Figure 8 - uploaded by Padma Narsey Lal
Content may be subject to copyright.
Context in source publication
Context 1
... of coral and transport is done collectively by a group of villagers once a harvest order is received from the exporter. Live rock is harvested from reef beds in shallow lagoons by jimmying pieces with a crowbar or a screw diver and hammer (Figure 8). Rocks, 10-15 cm in diameter, covered with light to dark pink coralline algae, are targeted by villagers because of their market appeal. ...
Citations
... Economic feasibility studies on the prospectus of global commercial trade demand for coral reef-linked trade products, including BDM (Lal, 2004;Lal and Cerelala, 2005), have highlighted where the product will be harvested via divers who face social-technological challenges. During the preliminary period of the trade, shifts from freediving to compressed air diving without training impacted the labour force and contributed to diving-related disability accidents and fatalities of Fijian dive fishers (Lal, 2004;Lal and Cerelala, 2005). ...
... Economic feasibility studies on the prospectus of global commercial trade demand for coral reef-linked trade products, including BDM (Lal, 2004;Lal and Cerelala, 2005), have highlighted where the product will be harvested via divers who face social-technological challenges. During the preliminary period of the trade, shifts from freediving to compressed air diving without training impacted the labour force and contributed to diving-related disability accidents and fatalities of Fijian dive fishers (Lal, 2004;Lal and Cerelala, 2005). National-level decision-makers within trade agreements initially assumed that dive fishers working on BDM harvests Box 1: Classification of SDG 8 targets adopted from the International Labour Organization decent work program and grouped for the dive fisher labour force. ...
Island governments have made decent work and social protection their highest policy priority, aiming to link them to the so-called blue economy sectors such as fisheries. The development of small-scale commercial fishing is primarily driven by transnational fisheries trade and depends on dive fisher labour force facing issues with deficits in decent work, health and safety, and safety at sea provisions. Given the macro-policy priorities for decent work in the transition of small island developing states (SIDS) to blue economy, this paper examines the development interventions in small-scale commercial fisheries trade that have exacerbated unsafe marine working conditions of dive fishers. Despite significant investments in developing commercial fisheries trade, the mismatch between macro-level decisions and micro-level labour needs has hardly been explored via the blue economy and sustainable development goal interlinkages. This study used a qualitative research approach to examine the unsafe working conditions of dive fishers and examined why dive-related accidents and fatalities occur in commercial fisheries in the first place. A systematic approach in the analysis of diving accidents helps the study to, firstly, highlight the gaps between macro policy and practice at the national and global levels. Secondly, the approach helps explore the need for a coherent approach to policy integration that bridges the gap between the macro and operational levels of small-scale fisheries labour force. The study analyses the International Labour Organization’s decent work instruments with SIDS sustainable development priorities for fisheries workforce and points out that governments must be responsible at the macro level for managing accidents at sea and building a safe diving workforce through competent marine and diving authorities.
... These marine zones are known as qoliqolis. Under the Fiji Fisheries Act (Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute, [1991]), local members of a qoliqoli have exclusive rights to its use (Lal & Cerelala, 2005). Village chiefs are often in charge of qoliqolis and determine who can harvest and how much can be taken (Paletta, 2005). ...
... Locals participate on the basis of supply contracts with exporters who provide a licensed collector or purchase order, or directly employ harvesters. When licensees are provided, they organize villagers to harvest quantities often greater than requested due to expected quality rejections (Lal & Cerelala, 2005). Companies often have a villager, generally the village elder or qoliqoli owner, with whom they liaise and approach directly for negotiations (Vunisea, 2003). ...
... Equipment used by harvesters includes nets, hammers, and screwdrivers with plastic tops removed for use as a chisel to chip corals (Lal & Cerelala, 2005;Paletta, 2005). In both Fiji and Indonesia, outboard engine boats are used to access reefs. ...
Imported to adorn tanks of marine aquarium hobbyists, the trade in live corals poses a significant risk to species that concurrently face threats from rising global temperatures, pollution, and destructive fishing practices. To better understand the live coral trade, we employed a crime script framework to analyze the process by which corals are harvested in two of the world's major exporting countries-Indonesia and Fiji. We demonstrate that coral harvesting and export are complex activities that require a specific set of skills and tools. As such, various intervention strategies are proposed to address illegal coral harvesting at different stages of the crime script.
... In the absence of robust functionality understanding, costs estimates could only be derived by, either making some key assumptions about functional relationships between wastes and its effects and/or using expert judgment or Delphi system. Similar issues were also identified in other economic projects in the Pacific (Lal, 2003;Lal, 2004;Hajkowicz and Okotai, 2005;Lal and Cerelala, 2005;Woodruff and Holland, 2008). ...
Chapter 10, Socio-Economic Assessment of Pacific Coastal Management discusses
how resource and environmental economics analytical frameworks can be used to help understand the environmental impacts of various human activities and factors, in the context of a catchment containing a continuum of environments from ridge (upland environments) to reef (coastal and marine) environments. The author suggests that such an understanding can help develop appropriate strategies for managing impacts on coastal zone environments.
... The marine aquarium trade includes ornamental fish, invertebrates , coral, and live rock [37]. There are five aquarium companies in Fiji; these companies operate in 25 qoliqoli located along the Coral Coast and islands off the Western Division [38]. Pacific island nations supply about 18% of the 3.4 million ornamental fishes that are traded annually on the international market, with Fiji alone contributing 5% [39]. ...
... Similarly, Pacific island nations supply 25% of internationally traded live corals, with Fiji supplying 4% [39]. Overall, Fiji is ranked fourth after Indonesia, China and the Philippines in the export of marine aquarium products globally [38]. Demand for live rock from Fiji in particular has grown steadily since the late 1990s [38], due to its distinctive colour, and Fiji is now one of the major global exporters of live rock. ...
... Overall, Fiji is ranked fourth after Indonesia, China and the Philippines in the export of marine aquarium products globally [38]. Demand for live rock from Fiji in particular has grown steadily since the late 1990s [38], due to its distinctive colour, and Fiji is now one of the major global exporters of live rock. Both wild and cultured live rocks are exported. ...
This paper reviews the socio-economic and ecological context of Fijian reef fisheries. This review is deemed necessary because improved understanding of the state and trends of Fiji's coral reef fisheries on a national level is required for designing an effective management plan for Fiji's inshore reef fisheries. The most important point that emerges from our review is that despite numerous studies of Fiji's reef fisheries, the current status of reef-associated fisheries at the national level is still uncertain due, mainly, to the lack of dependable data on the subsistence fisheries. This in turn leads to uncertainty about how the continuation of fishing, in particular, fishing focused on target species for the coral reef resources trade, will affect fishing communities and the ecosystem.
The exclusive economic zone of the Cook Islands, nearly 1,960,000 km2 of ocean, is 7,000 times larger than the country’s land area of just 240km2. Coastal and marine resources provide the Government of the Cook Islands, businesses and households with many real and measurable benefits. This report describes, quantifies and, where possible, estimates the economic value of the Cook Islands’ marine and coastal resources. The key marine ecosystem services that are assessed in detail are: subsistence and commercial fishing; trochus; pearls; sand and coral aggregate; seabed minerals; coastal protection; tourism; recreation; and existence values related to marine biodiversity.
The South Pacific has experienced a remarkable proliferation of Marine Managed Areas in the last decade. These protected areas, implemented by over 500 communities spanning 15 independent countries and territories represent a unique global achievement. The approaches being developed at national levels are built on a unique feature of the region, customary tenure and resource access, and make use of, in most cases, existing community strengths in traditional knowledge and governance, combined with a local awareness of the need for action, resulting in what have been most aptly termed Locally Managed Marine Areas (LMMAs). The main driver in most cases, is a community desire to maintain or improve livelihoods, often related to perceived threats to food security or local economic revenue. In the South Pacific, conservation and sustainable use are often seen as inseparable as part of the surviving concepts of traditional environmental stewardship. The extent of this shift towards Community Based Resource Management in Melanesia and Polynesia is unprecedented on a global scale and is the subject of this report. The benefits of LMMAs and community-based resource management are many. Not least, communities anecdotally report rapid and appreciable increases of marine resources within closed areas. There is also now an increasing body of technical literature which seems to confirm these observations and indeed the potential speed at which this may occur, and these increases seem likely to reflect positive impacts on the biodiversity within these areas. Evidence for significant fishery impacts such as increased landings or catch per unit effort is scarcer, possibly reflecting a greater time period required for such impacts to be observable. The success of these community based management approaches comes at a time when the region faces enormous challenges to food security, biodiversity and adaptation to climate change. The population in the South Pacific is projected to double
