Figure - uploaded by Leslie Reperant
Content may be subject to copyright.
Current status of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses of the H5 subtype in animals and humans: Number of reported animal outbreaks and zoonotic cases of infection in North America (A), Europe (B), Africa (D) and Asia (E) from 1 January 2014 to 30 September 2015; C. Global distribution of reported animal outbreaks and zoonotic cases of infection from 1 April 2015 to 30 September 2015.
Source publication
Emerging infectious diseases continue to impose unpredictable burdens on global health and economy. Infectious disease surveillance and pandemic preparedness are essential to mitigate the impact of future threats. Global surveillance networks provide unprecedented monitoring data on plant, animal and human infectious diseases. Using such sources, w...
Context in source publication
Similar publications
Based on database linkage, the objective of this study was to describe the epidemiological profile of notified cases and deaths from the new viral subtype of influenza during the influenza pandemic. Secondary data were used from the SINAN (Information System for Notifiable Diseases) and SIM (Mortality Information System) for the years 2009 and 2010...
Citations
... It is evident that there are several infectious diseases, or zoonoses, that affect both horses and humans (see Figure 1). They occur sporadically, most often moving from the population of wild horses to humans (Reperant et al., 2016). Zoonoses that are transmitted from horses to humans by direct contact (e.g. ...
... Lyme borreliosis) (Lehmann et al., 2017) and mosquitoes (e.g. West Nile fever) (Reperant et al., 2016). ...
Of all the animals that accompany humans through almost all stages of human development, horses have the most prominent place. In addition to a presentation of the role and significance of horses in human life throughout history until today, taking the Bosnian mountain horse as a paradigm, a presentation is highlighted of the relationship of the Islamic religion to horses, which are the most valued domestic animals. In Islamic theology, caring for the animal world is mandatory, primarily as an expression of doing deeds that bring us closer to God, where the well-being of horses is especially important.
... Several infectious diseases can affect both horses and humans (see Table 2). Zoonotic agents represent the interconnection between human beings, the environment, and animals [83], thus, their transmission from horse to human can occur through direct contact (e.g., Hendra virus) or indirect contamination such as food products (e.g., Botulism) or vectors like ticks (e.g., Lyme-Borrelioses) and mosquitos (e.g., West Nile Fever) [84]. Therefore, the incidence of zoonotic-pathogens transmission has a close relation to the immune system of the animal and human beings, pathogen-control protocols, and environmental influence [85]. ...
... Therefore, the incidence of zoonotic-pathogens transmission has a close relation to the immune system of the animal and human beings, pathogen-control protocols, and environmental influence [85]. The frequency of zoonotic diseases is strictly under control [83]. No findings have been found on reverse zoonosis, which is a disease that was transmitted from human to horse. ...
Simple Summary
Animal-assisted interventions (AAI)s are planned activities carried out in multidisciplinary teams with educational, therapeutic, and ludic-recreational purposes. The multidisciplinary and integrated character identifies AAIs as the expression of one health. While AAIs offer many advantages to subjects, they could be exposed to several zoonotic-pathogens transmissions. Therefore, positive animal welfare, as preventive medicine to avoid accidents or zoonotic transmissions, is a relevant aspect with implications for human and animal health and welfare. The knowledge of several pathogens causing zoonoses in the animal species employed during the AAIs, as well as the preventive measures aimed at reducing and/or preventing the risk, guarantee their safety for patients. This review defines the future outcomes of the AAIs including the strengthening of preventive measures according to a “One Health approach”, the training of the personnel involved in AAIs, and the standardized protocols for hygiene–health–behavioral monitoring, aimed at a future production of health and behavioral certifications.
Abstract
Animal-assisted interventions (AAI)s represent the expression of integrated medicine, according to the One Health approach. Actually, animal-assisted therapies and animal-assisted activities are implemented in hospitals, rehabilitation centers, etc. The efficacy of AAIs is based on interspecific interactions and would be impacted by different factors, such as the characters of both the animal and the handler, a suitable selection of animal species, an appropriate animal educational protocol, the relationship between the handler and the animal, and mutual relationship among the animal, the patients, and members of the working team. AAIs produce many advantages for the patients but could expose them to zoonotic-pathogens transmission. Therefore, positive animal welfare, as preventative medicine to avoid incidents or transmission of zoonosis, is a relevant aspect with implications for human and animal health and wellbeing. This review aims to summarize the current published knowledge regarding the occurrence of pathogens in AAIs and to discuss their relevance in light of health and safety in AAIs participants. In addition, this review will contribute to defining the state of the art of AAIs through a careful benefits/challenges analysis and offers discussion points on the possible future developments according to the One Health approach.
... Worldwide, more than one billion zoonotic diseases occur yearly, putting pressure on global health systems, economies, and environmental resources [8,9]. Thus, surveillance and prevention of these diseases are fundamental to reducing the impact of future epidemics [10]. The diversity of animal reservoirs is a challenge in controlling pathogen spread, with animal reservoirs allowing these agents to perpetuate more easily [9]. ...
... The incidence of emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) has increased over the past 20 years and may continue to grow. EIDs may be caused by known or newly identified pathogens and represent at least 12% of pathogens found in humans [9,10]. ...
COVID-19 is a respiratory disease of worldwide importance as it has brought enormous health problems to the world’s population. The best-known way of transmission of the virus is through aerosolization. However, research is needed to explore other transmission routes. Researchers hypothesized that arthropods could transmit SARs-CoV-2. This study is aimed at reviewing research on arthropods as possible reservoirs and/or vectors of SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19. Following PRISMA guidelines, we conducted a systematic review using several electronic databases/academic searches with the search terms “arthropods,” “coronavirus,” and “transmission.” A total of 64 unique articles were identified, of which 58 were included in the review. The SARS-CoV-2 virus is tiny and invisible to the naked eye, and its presence in stools, droplets, and surfaces was detected. One doubt is whether insects can transmit the virus from one place to another. Thus, a healthy carrier of the COVID-19 virus can be at the root of the contamination of their community or their family through the transport of the virus by insects from the interior (flies, cockroaches, etc.) from their feces and food surfaces. Hygiene care within communities and families becomes a prime factor. Coronavirus infection is a significant public health problem around the world. The prevention and control of outbreaks remain very important, even with the production of new vaccines. The main option to achieve this is the proper management of the transmission of the virus. The registry of infected people is currently the basis for the transmission of COVID-19. However, questions about the possibility of infection from other sources and its prevention are not receiving adequate attention. Numerous studies have shown the possibility that SARS-COV-2 fragments could have a longer life than shed respiratory droplets. Also, this virus is larger than those of other coronavirus families.
... Considering the transboundary nature of people, pathogens, and ecosystems, ensuring that these international partnerships are built based on these strong foundations is highly important. The vast majority of emerging infectious diseases in humans are zoonotic (27). Often, they escape their natural wildlife reservoirs and infect captive or domestic animals and humans upon cross-species transmission. ...
... This can lead to the generation of newer strains or species that can be more virulent, and/or more resistant to antibiotics. Consequences can include increased transmission rates in susceptible populations [150][151][152][153][154]. ...
Most humans are in contact with animals in a way or another. A zoonotic disease is a disease or infection that can be transmitted naturally from vertebrate animals to humans or from humans to vertebrate animals. More than 60% of human pathogens are zoonotic in origin. This includes a wide variety of bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, parasites, and other pathogens. Factors such as climate change, urbanization, animal migration and trade, travel and tourism, vector biology, anthropogenic factors, and natural factors have greatly influenced the emergence, re-emergence, distribution, and patterns of zoonoses. As time goes on, there are more emerging and re-emerging zoonotic diseases. In this review, we reviewed the etiology of major zoonotic diseases, their impact on human health, and control measures for better management. We also highlighted COVID-19, a newly emerging zoonotic disease of likely bat origin that has affected millions of humans along with devastating global consequences. The implementation of One Health measures is highly recommended for the effective prevention and control of possible zoonosis.
... These infectious diseases continue to impose huge and unforeseeable burdens to the global health and economy. Thus, adequate surveillance of these diseases and preparation for potential epidemics and pandemics is fundamental to mitigate the impact of future outbreaks [8]. One of the challenges of controlling the dissemination of etiological agents is precisely the copious diversity of the animal reservoirs, making it easier for these agents to perpetuate in several habitats [2]. ...
... In total, 245 articles were found. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the present study, 19 articles were selected for the review [3,5,[7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23], as shown by Figure 1. The description of the qualitative data extracted from the studies included in this reviewcharacteristics of the publication: author, year, country, and main conclusion; kind of the wild animal; characteristics of the disease: species, and cases in humans -are shown in the Table 1. ...
... The majority of zoonoses cited in the studies, with the aforementioned specific descriptors, had links to mammals (n=16). The types of mammals, more expressively, were bats and primates (Non-Human Primates [3,5,16,23], Cercocebus atys [12,15], Pan troglodytes [12,14,15], and Gorilla gorilla [14]), and, less expressively, wild rodents [5], Dromedary camels [8], African buffalos [15], wild boars [18,22]. The second largest group of animals identified as reservoirs or dispersers of etiological agents of human infectious diseases were wild birds (n=7). ...
Infectious diseases continue to impose unpredictable burdens on global health and economies, a subject that requires constant research and updates. In this sense, the objective of the present article was to review studies on the role of wild animals as reservoirs and/or dispersers of etiological agents of human infectious diseases in order to compile data on the main wild animals and etiological agents involved in zoonotic outbreaks. A systematic review was carried out using PRISMA guidelines, using the PubMed, Scopus and SciELO platforms as data banks. The descriptors used were “zoonosis”, “human infectious diseases” and “wild animals”. The results show that wild animals (mainly bats, birds and primates) play an important role in the dissemination of etiological agents (mainly viruses, as a new coronavirus called 2019 Novel Coronavirus) in extensive geographic regions. Moreover, these wild animal organisms can act as the site for essential biotic synergy among several pathogenic microorganisms, promoting a higher rate of adaptation, mutation and even genetic recombination, with consequent stimulation of new strains and subtypes, inducing new infectious agents with unknown virulent potential. In conclusion, the monitoring of these diseases and adequate preparation for possible epidemics and pandemics are fundamental conditions for the mitigation of their future impact. The zoonotic threat of these etiological agents and the impact on public health can be enormous as shown by the ongoing epidemic of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019- nCoV) infections.
... Zoonotic diseases are those transmitted from horse to human through direct contact (e.g., Hendra virus) or indirect infections due to vehicles such as food products (e.g., Botulism) or vectors like ticks (e.g., Lyme-Borrelioses) and mosquitos (e.g., West Nile Fever) [65]. Zoonotic diseases are mostly an interface between wildlife, animals and humans [66]. Therefore, the transfer rate of zoonotic diseases highly depends on the immune status of the animals and humans, pathogen-control measurements and the contact to wildlife [67]. ...
... Therefore, the transfer rate of zoonotic diseases highly depends on the immune status of the animals and humans, pathogen-control measurements and the contact to wildlife [67]. To monitor the transmission of zoonotic infections, several surveillance systems do exist [66]. Despite many reports on zoonotic diseases, no study has been recorded on reverse zoonosis, where human is the main source of infection to horses. ...
One Health (OH) is a crucial concept, where the interference between humans, animals and the environment matters. This review article focusses on the role of horses in maintaining the health of humans and the environment. Horses’ impact on environmental health includes their influence on soil and the biodiversity of animal and plant species. Nevertheless, the effect of horses is not usually linear and several factors like plant–animal coevolutionary history, climate and animal density play significant roles. The long history of the relationship between horses and humans is shaped by the service of horses in wars or even in mines. Moreover, horses were essential in developing the first antidote to cure diphtheria. Nowadays, horses do have an influential role in animal assisted therapy, in supporting livelihoods in low income countries and as a leisure partner. Horses are of relevance in the spillover of zoonotic and emerging diseases from wildlife to human (e.g., Hendra Virus), and in non-communicable diseases (e.g., post-traumatic osteoarthritis in horses and back pain in horse riders). Furthermore, many risk factors—such as climate change and antimicrobial resistance—threaten the health of both horses and humans. Finally, the horse is a valuable factor in sustaining the health of humans and the environment, and must be incorporated in any roadmap to achieve OH.
... Moreover, all these aspects should be accompanied by investment in therapeutics discovery and preventive intervention strategies. He finally emphasized a key point of the One Health concept, which is communication among experts, politicians, stakeholders and society (Reperant et al., 2015). Nieto focused specifically on one of the most devastating zoonoses in human history: influenza. ...
The Global Virus Network (GVN) was established in 2011 to strengthen research and responses to emerging viral causes of human disease and to prepare against new viral pandemics. There are now 52 GVN Centers of Excellence and 9 Affiliate laboratories in 32 countries. The 11th International GVN meeting was held from June 9-11, 2019 in Barcelona, Spain and was jointly organized with the Spanish Society of Virology. A common theme throughout the meeting was globalization and climate change. This report highlights the recent accomplishments of GVN researchers in several important areas of medical virology, including severe virus epidemics, anticipation and preparedness for changing disease dynamics, host-pathogen interactions, zoonotic virus infections, ethical preparedness for epidemics and pandemics, one health and antivirals.
One Health (OH) and Global Health (GH) are interconnected perspectives that may contribute to subsidizing GH policies. This scoping review aims to map the volume, nature, and characteristics of studies focused on the interface of OH and GH concepts. We used PubMed (MEDLINE), Embase, Scopus, and The Virtual Health Library (BVS) as the literature data sources for the review. The search strategy used the descriptors “one health”, “one health concept”, “one medicine”, “global health”, “international health”, and “planetary health” in title and abstracts. We included original research presented as articles in scientific journals, book chapters or conference papers written in English, Spanish, or Portuguese, exploring the intersections between OH and GH concepts, not necessarily as their primary objectives, and published up to December 31, 2021. A total of 1.060 references were identified in the databases after removing duplicates, 139 publications selected for full-text evaluation and 45 publications were included for analysis. All included publications were published between 2011 and 2021, with the highest concentration in 2014 (22.2%). First authors were most frequently from the United States (35.6%), followed by the United Kingdom (15.6%). Overall, seven key themes were identified zoonosis, emerging infectious diseases, antimicrobial resistance, food safety, policy, human resources, and Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). The majority of the included publications employed OH concepts based on the United States Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, and the American Veterinary Medical Association definitions. We observed a common understanding of OH as an area of knowledge involving multiple disciplines and professionals and recognizing that both humans' and animals' health and the environment are interdependent. Although most authors demonstrated that health issues transcend national boundaries, a formal definition for GH was frequently not clearly identified. OH and GH interfaces are essential for accomplishing the 2030 Agenda and its SDG.
In response to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, biologists are working hard to screen many species of wild animals to logically pinpoint the exact origin of the virus. Now, researchers are more alert after the second consequence of zoonotic viral diseases during the
pandemic period. Previously, an editorial by Wong et al. appeared in Zoological Research that suggested tracking the origin of SARS-CoV-2. It was an important scientific question (Wong et al. 2020). Recent monkeypox spread in more than 12 non-African countries has
again raised the same question to screen many species of wild animals to identify the particular origin of the monkeypox virus rationally (Graham 2022, Velavan and Meyer 2022, Yang 2022). Monkeypox is now a global threat during the COVID-19 pandemic period and the global health community is on alert (Graham 2022, Rudan 2022, Yang 2022). So the emerging and reemerging zoonotic diseases have aggravated the same question to pinpoint
the exact origin of the viruses, the host range, and natural reservoir.............
