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This paper presents a comparison of the eco-efficiency of a newly manufactured cylinder block and the eco-efficiency of a remanufactured cylinder block. For the environmental dimension, global warming potentials (GWP) of the cylinder blocks are considered and measured using life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology. For the economic perspective, the...
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Purpose
Previous life cycle assessments (LCAs) of buildings and building components show a broad range of values for the impact of maintenance and replacement, some highlighting these operations as major hotspots while others consider them insignificant. This article highlights methodological aspects explaining this discrepancy. The influence of th...
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Citations
... Whist FRCs produced using recycled fibre and virgin (non-recycled) fibre were found to exhibit outstanding mechanical performances, these mixes had both economic and environmental implications for energy consumption and treatment processes during their manufacture, transportation, and consumption. An eco-efficiency framework was used to assess the economic and environmental performance of alternative options in order to select eco-efficient options for energy, construction materials, and manufacturing [8][9][10][11][12]. Some of these studies involved the use of by-products (e.g., fly ash, slag) and wastes (e.g., waste crushed brick powder, recycled aggregates) in concrete and geopolymer concrete. ...
The steel industry is one the three biggest producers of carbon dioxide and it is experiencing technical challenges due to the gradual decrease in the quality of iron ore. Steel is extensively used in the construction industry for structural applications like steel components, while steel fibres are intensively used as additives to concrete in order to improve its performance. It is thus important to consider the use of recycled steel as a replacement for virgin steel in order to address the aforementioned environmental consequences. This paper applies the eco-efficiency framework to determine the economic and environmental implications of the use of recycled fibre in concrete as a replacement for virgin steel. A number of concrete mixes were considered that used virgin, recycled, and treated recycled rebar in concrete. The eco-efficiency framework, which uses a life-cycle assessment approach to calculate the environmental and economic values of concrete mixes in order to determine the portfolio positions of these concrete mixes, was used for comparison purposes and to establish the eco-efficient option(s). Whilst the recovery and recycling process is energy-intensive, the use of recycled steel fibre in reinforced concrete has been found to be eco-efficient and deliver the same level of mechanical performance compared to that obtained using virgin steel fibre. Treating steel fibre could improve its technical performance, but it was found to increase both costs and environmental impacts and was therefore identified as not being eco-efficient.
... While in recycling, large amounts of energy and labour are lost (MacArthur, 2013), remanufacturing saves materials and energy and produces less waste (Karvonen et al., 2015). A recent study by Afrinaldi et al. (2017) demonstrated these benefits through a cylinder block of a diesel engine, confirming an 88-99% reduction in energy consumption, use of material and emissions while saving 39% of costs compared to the production of a new cylinder block. Umeda et al. (2012) suggest that high-performance products (e.g., Caterpillar's engines) can be remanufactured for six or even seven cycles, saving enormous energy and material. ...
... Two articles, [12] and [18] present case studies on the comparison of the carbon footprint between remanufacturing and multi-piece manufacturing scenarios. Two other papers, [13] and [14], conducted a study on a one-piece product made from a single raw material. Therefore, the analysis is difficult to compare with our case study. ...
... As remanufacturing does not include a production process, it reduces the need for virgin material and other production inputs (Wahab et al., 2018). Various studies report the efficiency of remanufacturing in terms of cost and environmental effects (Afrinaldi et al., 2017;Li et al., 2021;Saidani et al., 2020;Xiong et al., 2020). ...
Purpose
The authors posit that one of the key enablers of the circular economy will be the digital transformation – in other words, “digitalization.” In this study, the authors examine and visualize the interaction of the circular economy and digitalization by using scientific publications. They explore possible synergies and future research avenues at this junction.
Design/methodology/approach
The authors first apply bibliometrics to explore and visualize the relationships between the circular economy and digitalization in the academic literature. Following the clustering of topics, they define key emerging factors for each cluster. Based on this analysis, they suggest future research avenues.
Findings
The authors find that there are four main clusters at the junction of circular economy and digitalization, including (1) sharing economy, (2) additive manufacturing, (3) business models and (4) industrial ecology and remanufacturing. They then dig deeper into these topics to better understand what factors would shape the future of the clusters. They conclude that sharing economy perspective and additive manufacturing may be enhanced by regulation-based and behavioral change-based approaches. Circular business models should be developed to maintain circularity in industry. Finally, digital manufacturing should be implemented within the framework of industrial ecology and remanufacturing principles to increase efficiency, productivity and traceability in the circular economy.
Originality/value
Digitalization offers significant potentials toward breakthrough sustainability by creating a circular economy. Hence, understanding the relationship between circular economy and digitalization is important to achieve sustainable development goals.
... The ratio of energy benefits between remanufacturing and manufacturing is in the range of 2%-25% for engine diesel remanufacturing. An eco-efficiency analysis of remanufacturing and manufacturing of a cylinder block has shown that a remanufactured cylinder block shows better performance, which is 62% compared with a newly manufactured component in addition to reduction in price, use of material and air emissions (Afrinaldi et al., 2017). ...
... Yeo, Pepin & Yang (2016) noted that to reduce the challenges and enhance remanufacturing, automated systems should be deployed for critical repair and restoration processes. Several authors have highlighted the benefits of AM in terms of efficiency, time saving and its ability to work with intricate designs compared with conventional techniques (Liu et al., 2017;Ko, Moon & Hwang, 2015). AM, as one of the enabling technologies of Industrial Revolution (IR) 4.0, could provide potential benefits in terms of sustainability in remanufacturing because it can extend a product's life cycle (Den Boer, Lambrechts & Krikke, 2020;Ford & Despeisse, 2016). ...
The conventional component repair in remanufacturing involves human decision making that is influenced by several factors such as conditions of incoming cores, modes of failure, severity of damage, features and geometric complexities of cores and types of reparation required. Repair can be enhanced through automation using additive manufacturing (AM) technology. Advancements in AM have led to the development of directed energy deposition and laser cladding technology for repair of damaged parts and components. The objective of this systematic literature review is to ascertain how intelligent systems can be integrated into AM-based repair, through artificial intelligence (AI) approaches capable of supporting the nature and process of decision making during repair. The integration of intelligent systems in AM repair is expected to enhance resource utilization and repair efficiency during remanufacturing. Based on a systematic literature review of articles published during 2005–2021, the study analyses the activities of conventional repair in remanufacturing, trends in the applications of AM for repair using the current state-of-the-art technology and how AI has been deployed to facilitate repair. The study concludes with suggestions on research areas and opportunities that will further enhance the automation of component repair during remanufacturing using intelligent AM systems.
... Afrinaldi et al. [15] compared the eco-efficiency of a remanufactured diesel engine cylinder block with that of a newly manufactured cylinder block. The study showed that remanufacturing resulted in savings of between 88% and 99% in raw material usage, energy consumption and emissions into the environment, a 90% reduction in global warming potentials (GWP), and a 39% reduction in cost. ...
Mechanical industries use rotating mechanical equipment in their day to day operations. The equipment suffers from wear and tear, and is usually discarded as scrap. But is there a way to recover some of this equipment and reuse it? This paper uses machine learning to capture and analyse the wearing damage of bearings and gears to determine whether they can be redeemed. Finite element analysis is conducted on worn-out spur gears and pillow bearings in order to facilitate feature extraction in image processing algorithms. This converts the actual gears, bearings, and seals into CAD files. The decision-making system is designed, and it uses these CAD files to decide on the optimum manufacturing process to restore redeemable components. The mechanical components of the system are designed using SOLIDWORKS. MATLAB, Proteus software, and the Arduino micro-controller are used for the system application design and simulation. The results from tests conducted on a worn-out gear and bearing show that the gear is 4% non-redeemable, while the bearing is 60.2% non-redeemable. The decision taken by the system is to redeem the gear and to discard the bearing.
... A multi-product CLSCN design was put forward by Uster et al. (2007), which examined the recovery of specific products by assigning resources to reduce operational costs of CLSCN; whilst preventing further reduction in profit and pollution levels. Afrinaldi et al. (2017) evaluated remanufacturing of a cylindrical part of a diesel motor and its broader environmental and economic benefits. Bloemhof-Ruwaard et al. (1996) used a linear programming model and studied the remanufacturing of tubes and paper from reclaimed and waste materials with various recycling methods in Europe. ...
Purpose
This paper designs an optimal closed-loop supply chain network with an integrated forward and reverse logistics to examine the possibility of remanufacturing end-of-life (EoL) ships.
Design/methodology/approach
Explanatory variables are used to estimate the number of EoL ships available in a closed-loop supply chain network. The estimated number of EoL ships is used as an input in the model and then it is solved by a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model of the closed-loop supply chain network to minimise the total logistic costs. A discounted payback period formula is developed to calculate the length of time to recoup an investment based on the investment's discounted cash flows. Existing ship wrecking industry clusters in the Western region of India are used as the case study to apply the proposed model.
Findings
The MILP model has optimised the total logistics costs of the closed-loop supply network and ascertained the optimal number and location of remanufacturing for building EoL ships. The capital and variable costs required for establishing and operating remanufacturing centres are computed. To remanufacture 30 ships a year, the discounted payback period of this project is estimated to be less than two years.
Practical implications
Ship manufacturing businesses are yet to re-manufacture EoL ships, given high upfront capital expenditure and operational challenges. This study provides management insights into the costs and benefits of EoL ship remanufacturing; thus, informing the decision-makers to make strategic operational decisions.
Originality/value
The design of an optimal close loop supply chain network coupled with a Bayesian network approach and discounted payback period formula for the collection and remanufacturing of EoL ships provides a new integrated perspective to ship manufacturing.
... For many years, researchers have attempted to establish the advantages of remanufacturing. For instance, Afrinaldi et al. (2017) conducted a study comparing the eco-efficient performance of a newly-manufactured and a remanufactured cylinder block. The study concluded that remanufacturing the cylinder block saved 88%e99% energy consumption and material usage and also reducing air pollution. ...
The Circular Economy concept aims to ensure environmental sustainability through the recovery of durable products that have reached the end of their usable life. Recovery strategies such as remanufacturing enable durable parts and cores to be restored to their original functionality and performance, thereby minimising the consumption of virgin materials and energy required for the production of new parts and components. To date, the repair and restoration processes concerning those parts and cores that can be remanufactured involved conventional methods such as material overlay and welding. These conventional methods are highly dependent on skilled manual labour or specialised industrial robots. With the notable growth in the global remanufacturing industry, it is imperative to deploy highly-efficient and sustainable methods to automate repair and restoration. Recent trends in remanufacturing repair and restoration indicate an increasing interest in metal additive manufacturing technology. To enhance the additive manufacturing efficiency for automated repair and restoration, it is crucial to optimise the core design. This paper provides a comprehensive and comparative outline of remanufacturing repair and restoration, using both conventional and automated methods. This paper also presents and discusses comprehensive insight into the application of AI-based techniques for design optimisation specific to additive manufacturing repair. Component design optimisation is crucial due to its impact on process efficiency and the life cycle of components. The review indicates that, despite the increasing interest in using additive manufacturing for repair and restoration, reports on the application of AI for design optimisation specific to repair and restoration using additive manufacturing remain limited. Furthermore, there are no established guidelines concerning design for repair and restoration using additive manufacturing. The paper concludes with recommendations for further research and presents a future outlook on AI-based optimisation for component design to facilitate repair and restoration using additive manufacturing. Automation is expected to facilitate the removal of roadblocks specific to process inefficiency and human limitations during conventional repair and restoration in remanufacturing.
... Eco-efficiency is an index to evaluate the environmental benefits; therefore, case study combing with Eco-efficiency is a meaningful research direction for scholars. So, Afrinaldi et al. (2017) utilized the case study of remanufactured cylinder block to assess this index. Krystofik et al. (2018) took Davies Office, Inc., as the research object to form the case which displayed that in the USA, the factors which influence the economic and the environmental impacts of remanufacturing office equipment are multidimensional. ...
Currently, the large-scale industrial production has made mountains of scrapped products and inevitably exerts irreversible damage to the nature resource and environment. Under this real situation, remanufacturing industry is able to provide a new path for government and enterprises to deal with the scrapped products and find the new growth point of ecological economy. So, the problem that how to push forward the development of remanufac-turing via the regulations of government has become the focus to the scholars and practitioners of enterprises. In this paper, the evolutionary game model was established in order to analyze the optimal strategies for both the government and the enterprises. Based on the obtained results from evolutionary game model, it shows that when the revenues gotten from supervision activities surpass the costs, government will supervise enterprises' production pattern positively. Meanwhile, if the profits earned by polluted production are higher than it in remanufacturing production, enterprises will keep their patter of production, although they may face the penalties of government. Then, a case study based on the long-term perspective was introduced in order to verify the rationality of the game model in math. The result of this paper shows that the regulation of government will exert the significant influences to firms' decision about remanufacturing. During the different periods of remanufacturing industry development, government regulations will make different influences.
... In addition, some studies showed that the prominent advantages of remanufacturing in the economic dimension cannot be underestimated. These findings are consistent with the pattern of economic growth in developing countries, which is significantly different from the emphasis that placed on the environment in developed countries (Afrinaldi et al., 2017). ...
... The environmental benefits of car remanufacturing have been reported by many researchers, and some hidden benefits are being explored and verified (Yi, 2013). Besides, the relevant case study shows that remanufacturing has lower environmental impacts than new ones (Afrinaldi et al., 2017). ...
The shortage of resources and environmental pollution have become the social issues of world concern, they have seriously affected the sustainable development. Remanufacturing has been recognized as an effective technology helps to improve the energy and materials utilization, and reduce environmental emissions with a low cost. we performed a comprehensive literature review of assessing energy, environment, and economy in remanufacturing based on life cycle assessment method to summarize the development of remanufacturing technologies, conclude new progress of remanufacturing in energy, environment and economy and review the remanufacturing trend. Firstly, we reviewed the life cycle assessment (LCA) method and its application in remanufacturing assessment. Some remanufacturing assessment methods based on LCA were analyzed here. Secondly, a framework of assessing energy, environment, and economy in remanufacturing based on LCA was built. Corresponding assessment methods in remanufacturing were studied and summarized in dimensions of energy, environment and economy respectively. Then following the integrated studies of energy-environment-economic assessment in remanufacturing was also described. In this paper, the remanufacturing and assessment about energy, environment, economy based on LCA were described systematically, so as to better understand and apply LCA and promote remanufacturing. Finally, the limitations of the LCA method were discussed, furthermore, in order to catch up with the trend of the manufacturing industry, the integration of remanufacturing and emerging technologies was proposed at the end of the paper, which will be conducive to the continuous innovation of remanufacturing.
