Table 1 - uploaded by Fabio Antonialli
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This paper aimed at verifying if the original assumptions of the Likert scale were or were not considered in the articles published in the EnANPAD proceedings from 2010 to 2015. This is a quantitative, exploratory and bibliometric research with data processed on Microsoft Excel and SPSS, using frequency distribution and arithmetic means. The resear...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... statistical techniques that can be used for data in ratio scale include all the ones from previous scales, and also geometric average, harmonic average, variation coefficient, among others that require metric scales. Table 1 summarizes the characteristics of the four basic measurement scales, the ordinary marketing uses and the possible statistics. Pasquali (2003), Malhotra (2001) and Mattar (1996). ...
Context 2
... as the Likert scale (1932) is considered to be interval, the possible statistical techniques are, according to Mattar (1996), Malhotra (2001), Aaker, Kumar and Day (2001), all the ones predicted for the nominal and ordinal scales, plus: average, total amplitude, mean amplitude, mean deviation, standard deviation, Z-test, T-test, F-test, variance analysis and Pearson's correlation, as previously described in Table 1. So, it is incorrect to use these statistical techniques to the Likert-type ordinal scale. ...
Context 3
... practice, this fact has been historically occurring and has become a kind of "jurisprudence" in the Applied Social Sciences field. As the theory points out, the Likert-type scale, because of its ordinal nature, allows only the use of frequency distribution, mode, median, percentages and non-parametric statistics (see Table 1). ...
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Citations
... Primeiro passo: consulta aos juízes-especialistas.O contato inicial foi feito com os profissionais que atuam na UREMIA, onde foi explicado o objetivo do estudo, e aqueles que se disponibilizaram a participar da pesquisa foi solicitado o email pessoal para envio da carta convite. Posteriormente também foi utilizada a abordagem de "snowball"bola de neve, na qual cada convidado teve a oportunidade de sugerir/indicar no instrumento de coleta de dados outros potenciais participantes para serem incluídos na pesquisa.Segundo passo: submissão da TE aos juízes-especialistas. Os juízes que aceitaram em participar receberam o TCLE, com a devolução do TCLE assinalado com "concordo", receberam uma cópia em PDF da tecnologia educativa e um link do questionário avaliação pelos juízes-especialistas foi estipulado um prazo máximo de até 15 dias da TE e do instrumento de avaliação devidamente preenchidos.A escala Likert é uma ferramenta de classificação que busca calcular atitudes ou opiniões, indicando o nível de concordância, gerando um valor numérico a cada resposta, onde os participantes são responsáveis em escolher entre uma série de opções prédefinidas, que variam de ''discordo totalmente'' a ''concordo totalmente''(ANTONIALLI et al., 2017).O instrumento de validação de conteúdo educativo em saúde (IVCES) utilizado foi de Leite et al (2018), onde consta na primeira etapa dados pessoais e profissionais e instruções quanto ao preenchimento dos tópicos avaliados, já a segunda etapa é composta por 22 questões objetivas divididas em três blocos: I Bloco-Objetivos, 5 questões; II Bloco-Estrutura e apresentação, 12 questões; III Bloco-Relevância, 5 questões. Para a análise de dados da validação dos dois grupos de juízes foi calculado, o Índice de Validade de Conteúdo (IVC). ...
Resumo: A pressão arterial elevada é uma condição de saúde poli-fatorial, de longa duração, não transmissível, que é caracterizada pelo aumento da pressão sanguínea. Esta condição é um dos principais fatores de risco associados a doenças renais e cardiovasculares. Os elementos de risco incluem predisposição genética, idade, gênero, etnia, excesso de peso ou obesidade, consumo de sódio e potássio, falta de atividade física e consumo de álcool. Objetivo: realizar a validação de conteúdo de uma cartilha e bingo sobre Hipertensão Arterial. Método: estudo metodológico de validação de conteúdo. O processo de realização ocorreu na esfera virtual, os participantes foram juízes especialistas. A coleta de dados seguiu três blocos de critérios: objetivo, estrutura e apresentação e relevância. O instrumento foi organizado em uma escala do tipo Likert enviado usando o Google Forms. A análise estatística permitiu obter o Índice de Validação de Conteúdo, que requer uma concordância mínima de 80% entre os juízes para validar itens, e blocos.
... It was structured based on the literature and existing questionnaires (Hornsby et al., 2008(Hornsby et al., , 2002. This block used a Likert-type scale that differs from traditional Likert scales in that the items were not summed (Antonialli, Antonialli, & Antonialli, 2010). The Likert-type scale is thus classified as an ordinal scale (nonmetric), and the following statistical analyses can be used: median, frequency distribution, Spearman or Kendall correlation, Mann-Whitney test, and multivariate statistics. ...
Entrepreneurial Orientation (EO) has become increasingly prominent in the public sector and in educational organizations. A policy for educational management based on EO has dimensions related to innovation, proactiveness, and risk-taking, which are preceded by organizational characteristics such as management support, discretion/autonomy, rewards/recognition, organizational boundaries, and time availability. The objective of this study is to analyze the organizational characteristics that influence EO in Municipal Centers for Early Childhood Education (Centros Municipais de Educação Infantil - CEMEIs) in Brazil. The study was conducted in a town in the state of Minas Gerais and involved 15 CEMEIs, applying questionnaires to education professionals as coordinators, monitors, and teachers, whose data were processed using descriptive statistics and a structural equation model. The results present a construct for validating organizational characteristics that can influence EO in public early childhood education organizations. However, autonomy and management support were the determinants of EO in the organizations studied. Finally, there are implications and considerations for policies and strategies in public educational organizations, indicating EO as a way to deal with contingencies, resource scarcity, the stimulation of (intra)entrepreneurial culture and even potential early childhood education for entrepreneurship.
... In addition, it includes a sixth answer option ("does not know/does not apply" -DK/NR). Antonialli et al. (2017) state that the Likert-type scales are the most used form in the literature in applied human and social sciences to measure attitudes. Malhotra et al. (2017) point out that Likert-type scales are recommended when participants must indicate their degree of agreement or disagreement with a series of statements about specific stimulus objects. ...
Purpose
Many restaurants offer high-quality service to their customers, hoping to provide memorable experiences that influence their loyalty and electronic word of mouth (eWOM). However, consumers' memorable experiences do not always imply positive eWOM. This study aims to (1) verify the direct impacts of the perceived quality by consumers of casual dining restaurants on positive emotions, negative emotions and memorable experiences; (2) investigate the impacts of memorable experiences on the propensity to loyalty and eWOM; (3) test the moderating effect of consumer behavioural engagement on social networking sites (CBE-SNS) on the relationship between memorable experiences and eWOM.
Design/methodology/approach
This survey included 475 university students in Brazil. Participants answered an electronic form about their experiences in casual dining restaurants. Structural equation modelling tested the hypothetical model based on the stimulus-organism-response (S-O-R) theory (Mehrabian and Russell, 1974).
Findings
The quality perceived by restaurant consumers (stimulus) positively impacts their memorable experiences and positive emotions and negatively affects their negative emotions (organism). Memorable experiences positively impact the propensity to loyalty (response). The CBE-SNS moderates the intensity of the relationship between memorable experiences (organism) and eWOM (response).
Originality/value
This study is the first that demonstrates the relationships between perceived quality, positive and negative emotions, memorable experiences, the propensity to loyalty and CBE-SNS and e-WOM in restaurants. Casual dining restaurants must offer their customers services with high perceived quality, positively impacting their emotions and their memorable experiences. Finally, restaurants must create strategies and actions to increase the CBE-SNS to encourage them to share their memorable experiences through eWOM.
... Questionnaires that ask individuals (e.g., students, parents, or teachers) to rate their attitudes and opinions about statements using Likert-type items (Likert, 1932) are common in education and related fields (Antonialli et al., 2017;Carifio & Perla, 2007;Edmondson, 2005;Harwell & Gatti, 2001;Liddell & Kruschke, 2018;Potvin & Hasni, 2014;Tsui, 1997). For example, a teacher may be asked to respond to the statement "I can learn technology easily" using the five response options: 0 = strongly disagree, 1 = disagree, 2 = neither agree nor disagree, 3 = agree, 4 = strongly agree. ...
... Likert-type items are widely used in education and related fields (Antonialli et al., 2017;Carifio & Perla, 2007;Edmondson, 2005;Harwell & Gatti, 2001;Liddell & Kruschke, 2018;Potvin & Hasni, 2014;Tsui, 1997). Yet there is no consensus among researchers regarding analysis strategies for handling Likert-type dependent variables (Carifio & Perla, 2007;Howell, 2013;Jamieson, 2004;Kuzon et al., 1996;Lord, 1953;Norman, 2010;Siegel, 1956;Sprinthall, 2012;Velleman & Wilkinson, 1993;Zimmerman, 2011). ...
Likert-type items are commonly used in education and related fields to measure attitudes and opinions. Yet there is no consensus on how to analyze data collected from these items. In this paper, we first synthesized literature on strategies for analyzing Likert-type data and provided computing tools for these strategies. Secondly, to examine the use and analysis of Likert-type data in the field of educational technology, we reviewed 424 articles that were published in the journal Educational Technology Research and Development between 2016 and 2020. Our review showed that about 50% of the articles reported Likert-type data. A total of 139 articles used Likert-type data as a dependent variable, among which 86% employed parametric methods to analyze the data. In addition, less than 1% of the 139 articles used an ordered probit/ logit model, transformation, or strategy for rescaling Likert-type data to interval data to perform statistical analysis. Finally, to empower educational technology researchers to handle Likert-type data effectively, we concluded the paper with our suggestions and insight regarding alternative strategies and methods.
... De fato, as escalas do tipo Likert se encaixam na escala ordinal. Dessa forma, as estatísticas descritivas recomendadas para itens da escala ordinal incluem modo ou mediana da tendência central e frequências para variabilidade (ANTONIALLI et al., 2017). ...
This study aimed to analyze the attitudes of conscious consumption among students at the Federal University of Campina Grande - UFCG about the consumption of products with an ecological appeal. For this, a descriptive and exploratory survey was carried out. The results show that the respondents are aware of the environmental problems arising from the process of choosing, producing, consuming and disposing of products, as well as the importance of building a harmonious relationship between man and nature. However, when it comes to the cognitive, affective and behavioral components of their consumption practices, the results showed low levels of association of conscious consumption practices by those investigated, which points to the need to develop strategies and investments in environmental education.
Essa pesquisa verifica, empiricamente, as características organizacionais que influenciam a orientação empreendedora no setor público, especificamente nos Centros Municipais de Educação Infantil (CEMEI?s) de um município em Minas Gerais. Estes são responsáveis pelo atendimento das crianças de seis meses até três anos e onze meses de idade. A orientação empreendedora trata-se da orientação estratégica da empresa para o empreendedorismo que é norteada pelas dimensões inovação, proatividade e assunção de riscos (BLANKA, 2018). Porém, tais dimensão são precedidas por características organizacionais, quais sejam: suporte gerencial, discrição/autonomia, recompensas/reconhecimento, limites organizacionais e disponibilidade de tempo. Metodologicamente, a pesquisa caracteriza-se onto e epistologicamente como realismo crítico. Abordagem metodológica é quantitativa, a coleta foi feita por meio da aplicação de questionários com coordenadoras, monitoras e professoras e a análise de dados envolveu estatística descritiva e modelo de equações estruturais. Ressalta-se que o construto OE foi adaptado ao setor público utilizando-se das dimensões inovação, proatividade e assunção de riscos. Analisando os dados foi possível concluir autonomia e suporte gerencial são as características organizacionais que mais influenciam na orientação empreendedora das organizações públicas. Dessa forma, devem ser aprimoradas para o fomentar a orientação empreendedora no setor público e, consequentemente, o desenvolvimento e aperfeiçoamento do comportamento empreendedor.
The objective of this study was to understand the role of marketing, from research to commercialization of technologies in Brazilian public universities. To that end, an online survey was conducted, involving 236 academicians associated with in Brazilian public universities. The data obtained were subjected to exploratory factor analysis and descriptive statistics. The results revealed the low utilization of proactive market analyses in Brazilian public universities, as well as the limited integration of marketing through interaction with companies. The strategic orientation prevalent in BPUs was geared to technology, at the expense of relationships with society and the market. An entrepreneurial orientation was not observed. The actions to promote or encourage the transfer of Brazilian public universities technologies to the market proved timid. Finally, there were several obstacles to the implementation of marketing in Brazilian public universities, characterizing the so called marketing myopia.
