Figure 6 - uploaded by Frank Köhler
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Collection sites at the Kaek River (in downstream order). (a) Sri Dit waterfall (K11). (b) Thung Salaeng rapids (K10). (c) Kaeng Sopha waterfall (K8). (d) Poi waterfall (K5). (e) Aeng Gaw waterfall (K7), end of rainy season, November 2007. (f) Aeng Gaw waterfall, end of dry season (K7). (g) Kaeng Song waterfall (K4). (h) Lower course of Kaek River in Wang Tong. All photos except of (e) were taken in February 2006 at the end of the dry season. Specimens were collected above and below the waterfalls
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The Kaek River in central Thailand is unique in harbouring a diverse species assemblage of viviparous gastropods of the genus Brotia. A stretch of this river less than 100 km long is inhabited by seven, mostly endemic species that are essentially differentiated by their shell morphology. Earlier, it has been suggested that this species flock fulfil...
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Context 1
... configuration of the collection sites differs to a certain degree (Fig. 6). Rocks are the predominant substrate across the entire length of the Kaek River. At waterfalls within the main course of the river (at Kaeng Song, Poi, Kaeng Sopha), the water runs over large steps with heights from 1 to 4 m. At rapids, the water runs swiftly over a broader stretch of rocks and boulders. There, water depth is usually ...
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Citations
... Previous taxonomic studies on mollusks based on molecular biology have commonly used mitochondrial genes, specifically COX1, for species identification, estimation of differentiation rates, and detection of new species (Köhler et al. 2010b;Zhang et al. 2015;Köhler 2017;Aksenova et al. 2018;Du et al. 2019a;Du et al. 2019b;Du and Yang 2019;Wiggering et al. 2019;Yang and Yu 2019;Liang et al. 2022;Wilke et al. 2023;Zhang et al. 2023). Zhang et al. (2018) reported that COX1 is one of the most conserved PCGs in the mitochondrial genome. ...
Research on complete mitochondrial genomes can help in understanding the molecular evolution and phylogenetic relationships of various species. In this study, the complete mitogenome of Hua aristarchorum was characterized to supplement the limited mitogenomic information on the genus Hua . Three distinct assembly methods, GetOrganelle, NovoPlasty and SPAdes, were used to ensure reliable assembly. The 15,691 bp mitogenome contains 37 genes and an AT-rich region. Notably, the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I ( COX1 ) gene, commonly used for species identification, appears to be slow-evolving and less variable, which may suggest the inclusion of rapidly evolving genes (NADH dehydrogenase subunit 6 [ ND6 ] or NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 [ ND2 ]) as markers in diagnostic, detection, and population genetic studies of Cerithioidea. Moreover, we identified the unreliability of annotations (e.g., the absence of annotations for NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4L [ ND4L ] in NC_037771) and potential misidentifications (NC_023364) in public databases, which indicate that data from public databases should be manually curated in future research. Phylogenetic analyses of Cerithioidea based on different datasets generated identical trees using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference methods. The results confirm that Semisulcospiridae is closely related to Pleuroceridae. The sequences of Semisulcospiridae clustered into three clades, of which H. aristarchorum is one; H. aristarchorum is sister to the other two clades. The findings of this study will contribute to a better understanding of the characteristics of the H. aristarchorum mitogenome and the phylogenetic relationships of Semisulcospiridae. The inclusion of further mitochondrial genome sequences will improve knowledge of the phylogeny and origin of Cerithioidea.
... For Brotia species from mountain ranges in Central Thailand it has recently suggested that speciation events were driven by tectonic events during the Cenozoic . Accordingly, it was hypothesized that mountain uplifts that affected the connectivity of various river systems in that region have also led to the spatial separation and re-connection of snail populations that inhabited these rivers (Glaubrecht & Kaehler 2004; Kaehler et al. 2010). Brotia iravadica and B. yunnanensis inhabit streams in a mountain region, which has been geologically active throughout the Cenozoic. ...
A new species of pachychilid freshwater gastropods, Brotia yunnanensis n. sp., is described from the Mengnong River in the Lancang (= Mekong) River drainage of Yunnan, Southern China. This species is characterised by the unique combination of a comparatively small, conical shell with a sculpture consisting of densely arranged but weakly developed axial ribs that support two spiral rows of weak nodules, and a round, multispiral operculum. Brotia yunnanensis n. sp. is the first confirmed report of this genus from China. It is anticipated that further species are to be found in this region, which currently remain unknown. (© 2010 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The Mekong and Chao Phraya rivers harbor a species-rich freshwater mussel assemblage containing a large radiation of the Pseudodontini species. Members of the genera Bineurus Simpson 1900 and Thaiconcha Bolotov et al., 2020 primarily inhabit small and medium-sized tributaries of these rivers. Here, we present an integrative taxonomic review of these genus-level clades. We show that Bineurus contains four species: B. mouhotii (Lea, 1863), B. exilis (Morelet, 1866) stat. rev., B. anodontinum (Rochebrune, 1882) stat. rev., and B. loeiensis sp. nov. In its turn, Thaiconcha comprises three species: T. callifera (Martens, 1860), T. munelliptica sp. nov., and T. thaiensis sp. nov. Two species, Pseudodon ovalis Morlet, 1889 and P. thomsoni Morlet, 1884, are considered here as questionable taxa. These findings further highlight that Southeast Asia represents a significant evolutionary hotspot of freshwater mussels, which requires further international collaborative research and conservation efforts.
The freshwater bivalve genus Ensidens Frierson, 1911 is widely distributed in Thailand and the surrounding parts of mainland Southeast Asia. While the identification of the two currently accepted species, Ensidens ingallsianus (Lea, 1852) and E. sagittarius (Lea, 1856) is based on external morphology, classification using only morphology can lead to underestimation of species diversity and misidentification, due to phenotypic plasticity. Here we present the results of a phylogeographic study of these two nominal species based on 82 individuals and using DNA sequence data from mitochondrial (COI and ND1) and nuclear (ITS1) gene fragments. Phylogenetic trees based on maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference revealed that both species contain deeply divergent clades that may represent previously unrecognized species. The six phylogenetic lineages within Thai Ensidens correspond to the geographic structure of Thailand’s river basins. These six consist of two lineages of E. ingallsianus from basins draining to the Gulf of Thailand (Chao Phraya, Mae Klong, Phetchaburi, Bang Prakong, Prasae and Ta Pi) and the Mekong River (Mun and Tonle Sap), and four lineages of E. sagittarius from the Khorat basin (Mekong). These geographically disjunct lineages are hypothesized to have formed during the complex drainage history of Indochina. The presence of multiple lineages of Ensidens endemic to the northern Khorat basin emphasizes the conservation importance of this region.
While Africa's lacustrine gastropod fauna, in particular of Lake Tanganyika, has received much attention, the continent's riverine malacofauna has long been neglected. Pseudocleopatra is a relatively poorly known paludomid gastropod genus with species found throughout the lower reaches of the West African Volta and Congo rivers. In the course of ongoing systematic revisions of African paludomids, we present here a morphometric analysis and revision of the recent species assigned to the genus, i.e., P. togoensis, P. voltana, P. dartevellei and P. bennikei, to improve taxonomic acuity for this group. We use available museum material for geometric morphometrics, multivariate ratio analysis and comparisons of radular and opercular characters. Our results demonstrate that the four recent species of Pseudocleopatra are clearly distinguishable on the basis of ratios of shell measurements as well as radular and opercular characters. Pseudocleopatra has generic-level synapomorphies including: concentric opercula with relatively large paucispiral nuclei, and rachidian radular teeth with usually 13-20 cusps. On the basis of this characterisation, the nominal species Cleopatra broecki is transferred to Pseudocleopatra. Additionally, the nominal taxon P. bennikei is synonymized with P. broecki n. comb. The phylogenetic relationships of Pseudocleopatra are currently unknown, but the observed tendency of some fossil taxa assigned to Pseudocleopatra towards thalassoidism, i.e., the resemblance to marine gastropods, has led to the hypothesis that some of the thalassoid endemics in Lake Tanganyika may have originated from or be related to Pseudocleopatra. Should this hypothesis be correct, which is in need of testing by molecular genetic methods when suitable samples become available, Pseudocleopatra may play a crucial role in understanding of the evolution of thalassoidism in African Paludomidae.
The concept of long-lived (ancient) lakes has had a great influence on the development of evolutionary biogeography. According to this insight, a number of lakes on Earth have existed for several million years (e.g., Baikal and Tanganyika) and represent unique evolutionary hotspots with multiple intra-basin radiations. In contrast, rivers are usually considered to be variable systems, and the possibility of their long-term existence during geological epochs has never been tested. In this study, we reconstruct the history of freshwater basin interactions across continents based on the multi-locus fossil-calibrated phylogeny of freshwater mussels (Unionidae). These mussels most likely originated in Southeast and East Asia in the Jurassic, with the earliest expansions into North America and Africa (since the mid-Cretaceous) following the colonization of Europe and India (since the Paleocene). We discovered two ancient monophyletic mussel radiations (mean age ~51–55 Ma) within the paleo-Mekong catchment (i.e., the Mekong, Siam, and Malacca Straits paleo-river drainage basins). Our findings reveal that the Mekong may be considered a long-lived river that has existed throughout the entire Cenozoic epoch.
Nesting Biology and Seasonality of Long-Horned Bee Eucera nigrilabris Lepeletier
(Hymenoptera: Apidae)
We provide information on the nesting behavior, seasonality and nest soli type characteristics of Eucera nigrilabris Lepeletier, 1841 in Egypt. A nest was discovered in a canal bank in Abbis Village, Alexandria,
Western Egypt. The species is protandrous, univoltine, ground nesting species. The bees built deep nests about 85cm under the ground and consisted of lined, branched tunnel with many cells. The bees start
fly by end of January until end of March and active in winter seasons.The soil of the nest has yellow color, sandy loam texture, low salinty and sodicity, and low calcium carbonate content. The bee distribution
was influenced by the soil with high content of sodium carbonate. The bees forage on the wild flora of the family Asteraceae carrying a yellow pollen load. There is no any record of a cleptoparasitism around the
nesting area.
Species recognition in freshwater snails of the genus Heleobia Stimpson, 186576.
Stimpson, W. (1865). Researches upon the Hydrobiinae and allied forms; chiefly made upon materials in the Museum of the Smithsonian Institution. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 201, 1–59.View all references in the Loa River basin is a difficult task to perform because these snails are similar in shell morphology. In this complex hydrological network, the genus comprises two endemic species, but the taxonomic status of other previously undescribed sympatric and allopatric populations is uncertain. Here we examined DNA sequences from cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene and morphological data to investigate species boundaries along the system. Phylogenetic trees were inferred using maximum parsimony, neighbour joining, maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference methods based on samples ranging from the outlet of the Loa River on the Pacific coast to more than 4,200 m altitude in the Andes. Although not always well supported, four clades were consistently recovered in the phylogenies, one corresponding to Heleobia loaensis (Biese, 19476.
Biese, W. A. (1947). Revisión de los moluscos terrestres y de agua dulce provistos de concha de Chile. Parte II, Familia Amnicolidae. Boletín del Museo de Historia Natural, Chile, 23, 63–77.View all references), another to Heleobia opachensis (Biese, 19476.
Biese, W. A. (1947). Revisión de los moluscos terrestres y de agua dulce provistos de concha de Chile. Parte II, Familia Amnicolidae. Boletín del Museo de Historia Natural, Chile, 23, 63–77.View all references), and two more additional cryptic lineages. Additionally, a fifth cluster of sequences not recovered in these analyses was inferred in the BEAST analysis. Outline-based geometric morphometrics of the shell was useful to differentiate a single lineage sustaining that typological discrimination in Heleobia is challenging. Our results also indicate that all lineages diverged by independent non-adaptive allopatric processes during the Middle Pleistocene.
Semisulcospira freshwater snails are a prominent element of the freshwater macrozoobenthos throughout East Asia and have undergone substantial
diversification throughout Japan, particularly in ancient Lake Biwa. Up to 19 species are currently recognized in Japan, including
a large number of endemics in Lake Biwa that are placed in the subgenus Biwamelania. However, previous workers have encountered pervasive polymorphism in morphological characters, rendering current species
hypotheses tentative. Based on extensive sampling of populations from throughout Japan, followed by genetic characterization
with one nuclear (28S rDNA) and two mitochondrial gene fragments (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I and 16S rDNA), the phylogenetic lineage differentiation of Semisulcospira in Japan is studied for the first time in an attempt to delineate species boundaries. The phylogenetic analyses revealed
insufficient differentiation in 28S to address phylogenetic relationships amongst the Japanese species. While the mtDNA markers
revealed substantial lineage differentiation, there was wide-ranging incongruence between the topology of the mtDNA-based
trees and morphospecies. Moreover, there was no discernible phylogeographic structure. Haplotypes from the main mtDNA clades
were found to be represented in nearly all Japanese regions, with Lake Biwa being a reservoir for every mtDNA clade. I conclude
that mtDNA markers are unsuitable to address species limits in Semisulcospira from Japan and discuss polymorphisms in morphology and mtDNA plus introgression as possible causes for the observed incongruence,
but without being able to identify its ultimate source.
