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Climate conditions in the fumigation chambers. Daily courses of temperature, relative humidity and light for each month calculated as hourly means.
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![Fig. 2. Daily (24 h) sum of hourly [O 3 ] in the chamber supplied as...](profile/Madeleine-Guenthardt-Goerg/publication/8610533/figure/fig7/AS:668672712515589@1536435406264/Daily-24-h-sum-of-hourly-O-3-in-the-chamber-supplied-as-50-ambient-30-nl-l-A1_Q320.jpg)
Because the current critical level of ozone (O(3)) for forest trees is based only on one species, the responses of five deciduous tree species were differentiated in a climate chamber experiment. The number of symptomatic leaves per tree was significantly increased, and stomatal conductance was decreased under 50% ambient+30 nl l(-1) O(3) as compar...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... experiment took place in two large walk-in cli- mate chambers (45 m 3 each, wind speed 0.5 m s À1 ), where the climatic parameters (temperature, humidity, light hours) re¯ected diurnal courses derived from hourly means of ambient weather measurements at the site (central Switzerland) from May to November over a period of 10 years ( Fig. 1). The chambers were supplied with Pura®l active charcoal-®ltered air, to which either 50% of the current-year ambient [O 3 ] (O 3 generated from pure oxygen), or 50%+30 nl l À1 O 3 was added (Fig. 2, Table 1). AOT40 was calculated by the sum of hourly [O 3 ] exceeding 40 nl l À1 during daylight hours. The latter were determined ...
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Citations
... La première étude à associer de fortes concentrations d'O3 à l'apparition de symptômes visibles fut réalisée par (Heggestad and Middleton, 1959 (Gunthardt-Goerg et al., 2000;Gerosa et al., 2008; (Günthardt-Goerg, 1996;Gunthardt-Goerg et al., 2000;Moura et al., 2014;. Le mottling ( Sicard et al., 2011;Vollenweider et al., 2013;Kefauver et al., 2014). ...
... La première étude à associer de fortes concentrations d'O3 à l'apparition de symptômes visibles fut réalisée par (Heggestad and Middleton, 1959 (Gunthardt-Goerg et al., 2000;Gerosa et al., 2008; (Günthardt-Goerg, 1996;Gunthardt-Goerg et al., 2000;Moura et al., 2014;. Le mottling ( Sicard et al., 2011;Vollenweider et al., 2013;Kefauver et al., 2014). ...
... Un autre trait microscopique observé en réponse à l'O3 est la réduction en taille des chloroplastes (figure 8B vs 8C) et une augmentation en taille et en nombre des plastoglobules dans les chloroplastes (figure 8D) Gunthardt-Goerg et al., 1997;Gunthardt-Goerg et al., 2000;. Les plastoglobules sont des gouttelettes lipidiques présentent dans le stroma des chloroplastes et associés aux thylakoïdes. ...
With background concentrations having reached phytotoxic levels during the last century, tropospheric ozone (O₃) has become a key climate change agent, counteracting carbon sequestration by forest ecosystems. Impacts on vegetation includes physiological alteration, structural and ultrastructural changes and transcriptomic deregulation leading to plant growth inhibition (and yield loss). However, few studies have investigated the link between the dynamics of these events. Considering that one of the main gap for implementing the recent O3 flux-based critical levels (CL) concerns the quantification of plant capacity to neutralize a portion of the O₃ entering the leaf, a better understanding of cellular response dynamics to O₃ is required. In this context, young poplar (Populus tremula x alba, 717-1b4 INRAE clone) were exposed to 80 or 100 ppb O₃ in fully controlled conditions during 30 days. All analysis were performed on two leaves differing by their developmental stage (fully expanded vs in expansion). After a latency period driven by foliar development, net CO₂ assimilation and stomatal conductance decreased in response to O₃. Hypersensitive response-like appeared early during exposure, and showed sigmoidal-like dynamic, varying according to leaf age. Ontological evolution of HR-like lesion showed post-mortem evolution cellular material. Genes whose expression was highly correlated with HR-like were all involved in response to biotic stress, and can constitute a starting list of investigation to determine O₃ stress molecular markers. Accelerated Cell Senescence (ACS), followed through chlorophyll content, was later induced and showed monotonic dynamic. Senescence related genes were regulated early during O₃ exposure and dynamics of ACS-related microscopic changes were depending on O₃ treatments, leaf position and POD0. Hence, this work demonstrates the development of a complex syndrome of early reactions to O₃ stress in leaves, with di stinct dynamics and mechanisms of the HR-like and ACS processes. These processes could result from distinct spatial accumulation of O₃-induced ROS. Finally, this study also suggested that expression of genes involved in development during leaf expansion could confer higher tolerance to O₃ stress.
... At the cellular level, the most explicit change in mesophyll cell structure at the warming treatment appeared as increased plastoglobuli size. Previous studies have reported an increase in plastoglobuli size and abundance under abiotic and biotic stresses, therefore suggesting an implication of plastoglobuli in plant senescence and stress responses (Bréhélin and Kessler 2008, Günthardt-Goerg et al. 2000, Ojanperä et al. 1992, Oksanen and Saleem 1999. During senescence, plastoglobuli size and number are known to increase, while thylakoid membranes disintegrate (Bréhélin and Kessler 2008). ...
To study the effects of slightly elevated temperature and ozone (O3) on leaf structural characteristics of silver birch (Betula pendula Roth), saplings of four clonal genotypes of this species were exposed to elevated temperature (ambient air temperature + 0.8-1.0°C) and elevated O3 (1.3-1.4x ambient O3), alone and in combination, in an open-air exposure field over two growing seasons (2007 and 2008). So far, the impacts of moderate elevation of temperature or the combination of elevated temperature and O3 on leaf structure of silver birch have not been intensively studied, thus showing the urgent need for this type of studies. Elevated temperature significantly increased leaf size, reduced non-glandular trichome density, decreased epidermis thickness and increased plastoglobuli size in birch leaves during one or both growing seasons. During the second growing season O3 elevation reduced leaf size, increased palisade layer thickness and decreased the number of plastoglobuli in spongy cells. Certain leaf structural changes observed under a single treatment of elevated temperature or O3, such as increase in the amount of chloroplasts or vacuole, were no longer detected at the combined treatment. Leaf structural responses to O3 and rising temperature may also depend on timing of the exposure during the plant and leaf development as indicated by the distinct changes in leaf structure along the experiment. Genotype-dependent cellular responses to the treatments were detected particularly in the palisade cells. Overall, this study showed that even a slight but realistic elevation in ambient temperature can notably modify leaf structure of silver birch saplings. Leaf structure, in turn, influences leaf function, thus potentially affecting acclimation capacity under changing climate.
... They indicated the induction of the plant defences resulting in a frequent plant reaction called the 'hypersensitive-like response' [HR-like] (Sandermann 1996;Vollenweider et al. 2002). However, compared to the effects of ozone (Günthardt-Goerg et al. 2000, Vollenweider et al. 2002, the levels of defence reaction to HM stress were generally low in poplar leaves suggesting that poplar, on a tree level, followed the strategy of pioneer species which replace rather than repair injured leaves. Cell injuries suggested that the HM impaired gas exchange in the leaf and photosynthesis. ...
Risk assessment and sustainable land management using plants in trace element-contaminated soils (Evaluation du risque et gestion durable du sol à l'aide des plantes dans les sols contaminés en éléments traces)
This book provides comprehensive single-source coverage of the fields of risk assessment and phytoremediation for wastewaters and sites contaminated by trace elements, from the geochemical, plant biology, and ecological basics to the effects of phytoremediation and phytomanagement on the environment and the latest land management strategies using plants and associated microorganisms.
Contributions by leading figures in plant biotechnology, risk assessment, and phytoremediation from the COST Action 837 and around the world reflect the broad scope of current thinking and research, making this volume essential reading for informed professionals and students. Areas covered include:
• Bioavailability,
• Risk assessment,
• Sustainable land management,
• Risk of GMO’s,
• Social and political acceptance.
Incorporating numerous examples and case studies, this cutting-edge reference is an invaluable resource for those working in environmental toxicology, biogeochemistry, ecology, ecotoxicology, plant biology, and other related disciplines.
Michel MENCH, PhD, is Directeur de Recherches, at the INRA Centre Bordeaux-Aquitaine. Bernard MOCQUOT, PhD, is Chargé de Recherches at the INRA Centre Bordeaux-Aquitaine.
A INRA Centre Bordeaux-Aquitaine publication.
... Previous research has demonstrated the close correlation between macro-and micromorphological symptoms (Moura et al. 2011(Moura et al. , 2018Reig-Armiñana et al. 2004;Vollenweider et al. 2013) and has linked the variability of structural injury with that of processes and plant responses triggered or amplified by O 3 stress in foliage (Faoro and Iriti 2009;Foyer and Shigeoka 2011;Calderón Guerrero et al. 2013;GünthardtGoerg et al. 1997;Günthardt-Goerg and Vollenweider 2007;Mikkelsen and Heide-Jørgensen 1996;Moura et al. 2014b;Pasqualini et al. 2003). Microscopic injury by O 3 stress shows similar traits, irrespective of the taxonomic group (Bussotti et al. 2005;Günthardt-Goerg et al. 2000), and leaf sclerophylly (Calderón Guerrero et al. 2013;Reig-Armiñana et al. 2004). Further, structural markers indicative of other stress factors can show how O 3 interacts with several environmental factors such as drought (Calderón Guerrero et al. 2013), light (Paoletti et al. 2010) or coldness during winter . ...
Key message
The diversity of structural injury underlying visible symptoms by ozone stress resulted from the succession of degenerative processes and programmed-cell death events, depending on the ozone uptake and varying on a year-to-year basis.
Context
The effects of tropospheric ozone (O3) on the vegetation will remain a lasting concern during the twenty-first century, and deeper understanding of functional and structural responses to O3 in plant foliage in a changing environment is needed.
Aims
Comprehensive analysis of the O3 injury spectrum, with a view to functional understanding of cellular processes in response to varying O3 doses.
Methods
Characterization of macro- and microscopic symptoms in the sun crown foliage of adult trees exposed to ambient and twice ambient O3 levels in a Free Air O3 Enrichment (FACE) experiment using light and electron microscopy.
Results
Visible injury triggered by O3 resulted from (i) degenerative processes of varying severity (photobleaching, accelerated cell senescence, ACS), (ii) programmed cell death with disruption of cell content (hypersensitive reaction–like, HR-like) and occasional leakage of cellular debris into the apoplast, (iii) overlapping degenerative and disruptive processes, primarily in the upper mesophyll and within organelles prone to oxidative stress (chloroplasts and mitochondria) and (iv) necrosis in lower mesophyll with leakage of cellular debris in the intracellular space.
Conclusion
Especially the degenerative and disruptive traits showed contrasting structural features. In the case of stippling symptoms, the structural variability was particularly high, as a consequence of interactions between early degenerative and late disruptive processes. These findings thus confirmed the close dependency of processes—and a further spectrum of ozone injury—on rates of ozone uptake. Such relationships and development of injury, as observed in the case of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) foliage, are expected to be basically similar in other broadleaved tree species.
... For chloroplast ultrastructural studies in broad leaves, the first or upper layers of leaf photosynthetic tissue, mesophyll, (Fig. 1A) are often analysed (Günthardt-Goerg et al., 2000;Wheeler and Fagerberg 2000;Valkama et al., 2003;Velikova et al., 2009;Sun et al., 2011;Mašková et al., 2017). The first layer of mesophyll receives more incident irradiance than its deeper layers and thus, it can be regarded as the most important layer for photosynthesis. ...
The main objective of this study was to find out whether the selected chloroplast characteristics measured in the mesophyll layer nearest to the needle surface (i.e., the first mesophyll layer) could be representative for the whole needle cross section. Two chloroplast sampling approaches were applied on Norway spruce needles during the investigation of the effects of different levels of air CO2 concentration and irradiance: (i) sampling only from the first mesophyll layer, and (ii) systematic uniform random (SUR) sampling. The selected characteristics were: (i) chloroplast area, (ii) starch grain area, and (iii) starch areal density on median chloroplast cross sections, and (iv) chloroplast number per unit of needle volume. It was shown that the first mesophyll layer was not representative for estimating all evaluated characteristics except the chloroplast area. Sampling only there caused obtaining slightly biased results, while SUR sampling gave unbiased estimations at the cost of longer measuring time. The major effect of studied factors was in starch areal density and starch grain area, which were larger in sun needles in elevated CO2 concentration in comparison with sun needles in ambient CO2 concentration. In conclusion, it was demonstrated that the first layer of mesophyll is not always representative for the needle cross section. If technically feasible, SUR is recommended for analysis of chloroplast ultrastructure. The simplified sampling design can be applied, e.g., for comparisons of many different treatments. However, it should be combined with other approaches to characterize the chloroplast function and the results carefully considered and interpreted.
... At relatively high concentrations, we observe: (i) direct damage of leaf epidermis cells (Sandermann et 25 al., 1997;Günthardt-Goerg et al., 2000), (ii) modification of stomatal resistance via damage of guard cells causing leaky stomates (Paoletti and Grulke, 2010;Wittig et al., 2007), and (iii) alteration of cell walls and cell membranes (Gunthardtgoerg and Vollenweider, 2007). At low concentrations, we observe also negative effects: (iv) ozone penetration to the mesophyll cells enhances production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (Schraudner et al., 1998;Wohlgemuth et al., 2002), and it can also alter certain proteins 30 and enzymes therefore affecting plant photosynthesis and biomass production (Heath, 1994). ...
The atmosphere and the land surface interact in multiple ways, for instance though the radiative-energy balance, the water cycle or the emission-deposition of natural and anthropogenic compounds. By modifying the land surface, land-use and land-cover changes (LULCCs) and land management changes (LMCs) alter the physical, chemical and biological processes of the biosphere and therefore all land-atmosphere interactions, from local to global scales. Through socio-economic drivers and regulatory policies adopted at different levels (local, regional, national or supranational), human activities strongly interfere in the land-atmosphere interactions, at those activities lead to a patchwork of natural, semi-natural, agricultural, urban and semi-urban areas. In this context, urban and peri-urban areas are of particular attention since land transformation can lead to important environmental impacts and affect the health and life of millions of people. The objectives of this review is to synthesize the existing experimental and modelling works that investigate physical, chemical and/or biogeochemical interactions between land surface and the atmosphere mainly in urban or peri-urban landscapes at regional and local scales.
In the context of LULCCs, the importance of land-atmosphere interactions for climate and air quality have been analysed in many studies published over the last years, with a large range of spatial and temporal scales investigated. The conclusions from such a synthesis is first that (i) the description of land-use and land-management (e.g. areas concerned, type of crops, whether or not they are irrigated, quantity of fertilizers used and actual seasonality of application), including surface properties and emission sources, is inexistent (or very poor) in global and even more in regional climate models. Not taking into account these characteristics may bias the regional projections used for impact studies. (ii) Land-atmosphere interactions are often specific to the case study analysed; therefore, in this perspective, one can hardly propose general solutions or recommendations. (iii) Adaptation strategies, proposed after the evaluation of climatic impacts on the targeted resource have been derived, but are often biased as they do not account for feedbacks on local/regional climate. (iv) There is space for considering atmospheric chemistry, through land-atmosphere interactions, as a decision parameter for land-management, helping to maintain air quality and supporting ecosystem functioning. (v) There is a lack of an integrated tool, which includes the many different processes of importance in an operational model, to test different land use or land management scenarios at the scale of a territory.
... Microscopy is one of possible diagnostic tool to distinguish between the effects from ozone and natural senescence (G€ unthardt-Goerg et al. 2000). The sensitivity to ozone of plant leaves is related to leaf structure, such as low leaf density and large intercellular space. ...
The present study was conducted to examine the response of Pterocarpus indicus to elevated ozone by comparing the effects between well-watered and soil drought treatments. The ozone concentration was 200 ppb and the exposure was conducted for a month with well-watered and soil drought treatments in chamber environmental conditions. Elevated ozone-induced visible injuries to P. indicus varied among the well-watered environmental conditions, with the appearance of light green chlorosis in the SWO seedlings over time. However, in the SDO seedlings, no difference was visible between drought and drought with ozone treatment. Shriveled leaves were evident because of the water deficiency. Moreover, elevated ozone induced leaf stomata injury and a harsh abaxial surface, whereas drought stress induced less injured stomata because of stomata closing. In addition, the palisade tissues exhibited smaller chloroplasts, damaged thylakoid, increased plastoglobuli, decreased starch grain and thinner cell walls on the upper leaf surface. Thus, the SDO seedlings were less influenced by elevated ozone stress than SWO seedlings due to the reduced ozone absorption which caused by stomata closing to prevent water loss.
... However, relatively high POD 0 was found in white poplar (44-47 mmol m −2 during May-September), which exceeded the CL of POD 0 for Oxford poplar clone (26 mmol m −2 ). The stomatal flux-based CL for the O 3 visible injury may be species-specific (Günthardt-Goerg et al. 2000;Sicard et al. 2016). This difference of the sensitivity to O 3 between poplar species could be interpreted as lower ΣU/P n values in white poplar than Oxford clone (Table S1; 1.0 mol mol −1 in white poplar, and 1.3-2.8 ...
Visible foliar injury by ozone (ozone visible injury) is known as a biomarker to assess potential phytotoxicity of ozone. We investigated ozone visible injury in an ozone-sensitive poplar (Oxford clone) under a 2-year free-air controlled exposure (FACE) experiment and calculated three ozone indices (i.e., accumulative ozone exposure over 40 ppb during daylight hours (AOT40), phytotoxic ozone dose above a flux threshold of 0 nmol m(-2) s(-1) (POD0), and the cumulative value of the ratio of hourly ozone uptake to net photosynthesis (ΣU/P n ) to assess the critical level (CL) at the time of the first symptom onset of ozone visible injury. We tested the hypothesis that ozone injury depends both on the amount of ozone entering a leaf and on the capacity for biochemical detoxification or repair with photosynthesis as a proxy. The CLs at the time of the first symptom onset of ozone visible injury were 19 ppm h for AOT40, 26 mmol m(-2) for POD0, and 1.2 mol mol(-1) for ΣU/P n in Oxford clone at the ozone FACE experiment. Our findings were then verified by 4-year observation-based data in central Italy on Oxford clone and white poplar (Populus alba L.). These observation-based data indicated that we found ozone visible injury in Oxford clone even though AOT40 was relatively low (11.7 ppm h). On the other hand, when values of POD0 and ΣU/P n exceeded over the CLs, the occurrence of initial symptoms in Oxford clone was shown. White poplar did not show ozone visible injury. ΣU/P n of white poplar at the field sites reached ~1.0 mol mol(-1) (less than the CL = 1.2 mol mol(-1), which was obtained from O3 FACE) during May-September, although the values of POD0 were relatively high in white poplar (44-47 mmol m(-2) during May-September). The result implies that ozone injury may have occurred in poplars when stomatal ozone flux exceeded the critical range of tolerance due to the assimilate shortage for repair and defense against ozone stress.
... and Quercus robur constituted the largest phytosociological component of the ancient forests that covered the Po Valley in Italy. Very few studies have been conducted on the effects of O 3 in C. betulus and generally this species is considered quite tolerant to this pollutant, at least in terms of visible leaf symptoms (G?nthardt-Goerg et al., 1999(G?nthardt-Goerg et al., , 2000). To our current knowledge this is the first study on the effect of increased O 3 and N wet deposition (alone and in combination) on the growth of European hornbeam. ...
During a two-year Open-Top Chamber experiment performed in 2012 and 2013, young trees of hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.) were exposed to four levels of ozone (O3) (-40% of ambient O3 in charcoal-filtered OTCs, -5% in non-filtered OTCs, +30% and +75% in O3-enriched OTCs) and two levels of Nitrogen (N) wet deposition (CoN=tap water and +N=tap water+70kgNha⁻¹ yr⁻¹).Stomatal conductance at leaf level and growth parameters (stem diameter and height) were measured during the two years of experimentation, while at the end of each growing season plants dry biomass partition between the roots and the stem was assessed.Hornbeam plants resulted highly tolerant to O3, which did not cause any significant negative effects on the biomass yield of plants grown in CoN conditions. Furthermore, the dose-response relationships based on the Phytotoxic Ozone Dose (POD1) indicated that the stem biomass increased under high levels of O3 (+1.48% per 1mmol O3 m⁻² absorbed by CoN plant), while root biomass was not affected.Nitrogen alone caused a general increase of total biomass in both years of the experiment (+14.8% and +38.1% on average in 2012 and 2013, respectively). However, in 2013 plants subject to the highest level of O3 showed an opposite behavior, with a -11% decrease of total biomass in +N conditions.Ozone and Nitrogen in combination caused a statistically significant negative effect on the stem biomass and stem diameter of plants. Dose-response relationships based on POD1 for plants in +N conditions revealed significant linear regressions for stem, roots and total biomass, which decreased by -1.04%, -0.80% and -0.92% for each mmolm⁻² of O3 absorbed, respectively.These results show that on a long-term scale, an increase of N wet deposition could significantly modify C. betulus response to O3 stress, playing a potential role in the risk assessment of O3 impact on the growth of this species.
... Stippling -notwithstanding its morphological variation -is one of the most typical O 3 symptoms (Innes et al., 2001;Sanz and Calatayud, 2010), and the diagnosis was further (confirmed) by the increased frequency of symptoms at lower leaf positions and with better leaf illumination (Günthardt-Goerg and Vollenweider, 2007). The acceleration of leaf senescence and shedding in response to O 3 exposure, as observed after treatment, has frequently been reported in other controlled exposure experiments (Günthardt-Goerg et al., 2000;Novak et al., 2003) but lacked specificity to bioindicate O 3 stress in the case of field samples (Vollenweider and Gunthardt-Goerg, 2006;Bussotti et al., 2006). ...
