Fig 4 - available via license: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported
Content may be subject to copyright.
Comparison of the sporomorph-derived climate estimates, SST values based on TEX L 86 and TEX H 86 , and DCA Axis 1 sample scores from the Middle Paleocene to Lower Eocene of ODP Site 1172. Sporomorph-derived climate estimates are based on the methodology of Greenwood et al. (2005). Error bars represent the minimum and maximum estimates determined using that method. SST data are from Bijl et al. (2009, 2013b) and Hollis et al. (2014). Sporomorphderived climate estimates and DCA results are based on samples with counts ≥ 100 individuals only. The intervals corresponding to the middle/late Paleocene transition and the PETM are marked by horizontal blue and red bars, respectively. Age model and dinocyst zonation after Bijl et al. (2013b).
Source publication
Reconstructing the early Paleogene climate dynamics of terrestrial settings in the high southern latitudes is important to assess the role of high-latitude physical and biogeochemical processes in the global climate system. However, whereas a number of high-quality Paleogene climate records has become available for the marine realm of the high sout...
Similar publications
The Beda Formation represents the subsurface sequence of interbedded limestone with subordinate dolomites, which are major hydrocarbon reservoirs in the western Sirte Basin of Libya. Middle Paleocene (Montian) age has been assigned to this formation based on foraminifera, but the list of those age diagnostic foraminifera could not be found in the p...
A nearly continuous sedimentary record from Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 959 (Hole 959D) in the Côte d’Ivoire-Ghana Transform Margin provides the opportunity to study Lower Paleogene palynology in this equatorial region. This paper presents data for 117 dinoflagellate cyst taxa recorded in 18 samples covering a 91-m interval from 867.60 mbsf t...
The stratigraphic subdivisions of the Paleogene included in the updated regional stratigraphic scheme of the Ulyanovsk-Syzran facial district with a wide development of biosiliceous deposits, are described and paleontologically characterized. The biostratigraphic subdivision of the reference sections using diatoms and dinocysts is discussed. The re...
Citations
... Pollen of M. harrisii is first seen in New Zealand and Australia in the early-middle Paleocene (Raine, 1984;Macphail et al., 1994;Contreras et al., 2014), but is relatively sparse until the early Eocene. Whilst M. harrisii is common or abundant in New Zealand in the early-middle Eocene, the southern Australia record is varied: high abundances occur in the Australo-Antarctic basins (e.g., Otway Basin) but not in Southeastern Australia (e.g., Gippsland Basin), where gymnosperm pollen remain abundant (Harris, 1965;Carpenter et al., 2012;Contreras et al., 2014;Holdgate et al., 2017). ...
... Pollen of M. harrisii is first seen in New Zealand and Australia in the early-middle Paleocene (Raine, 1984;Macphail et al., 1994;Contreras et al., 2014), but is relatively sparse until the early Eocene. Whilst M. harrisii is common or abundant in New Zealand in the early-middle Eocene, the southern Australia record is varied: high abundances occur in the Australo-Antarctic basins (e.g., Otway Basin) but not in Southeastern Australia (e.g., Gippsland Basin), where gymnosperm pollen remain abundant (Harris, 1965;Carpenter et al., 2012;Contreras et al., 2014;Holdgate et al., 2017). Casuarinaceae is a family characteristic of sclerophyllous, seasonally dry forests, but also includes the primitive genus Gymnostoma, a tropical-subtropical rainforest margin taxon adapted to low nutrient soils (Hill, 1994;Prider and Christophel, 2000;Steane et al., 2003). ...
... Pollen of M. harrisii is first seen in New Zealand and Australia in the early-middle Paleocene (Raine, 1984;Macphail et al., 1994;Contreras et al., 2014), but is relatively sparse until the early Eocene. Whilst M. harrisii is common or abundant in New Zealand in the early-middle Eocene, the southern Australia record is varied: high abundances occur in the Australo-Antarctic basins (e.g., Otway Basin) but not in Southeastern Australia (e.g., Gippsland Basin), where gymnosperm pollen remain abundant (Harris, 1965;Carpenter et al., 2012;Contreras et al., 2014;Holdgate et al., 2017). ...
... Pollen of M. harrisii is first seen in New Zealand and Australia in the early-middle Paleocene (Raine, 1984;Macphail et al., 1994;Contreras et al., 2014), but is relatively sparse until the early Eocene. Whilst M. harrisii is common or abundant in New Zealand in the early-middle Eocene, the southern Australia record is varied: high abundances occur in the Australo-Antarctic basins (e.g., Otway Basin) but not in Southeastern Australia (e.g., Gippsland Basin), where gymnosperm pollen remain abundant (Harris, 1965;Carpenter et al., 2012;Contreras et al., 2014;Holdgate et al., 2017). Casuarinaceae is a family characteristic of sclerophyllous, seasonally dry forests, but also includes the primitive genus Gymnostoma, a tropical-subtropical rainforest margin taxon adapted to low nutrient soils (Hill, 1994;Prider and Christophel, 2000;Steane et al., 2003). ...
The Cretaceous–Paleogene marine sedimentary succession exposed in the banks of the middle reaches of the Waipara River (referred to as mid-Waipara), north Canterbury, New Zealand, has been the subject of several high-profile studies of Paleogene paleoclimate over the past decade. It is one of relatively few sections globally where a multi-proxy approach is possible due to the good preservation of microfossils and organic biomarkers. The Eocene section is also well dated by magnetostratigraphy and biostratigraphy based on planktic foraminifera, calcareous nannofossils and dinoflagellate cysts (dinocysts). Here, we build on this previous work and undertake a comprehensive analysis of paleontological and geochemical indicators of climatic and environmental changes through the early–middle Eocene part of the section, with particular focus on the early Eocene climatic optimum (EECO; 53.26–49.14 Ma). We correlate a 33.5 m-thick interval with the EECO, based on biostratigraphy, magnetostratigraphy, TEX86-paleothermometry and bulk carbonate δ¹³C. Our new sea-surface temperature (SST) record based on TEX86 agrees with a previous lower resolution record based on TEX86 and planktic foraminiferal δ¹⁸O and Mg/Ca ratios. The EECO interval in this section extends from the upper part of the New Zealand Waipawan Stage to the Mangaorapan/Heretaungan Stage boundary at 49.27 Ma. The EECO onset is not exposed, but the termination is well constrained by a fall in SST and shift to more positive δ¹³C values. Six negative carbon isotope excursions (CIEs) are recognised within the EECO and are tentatively correlated with CIEs J/K, M, O, Q, T and C22nH4 in the global δ¹³C compilation. The CIEs are associated with warmer SSTs, indicating that they represent hyperthermals. The BAYSPAR TEX86 calibration indicates SST increased by as much as 12 °C from the early Eocene (∼55 Ma) to the EECO, where SST peaked at 35 °C. SST gradually declined from mid EECO (∼51 Ma) into the middle Eocene. The marked warming in the early EECO is associated with the highest abundance of warm-water taxa in calcareous nannofossil and dinocyst assemblages, the highest proportion of planktic foraminifera, and a coeval long-term shift to abundant angiosperm vegetation, primarily driven by a rise in Casuarinaceae. There is good agreement between TEX86 and marine microfossil-based proxies for temperature, providing confidence that both approaches are useful guides to past water temperature. Warm-water marine taxa are most abundant in the EECO but are not dominant. Comparison of the abundance of nannofossil warm-water taxa between mid-Waipara and a low-latitude site on Shatsky Rise suggests the latitudinal temperature gradient between mid- and low-latitudes in the EECO was greater than the TEX86 proxy implies. There is no clear evidence for enhanced sedimentation rates associated with the EECO, in contrast to evidence from the nearby Mead Stream section. Superabundant Homotryblium, a euryhaline dinocyst, in the early and middle EECO suggests elevated salinity and/or stratified surface waters, and there is no clear evidence of increased surface productivity associated with the EECO. Declining SST in the late EECO, ∼50 Ma, corresponds with an increase in cool-water taxa and terrigenous material. This article highlights the importance of combining well-calibrated paleontological and geochemical records to better constrain and understand past warm climate states.
... On this d 18 O graph we identify several well-established and important events in the Cenozoic since the isolation of New Zealand and the K-T Mass Extinction at 65.0 Ma (Bond and Grasby 2017): Eocene Thermal Optimum (51.0-53.0 Ma;Contreras et al. 2014), mid to late Eocene extinction(37.8 Ma;Miller et al. 2008; Pound and Sal- zmann 2017) and Eocene-Oligocene transition extinction (33.9 Ma; Molina 2015), Ant- arctic Glaciation(27.0-33.0 ...
A colonisation history for 411 extant genera and 477 lineages of the vascular flora of New Zealand was constructed using the plastid rbcL gene. Molecular clock crown ages suggest that the Eocene-Oligocene transition extinction at 33.9 Ma was critical to the development of the extant flora as few lineages, mostly ferns and conifers, predate this event. Based on crown dates, almost all extant angiosperm lineages have established after the Eocene-Oligocene transition extinction. The Oligocene marine transgression had little discernible impact on the formation of the extant flora, as at the culmination of the inundation (22.0–25.0 Ma) fifty extant lineages of vascular plant were present and another eight lineages originated during this time. The majority of extant species (89%) originated after the end of the Miocene Thermal Optimum at about 15.0 Ma. Nearly 50% of the extant species have evolved during mountain uplift and glaciation of the late Pliocene-Pleistocene (0–4.99 Ma). Therefore, despite a residual contribution from the Eocene, Oligocene and early to mid Miocene periods, the New Zealand vascular flora essentially originated in the late Miocene and after.
... The divergence time of genera Salix and Populus was about 48 Mya at the period of Paleogene (66-23Mya) [43][44][45]. During the Paleogene, the global climate went against the hot and humid conditions of the late Mesozoic era and began a cooling and drying trend [23]. ...
Background
Willows are widely distributed in the northern hemisphere and have good adaptability to different living environment. The increasing of genome and transcriptome data provides a chance for comparative analysis to study the evolution patterns with the different origin and geographical distributions in the Salix phylogeny.
Results
Transcript sequences of 10 Salicaceae species were downloaded from public databases. All pairwise of orthologues were identified by comparative analysis in these species, from which we constructed a phylogenetic tree and estimated the rate of diverse. Divergence times were estimated in the 10 Salicaceae using comparative transcriptomic analysis. All of the fast-evolving positive selection sequences were identified, and some cold-, drought-, light-, universal-, and heat- resistance genes were discovered.
Conclusions
The divergence time of subgenus Vetrix and Salix was about 17.6–16.0 Mya during the period of Middle Miocene Climate Transition (21–14 Mya). Subgenus Vetrix diverged to migratory and resident groups when the climate changed to the cool and dry trend by 14 Mya. Cold- and light- stress genes were involved in positive selection among the resident Vetrix, and which would help them to adapt the cooling stage. Universal- stress genes exhibited positive selection among the migratory group and subgenus Salix. These data are useful for comprehending the adaptive evolution and speciation in the Salix lineage.
Electronic supplementary material
The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-019-5627-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
... The divergence time of the genera Populus and Salix was about 45 Mya in the middle of the Paleogene period (66-23 Mya) [53][54][55]. During the Paleogene period, the global climate went against the hot and humid conditions of the late Mesozoic era and began a cooling and drying trend [56]. ...
Poplars are widely distributed in the northern hemisphere and have good adaptability to different living environments. The accumulation of genome and transcriptome data provides a chance to conduct comparative genomics and transcriptomics analyses to elucidate the evolutionary patterns of Populus phylogeny. Transcript sequences of eight Salicaceae species were downloaded from public databases. All of the pairwise orthologues were identified by comparative transcriptome analysis in these species, from which we constructed a phylogenetic tree and estimated the rate of divergence. The divergence times of the phylogenetic clades were mainly estimated during the Middle Miocene Climate Transition (MMCT) to Quaternary Ice Age. We also identified all of the fast-evolving sequences of positive selection and found some resistance genes that were related to environmental factors. Our results suggest that drought-, H2O2- and cold-stress genes are involved in positive selection along with the paleoclimate change. These data are useful in elucidating the evolutionary patterns and causes of speciation in the Populus lineage.
... Gambierina edwardsii and Gambierina rudata are known as Cretaceous to Palaeocene species. A recent study published a robust last appearance date (LAD) for these species at the Palaeocene/Eocene boundary on the East Tasman Rise (ODP Site 1172) 43 . However, in southeastern Australia, the two Gambierina species observed in the Sabrina Coast sequence range into the earliest early Eocene 44 ...
Antarctica's continental-scale ice sheets have evolved over the past 50 million years. However, the dearth of ice-proximal geological records limits our understanding of past East Antarctic Ice Sheet (EAIS) behaviour and thus our ability to evaluate its response to ongoing environmental change. The EAIS is marine-terminating and grounded below sea level within the Aurora subglacial basin, indicating that this catchment, which drains ice to the Sabrina Coast, may be sensitive to climate perturbations. Here we show, using marine geological and geophysical data from the continental shelf seaward of the Aurora subglacial basin, that marine-terminating glaciers existed at the Sabrina Coast by the early to middle Eocene epoch. This finding implies the existence of substantial ice volume in the Aurora subglacial basin before continental-scale ice sheets were established about 34 million years ago. Subsequently, ice advanced across and retreated from the Sabrina Coast continental shelf at least 11 times during the Oligocene and Miocene epochs. Tunnel valleys associated with half of these glaciations indicate that a surface-meltwater-rich sub-polar glacial system existed under climate conditions similar to those anticipated with continued anthropogenic warming. Cooling since the late Miocene resulted in an expanded polar EAIS and a limited glacial response to Pliocene warmth in the Aurora subglacial basin catchment. Geological records from the Sabrina Coast shelf indicate that, in addition to ocean temperature, atmospheric temperature and surface-derived meltwater influenced East Antarctic ice mass balance under warmer-than-present climate conditions. Our results imply a dynamic EAIS response with continued anthropogenic warming and suggest that the EAIS contribution to future global sea-level projections may be under-estimated.
... His interpretation was based on common occurrence of tropical floras which were collected from transgressive Krappfeld succession of Eastern Alps, Austria. Similar situation was encountered in the southern high-latitude, where warm climate was interpreted to appear in the transition of Paleocene-Eocene (EECO) of Tasmania [3] and in Southeastern Australia [4]. Plant Communities and Climate Change in Southeastern Australia During the Early Paleogene. ...
... Pross et al. (2012) infer diverse near-tropical forests, including palm trees, in lowland regions along the Wilkes Land coast (at a paleolatitude around 70°S) from sedimentary pollen distributions. Early to mid Eocene deep water temperatures, and therefore winter temperatures at the deep water formation sites (Kim et al., 2008), were at least 10°C warmer than today (Miller et al., 1987;Lear et al., 2000;Zachos et al., 2001aZachos et al., , 2008Cramer et al., 2011), consistent with high-latitude presence of frost-intolerant flora and fauna (Hutchison, 1982;Spicer and Parrish, 1990;Wing and Greenwood, 1993;Greenwood and Wing, 1995;Markwick, 1998;Carpenter et al., 2012;Contreras et al., 2013Contreras et al., , 2014. There is also evidence for cold-intolerant plant and animal species such as palms, cycads and crocodiles at subpolar latitudes during the early Eocene also in Greenland, with an estimated mean annual temperature of 14 ± 3°C and coldest month temperatures in excess of 5°C (Eldrett et al., 2009). ...
... Kennedy (2003) used physiognomic analysis of leaf fossils for Paleocene sites in western and eastern South Island to infer a cool temperate climate with a mean annual air temperature (MAAT) of 9-11°C, which is consistent with the results from the MBT′-CBT proxy. Analysis of pollen assemblages from ODP Site 1172 also shows pronounced cooling from warm to cool temperate conditions coincident with Waipawa organofacies deposition, with MAAT of~10°C (Contreras et al., 2014). ...
... (i) Mild temperatures through the Middle Paleocene (Fig. 10), promoted regional proliferation of coastal vegetation under warm temperate to cool subtropical conditions Contreras et al., 2014); (ii) Tasman Sea-related extension slowed in the Late Paleocene, resulting in accelerated, passive thermal subsidence in sedimentary basins around New Zealand ; (iii) Pronounced and short-lived cooling at the Middle-Late Paleocene boundary, elevated nutrient supplies from both erosion of wellvegetated coastal areas and enhanced current-driven upwelling resulting in increased carbon delivery and burial; (iv) A latest Paleocene to Early Eocene transgression linked to global warming (Sluijs et al., 2008), and passive margin subsidence led to deposition of fine-grained smectitic sediments (Field et al., 1997), preserving the underlying organofacies. ...
... Kennedy (2003) used physiog- nomic analysis of leaf fossils for Paleocene sites in western and eastern South Island to infer a cool temperate climate with a mean annual air temperature (MAAT) of 9-11 °C, which is consistent with the results from the MBT′-CBT proxy. Analysis of pollen assemblages from ODP Site 1172 also shows pronounced cooling from warm to cool temperate conditions coincident with Waipawa organofacies deposition, with MAAT of ~10 °C ( Contreras et al., 2014). ...
... (i) Mild temperatures through the Middle Paleocene (Fig. 10), pro- moted regional proliferation of coastal vegetation under warm temperate to cool subtropical conditions ( Crouch et al., 2003;Contreras et al., 2014); (ii) Tasman Sea-related extension slowed in the Late Paleocene, resulting in accelerated, passive thermal subsidence in sedimen- tary basins around New Zealand ( King et al., 1999); (iii) Pronounced and short-lived cooling at the Middle-Late Paleocene boundary, elevated nutrient supplies from both erosion of well- vegetated coastal areas and enhanced current-driven upwelling resulting in increased carbon delivery and burial; (iv) A latest Paleocene to Early Eocene transgression linked to global warming ( Sluijs et al., 2008), and passive margin subsidence led to deposition of fine-grained smectitic sediments ( Field et al., 1997), preserving the underlying organofacies. ...
