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The characterization of soil is essential for the evaluation of seismic hazard, because soil properties strongly influence the damage caused by earthquakes. Methods based on seismic noise are the most commonly used in soil characterization. Concretely, methods based on seismic noise array measurements allow for the estimation of Rayleigh wave dispe...
Citations
... Using the geophone signal conditioning system presented in [24] as a reference, the recording system was designed on a microcontroller with two high-precision 24bit analog-to-digital converters (ADCs). The controller connects to the geophones through signal preconditioning circuits. ...
... In the work of Soler-Llorens et al. [33], a network of wireless sensors (or nodes) is established using the Zigbee communication protocol to manage the acquisition of seismic signals and the synchronization between the measurements of each sensor. The data are collected locally on each node, so the main drawback is that you have to remove the memory cards from each node and access the files one by one. ...
... (1) A low-noise signal conditioning circuit, which adapts the low-amplitude seismic noise to the dynamic range of the analog-to-digital converter (ADC). In this sense, for example, the internal noise level of the selected instrumentation amplifier (i.e., INA128) is twenty times lower than the noise of the amplifiers used in [30,33]. (2) An external 24-bit module (i.e., ADS1256), instead of the internal 12-bit ADC of Arduino (e.g., [33]) or the LaunchPad CC3200 board (e.g., [30]). ...
... In this sense, for example, the internal noise level of the selected instrumentation amplifier (i.e., INA128) is twenty times lower than the noise of the amplifiers used in [30,33]. (2) An external 24-bit module (i.e., ADS1256), instead of the internal 12-bit ADC of Arduino (e.g., [33]) or the LaunchPad CC3200 board (e.g., [30]). Thus, the resolution of the system has increased, and the quantification error has been reduced considerably. ...
In this work, a wireless data acquisition system for seismic noise array measurements is presented. The developed system is composed of a series of nodes and a central server arranged in a point-to-multipoint topology. The nodes consist of a CC3200 microcontroller, an analog-to-digital converter, and a low-noise conditioning circuit designed specifically to register seismic noise, and which is connected to the seismic sensor. As a server, a Raspberry Pi 4B has been used that will receive the samples from the nodes via Wi-Fi and will save them in files. It also incorporates a Web interface developed with JavaScript node.js technology that allows to configure the number of nodes as well as different options, to start and stop the records, and to view in real time the different signals received from the nodes. The system can be deployed anywhere since each of the nodes use independent batteries as a power supply. In addition, it is possible to operate the system remotely if internet connectivity is available. The prototype has been tested in four different locations in the Alicante province (southeast Spain), demonstrating its suitability for seismic noise array measurements .
... Current data transmission methods are in a transition phase between fully wired transmission and complete wireless real-time transmission. In this transition phase, three parallel development routes that contain the continued development of the cabled seismographs, cabled and cablefree hybrid exploration seismic instruments and nodal cablefree seismographs, have emerged [12]. The cable seismograph mainly includes a central record system, a ground data acquisition unit and its connecting cables or optical cables, and the large wires are used to assist in completing the synchronization and telemetry of the system [13]. ...
The performance of seismic exploration instruments directly affects the quality of acquired seismic data as well as the efficiency of seismic survey operation. Consequently, they play a pivotal role in oil/gas and mineral resource exploration. Compared with traditional cabled seismic acquisition systems, nodal seismic acquisition systems have the advantages of light weight, small size, low capital and operational cost, reduced health safety and environment risk and strong adaptability to complex terrain environment. Therefore, they have been widely used in seismic exploration and have shown a trend of accelerated development. The major manufacturers have carried out research and development of nodal instruments, and various types of nodal seismographs have appeared. Based on the investigation of influential nodal seismographs, we summarize the research status of nodal seismographs. Based on different wireless monitoring capabilities and data harvesting modes, we classify the nodal seismographs into a shoot-blind system, semi-blind system, real-time system and enhanced real-time system. We discuss structural principles and key technologies of the four types of nodal seismographs, analyze their characteristics and predict their future development directions. Focusing on node data quality monitoring, we discuss the application of communication technologies, such as Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, ZigBee, Long Term Evolution, and satellites in nodal seismographs in detail. Furthermore, we analyze and evaluate three main networking architectures including planar multi-hop networks, hierarchical cluster networks and hybrid networks, and sum up the research progress of wireless routing algorithms and large-scale seismic data real-time harvesting methods. Finally, the latest applications of nodal seismographs in energy and mineral resource exploration, geological environment monitoring, urban subsurface space survey and novel seismic technologies are covered. As research on the application of micro-electro-mechanical systems technology, cloud computing, 5G, Internet of Things, edge computing, machine learning and robotics in nodal systems deepens, the performance of nodal seismographs will be greatly promoted.
... A number of research studies on seismograph design, construction, and testing have been carried out to date [4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. Notwithstanding the integration of state-of-the-art IoT technology and high-speed, real-time systems, 5G technology has not been given sufficient attention, especially in geophysical instrument development. ...
A seismograph was designed based on Raspberry Pi. Although comprising 8 channels, the seismograph can be expanded to 16, 24, or 32 channels by using a USB interfacing with a microcontroller. In addition, by clustering more than one Raspberry Pi, the number of possible channels can be extended beyond 32. In this study, we also explored the computational intelligence of Raspberry Pi for running real-time systems and multithreaded algorithms to process raw seismic data. Also integrated into the seismograph is a Huawei MH5000-31 5G module, which provided high-speed internet real-time operations. Other hardware peripherals included a 24 bit ADS1251 analog-to-digital converter (ADC) and a STM32F407 microcontroller. Real-time data were acquired in the field for ambient noise tomography. An analysis tool called spatial autocorrelation (SPAC) was used to analyze the data, followed by inversion, which revealed the subsurface velocity of the site location. The proposed seismograph is prospective for small, medium, or commercial data acquisition. In accordance with the processing power and stability of Raspberry Pi, which were confirmed in this study, the proposed seismograph is also recommended as a template for developing high-performance computing applications, such as artificial intelligence (AI) in seismology and other related disciplines.
... The high cost of instrumentation and the rise of low-cost microcontrollers, each time with more functionalities, is what motivates the increasing number of proposals for measurement systems developed by the research groups themselves. Thus, wireless solutions can be found in the literature for seismic exploration [27,28], microzonation studies [29][30][31][32][33][34] and building monitoring [35][36][37], among others. ...
This article presents a new wireless seismic sensor network system, especially design
for building monitoring. The designed prototype allows remote control, and remote and real-time monitoring of the recorded signals by any internet browser. The system is formed by several Nodes (based on the CC3200 microcontroller of Texas Instruments), which are in charge of digitizing the ambient vibrations registered by three-component seismic sensors and transmitting them to a central server. This server records all the received signals, but also allows their real-time visualization in several remote client browsers thanks to the JavaScript’s Node.js technology. The data transmission uses not only Wi-Fi technology, but also the existing network resources that nowadays can be found usually in any official or residential building (lowering deployment costs). A data synchronization scheme was also implemented to correct the time differences between the Nodes, but also the longterm drifts found in the internal clock of the microcontrollers (improving the quality of records). The completed system is a low-cost, open-hardware and open-software design. The prototype was tested in a real building, recording ambient vibrations in several floors and observing the differences due to the building structure.
In present seismic exploration wireless sensor systems with large acquisition channels, it is difficult to achieve a high data rate, high reliability and long distance in wireless data transmission simultaneously. In this paper, a wireless seismic exploration system using a dual-layer network is proposed. The dual-layer network is designed based on Wi-Fi and LTE, so that long-distance high-rate seismic data transmission with a high reliability can be achieved. In the proposed system, the sensor array is composed of two kinds of nodes, the gateway node and the collecting node. Based on the proposed nodes, collecting node positioning, seismic data acquisition, seismic local data storage and quasi real-time remote seismic data transmission can be realized. Reliability mechanisms have been put forward to deal with the exceptions. An experiment was carried out to test the data transmission efficiency of the proposed system. The results show that the seismic exploration wireless sensor system with a dual-layer network structure can achieve quasi real-time remote seismic data transmission with no packet loss.
