanglongbing (HLB) is a vascular disease of Citrus caused by three species of the α-proteobacteria “Candidatus Liberibacter”, with “Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus” (CLas) being the most widespread and the one causing significant economic losses in citrus-producing regions worldwide. However, Persian lime (Citrus latifolia Tanaka) has shown tolerance to the disease. To understand the molecular mechanisms of this tolerance, transcriptomic analysis of HLB was performed using asymptomatic and symptomatic leaves. RNA-Seq analysis revealed 652 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in response to CLas infection, of which 457 were upregulated and 195 were downregulated. KEGG analysis revealed that after CLas infection, some DEGs were present in the plant–pathogen interaction and in the starch and sucrose metabolism pathways. DEGs present in the plant–pathogen interaction pathway suggests that tolerance against HLB in Persian lime could be mediated, at least partly, by the ClRSP2 and ClHSP90 genes. Previous reports documented that RSP2 and HSP90 showed low expression in susceptible citrus genotypes. Regarding the starch and sucrose metabolism pathways, some genes were identified as being related to the imbalance of starch accumulation. On the other hand, eight biotic stress-related genes were selected for further RT-qPCR analysis to validate our results. RT-qPCR results confirmed that symptomatic HLB leaves had high relative expression levels of the ClPR1, ClNFP, ClDR27, and ClSRK genes, whereas the ClHSL1, ClRPP13, ClPDR1, and ClNAC genes were expressed at lower levels than those from HLB asymptomatic leaves. Taken together, the present transcriptomic analysis contributes to the understanding of the CLas-Persian lime interaction in its natural environment and may set the basis for developing strategies for the integrated management of this important Citrus disease through the identification of blanks for genetic improvement.
... La lignina es muy estable, muy resistente al ataque de los microorganismos anaeróbios del rumen, limita el acceso enzimático microbiano a la lignocelulosa y el grado de utilización del forraje, por lo que se dice que es indigestible en los animales; sin embargo, los experimentos en rumiantes han mostrado una recuperación fecal incompleta de lignina, lo que hace sospechar que podría producirse una aparente digestibilidad de la lignina de los forrajes en condiciones anaeróbias, donde los hongos estarían desempeñando un papel predominante en la digestión (Susmel & Stefanon, 1993 El almidón del maíz está conformado por dos polímeros de homopolisacáridos, la amilosa y la amilopectina, las mismas que se diferencian en la longitud de la cadena y el grado de ramificación. La amilosa es principalmente lineal (residuos de glucosa unidos a α-D-(1-4)) y constituye el 25% del gránulo de almidón, mientras que la amilopectina es más ramificada (una cadena de enlaces glucosídicos α-D-(1-4) y α-D-(1-6)) y normalmente constituye alrededor del 75% del gránulo de almidón (Yu & Moon, 2022). El contenido de energía metabolizable del grano de maíz en cerdos varía entre 3.57 y 3.86 Mcal/kg de materia seca (Dong et al., 2020). ...
El texto que se pone a consideración del lector, en su edición digital, revisada y corregida, ha sido preparado con fines académicos, para la formación de médicos veterinarios y/o zootecnistas, en el contexto del Altiplano de Puno-Perú; sin embargo, puede servir como referencia para todo lector interesado en la nutrición animal. Incluye seis unidades temáticas: fisiología digestiva de los animales, como uno de los procesos nutricionales clave, seguida de energía (carbohidratos), lípidos, proteínas, minerales y vitaminas, y una unidad temática adicional sobre la evaluación de la composición química y calorimetría de los alimentos.
... This has an impact on increasing the tensile strength of the film [21]. Generally, corn starch has about 75% branched amylopectin polymer and 25% linear amylose [22]. The chemical properties of corn starch is: carbohydrate (84.07%), protein (2.76%), fiber (0.85%), ash (1.97%) and fat (3.02%) [23]. ...
... The granule structure of cassava starch is semi-crystalline, consisting of amylopectin bonds with a molecular weight of 0:70 Â 10 8 and amylose of 1:03 Â 10 6 [28]. Most of the cassava starch is generally reported in the normal/regular starch range with an amylose content of 22.50% [29], lower than that of corn flour [22]. Cassava starch is often used to improve the expansion of extrusion products, thickeners, fillers in baby food products and as a binder in biscuit products [30]. ...
... The thickness of the potato starch-based film was the thickest (0.227 mm), then corn starch (0.196 mm) and the thinnest was wheat starch film (0.189 mm). The difference in layer thickness was caused by the amylose content in the type of starch, which was 20.90% [34], 25% [22], 26.90% [34] for wheat, corn and potato starch, respectively. This is because the high amylose content will increase the interaction between amylose molecules to form stronger hydrogen bonds. ...
... 386 It is one of the most important grain crops in the world, along with wheat and rice. 387 It is estimated that its annual production is around 600 million tons, being characterized as one of the most abundant sources of vegetable waste. It provides high amounts of starch, which represents about 85% of the starch produced in the world. ...
The limited degradation of synthetic polymers used in food packaging when discarded in the environment is a major concern for society. Therefore, industry and academia have sought to develop biodegradable and eco-friendly materials for single-use in packaging. An interesting alternative for the food industry is biodegradable polymeric films, which is why different biopolymers have been used in the production of sustainable packaging. It is worth mentioning that the use of biodegradable polymers is one of the most successful innovations in the industry to address issues related to the environment. Among the available raw materials, starch extracted from different renewable sources is very promising for this purpose, due to its abundance, low-cost compared to other polymers and ability to produce non-toxic films. However, when used alone, pure starch has many limitations, which can be overcome by developing a mixture with other polymers (polymer blends), preferably from renewable and biodegradable sources, such as poly(lactic acid) (PLA). In this context, the absence of literature reviews evidencing the results of the application of films in foods led us to write this article, given the importance of polymer blends produced with different types of starch (cassava, corn, pea, potato, rice and wheat) and the PLA matrix. According to the results, it is clear that polymer blends based on PLA/Starch for food packaging are very promising, already being part of the industries solutions, aiming to minimize the large volume of plastic waste of petrochemical origin discarded in nature. Obviously, as with any technology, more research is needed to further improve the performance of the films, and while much research has made great strides, there are still limitations that prevent the commercialization of these materials.
... This process is recognized as a successful example, and a large part of the residue generated during the ethanol production process is reused in the maintenance of the production chain (Sydney et al., 2021). For ethanol produced from corn, important technological advances are also observed, such as obtaining a variety of corn with higher starch content and high grain yield (Yu and Moon, 2021). ...
The economic development of a country depends on the use of energy in various processes, the use of natural sources to generate energy resources has great potential. Environmental issues such as global warming have aroused interest around the world regarding bioenergy, such as biomasses that generate a low carbon impact and are susceptible to transformation, such as sugarcane and corn. The study aims to evaluate the main energy crops and their transformation processes, as well as obtain an overview of the main bioethanol producing countries and analyze the productivity of ethanol from sugarcane and corn. Exploratory research was carried out, using published databases related to the topic and classification by relevance. It was possible to observe that the main ethanol producers in the world are the United States, using corn, and Brazil, using sugarcane and recently corn, the production of first-generation ethanol from these biomasses has different processes, where sugarcane is capable of direct fermentation, whereas corn fermentation is indirect. The production of ethanol from corn has increased in recent years in Brazil and has generated a great industrial and economic development. This concludes the importance of using biomass as a precursor of energy in the development of a country.
