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This study focuses on the specifics of modern geological conditions and deformations of landslide-affected slopes within the historical center of the city of Odessa. Landslide protection was developed in the 19th century and during 1960s on adjacent coastal areas, according to urban planning and landslide protection plans. The historical center was...
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... city of Odessa is located on the northwestern coast of the Black Sea ( Fig. 1), which experiences widespread landslides and thus has become an area of continuous engineering geological investigations. The city of Odessa was founded in 1795, shortly after the first survey was conducted by Russian General Suvorov to establish the Port of Odessa in September 1794. Since 1794, Odessa became a key economic, political, and cultural center on the Black Sea. It ’ s Byzantine and baroque architecture is still preserved and attracts numerous tourists from all over the world. The Potemkin Stairs were built in 1834 – 1841 and later, were commemorated by Sergei Eisenshtein in his classic film “ Battleship Potemkin. ” The Odessa Opera Theater was built in 1887 by architects F. Felner and G. Gelmer and at that time it was considered the second most beautiful theater in Europe after the Vienna Theater. From the beginning of the city ’ s development, landslides have posed tremendous difficulties for engineers and architects to stabilize the slopes and keep architectural monuments intact. Landslide development is influenced primarily by the geological structure of the coast, hydrogeology, and geomorphology. Earlier investigations (Zelinsky et al. 1993a) show that the landslide activity extends from the upper parts of the slopes (40 – 50 m above msl) to 60 – 70 m below the surface. The stratigraphy and lithology of the landslide-affected slope includes Meotian, Pontian, Middle – Upper Pliocene, and Pleistocene formations (Fig. 2). These formations gently dip in a southerly direction that is approximately perpendicular to the coastal slope orientation. Meotian clays are exposed along Odessa Bight above the high sea level mark; these clays are overlain by Pontic limestones, sandy and clay deposits of Upper Pliocene and Pleistocene loesses (Zelinsky et al. 1993a). The prevailing type of deposits is clay; less distributed are sandy and cemented carbonate deposits. All deposits are characterized by heterogeneous composition, lithology, and spatial distribution of their physical and mechanical properties. For the period from 1797 to 1964, the coast of Odessa experienced more than 250 different landslides of various types (Zelinsky et al. 1993a). By 1964, Odessa started the implementation of new landslide preventive and protective measures that included slope grading, drainage system, and reinforcement of the lower parts of the landslide-prone coastal areas by artificial beaches that provided necessary loading mass to prevent rotational landslides. The variety of landslide types along the Odessa coast is the result of the structural geology of the slopes, mechanical properties of the soils, intensity of the coastal erosion, and other geological processes such as groundwater drainage and surface erosion. Along the Odessa coast, there are four types of landslides: (1) Landslide flows in Quaternary loess deposits caused by over- saturation; (2) Landslide blocks movements of loess deposits over Upper Pliocene clay surfaces that can also transform into flows; (3) Landslide blocks movements of the whole Neogen – Quaternary formation above sea level (i.e., translational type); and (4) Landslide blocks movements causing deformations of Meotian clays and developing a sliding surface below sea level, termed rotational landslides (Zelinsky et al. 1993a). Analysis of collected data shows that the main factors influencing the landslide distribution and development are the ...
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Citations
... To protect the archaeological area from landslides, mitigation efforts need to be carried out. Preventing landslides can be done by geotechnical engineering, for example, slope geometry modification or piles and retaining walls e.g., [23,24]. Therefore, it is necessary to characterize the subsurface structure of the area so that the applied technique works effectively. ...
Since the 21st century, Lamreh, Aceh Besar Regency, Indonesia played an important role during the maritime silk route at the gate of the Malacca strait. This article investigates the subsurface structure of landslide-prone areas in cultural heritage based on 2D resistivity, chargeability and current density models of ERT, IP and VLF-EM methods, respectively. Field data measurements were carried out on 2 crossing profiles along the cliff suspected of experiencing landslides. The length of each profile is 220 with 4 m distance between stations. The 2D models reveal that the subsurface geological structure of Lamreh is composed of a mixed layer of clastic sediment and volcanic material at the top, followed by a layer of calcareous sandstone, and volcanic breccia at the bottom. The 3 layers are most easily distinguished in the resistivity model. The topmost layer is permeable but dry, i.e., characterized by a more resistive layer in the models. While the second layer is characterized by an intermediate conductivity and the bottom layer is highly conductive. The conductivity in these 2 layers is influenced by the degree of water content within the rocks. The chargeability models derived from IP data can distinguish between the dry layer on the surface and the saturated layer below. Meanwhile, the current density models obtained from VLF-EM data have proven the presence of fractures and faults along the profiles due to weathering as also seen in the resistivity models. HIGHLIGHTS Investigation of subsurface structure in landslide-prone area of Lamreh, Aceh Besar Regency, Indonesia, a cultural heritage site with historical significance in the maritime silk route. Utilization of 2D resistivity, chargeability and current density models (ERT, IP and VLF-EM) to analyze the subsurface structure. Field data measurements conducted on 2 crossing profiles along the suspected landslide cliff, with a profile length of 220 and 4 m station distance. Subsurface geological structure of Lamreh identified as a mixed layer of clastic sediment and volcanic material at the top, followed by calcareous sandstone and volcanic breccia at the bottom. Resistivity models most effectively distinguish the 3 layers, highlighting permeable but dry top layer, intermediate conductivity in the second layer, and high conductivity in the bottom layer influenced by water content. Chargeability and current density models confirm surface dryness and presence of fractures and faults due to weathering GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
... Location of the Study Area (Adapted fromCherkez, Dragomyretska and Gorokhovich, 2006) ...
The severe consequences of military activities on marine biodiversity and conservation have come to limelight as a result of the Ukraine-Russian conflicts in the Black Sea region. The battle has had both immediate and collateral environmental effects on the Black Sea, a hotspot for numerous and uncommon aquatic species. Oil spills, the discharge of toxic substances, and habitat deterioration are only a few of the direct effects that have harmed marine environments and destroyed crucial breeding sites. The fragile balance of the marine life in the area is further threatened by indirect effects caused by fishing practices, increased marine traffic, and advances in coastal infrastructure brought on by conflicts. This ongoing conflict has infringed upon international agreements, including the Basel, Stockholm, and London Conventions, through military activities in the Black Sea, resulting in the violation of regulations governing hazardous waste movement and posing a threat to the biodiversity of the region. This review discusses the breaches and analyzes the harms caused in the marine ecosystem and resources and proposes suggestions as to combine military tactics with conservation activities.
... Accretion is observed only in separate areas of some bay-bars where the material is accumulated. Spatial features of the geological structure, lithology, tectonics and neotectonics, geomorphology (Fig. 1A, B), climatic and hydrological conditions of the region and economic activities have a significant influence on the state, coast type formation (Atlas, 2009) and the development of coastal processes (Cherkez et al., 2006(Cherkez et al., , 2021Cherkez and Shatalin, 2012;Freiberg et al., 2012). The abrasion-landslide type of the coast within the research area (Sanzhiyka -Fontanka villages) corresponds to the conditions where Neogene clays lie at the base of the coastal escarpment (Fig. 1A, B). ...
Purpose of the work. To determine the long-term shoreline dynamics in the area from the Danube Delta (DD) to the Great Adzhalyk Estuary in the North-Western Black Sea (NWBS) over 1980–2020. Methodology. Space images LANDSAT and SENTINEL were processed semi-automatically using software QGIS, ArcMap10.5 and DSAS. Conclusions. It was shown that statistic characteristics of the shoreline movement (NSM, SCE, WLR) in the NWBS were characterised by high spatial variability. The maximal shoreline accretion and accumulation of depositions took place in the areas of the DD and the sand bay-bars near the Sasyk Estuary and in the areas where landslide protection and coastal protection works were built as the artificial terraces, counterdams and headland forms are created there within the abrasion-landslide coasts (city Chornomorsk, Odessa coast, village Kryzhanivka, village Fontanka). In the rest of areas shoreline retreat was observed, which evidenced, e. g. erosion of depositions on the bay-bars that cuts the group of Tuzly Estuaries from the sea, as well as abrasion and destruction of the abrasion-avalanchine type of the coast in the segment from village Lebedivka to the Budakskyi Estuary. The very high resolution (VHR) images use strongly recommended to estimate efficacy of landslide and coastal protection structures/ measures.
... Т. 26, вип. 2(39) схилів у широкому просторово-часовому діапазоні (з періодичністю від кількох місяців до кількох десятків років та рівнями тектонічної дискретності масивів від перших десятків метрів до перших кілометрів) також фіксується фактично (Воскобойников, Козлова, 1992, Cherkez, 1996, Kozlova, 1996, Будкин и др., 1998, Шмуратко, 2001, Cherkez et al, 2006, Черкез и др., 2008, Черкез и др., 2013, Шмуратко и др., 2013, Козлова и др., 2013, 2019, Черкез и др., 2014а, Kozlova et al, 2020, 2021. Причини та механізм виникнення багаторівневої тектонічної активності різноманітні та досі залишаються не до кінця з'ясованими. ...
Problem Statement and Purpose. At present, considering the conditions of slopes equilibrium, only the stresses caused by gravity, hydrodynamic and seismic effects are most often taken into account. As for tectonic stresses, their effect on landslide slopes has hardly been studied. At the same time, landslides and deformations ofslopes in a wide spatio-temporal range (with the frequency from several months to several dozens of years and the levels of massifs tectonic discreteness from first tensof meters to first kilometres) is also recorded in fact. Empirical data indicate that wave mechanism caused by rotational regime of the Earth can be one of the possible mechanisms explaining the high-frequency quasi-cyclic spatio-temporal variability of the rock mass stress-strain state. Purpose of the work has been to identify wave deformation processes in the Earth’s upper crust according to the data of instrumentalobservation of landslide slopes and relatively long line facilities deformation regime. In this work, we also intend to substantiate the thesis that wave exotectogenesis isone of the factors reducing the overall stability of landslide slopes. Data&Methods. The data of instrumental observations of structural components deformation in the underground drainage facilities of the landslide prevention works on Odesa coast that have accumulated during 50 years of operation, as well as the results of geodetic monitoring of landslide slope and the crest of plateau on the right bank of the Malyi Adzhalyk Liman within the territory of the Port Plant (ammonium plant) in 2000–2019 have been used to study the dynamics of deformation wave processes in the Earth’s upper crust. Statistical and cartographic analyses of the data sets mentioned above were carried out according to traditional methods using the Statistica, Matlab and Surfer software packages. Results. It has been found that modern dynamics of landslide slopes is significantly influenced by the periodic change of the stress-strainstate of rocks in space and time. The authors interpret the empirically revealed alternating in space zones of compression and extension, which cause the dynamics of vertical and horizontal reference benchmarks displacements in the inter-annual regime of marks displacement on the right bank of the Malyi Adzhalyk Liman and in the tunnels of Odesa coast as thereflection of wave geodynamics with periodic change of the stress-strainstate of rocks in space and time. Hierarchical layering of the tectonosphere in depth (the presence of layers with different elastic properties), tectonic discreteness and blockiness of rock massifs determine the spatial framework of the dynamically complex structure of the deformation field. Multiple cycles of compression-extensionof rocks lead to decrease in the rocks strength, accumulation of plastic deformations and activation of landslide displacements even on the coastal areas where anti-landslide measures have been implemented. To prepare design models correctly, it is important to take into account both the landslide formation mechanism and the factors that reduce the overall stability of the slope. The latter include the quasiperiodic variability of the rock mass stress-strain state controlled by rotational dynamics via wave mechanism.
... mm/year within Odesa coast and 8.2-10.3 mm/year in the territory of Pyvdennyi Port (Cherkez et al, 2006;Cherkez et al, 2020a). ...
... Due to the differentiated movements of small blocks in the bedrock the zones of local plastic deformation are formed, i.e. tectonic processes create the structural and geological basis for potential landslides and constantly maintain it in an active state. The results of our studies show that modern slope deformations in the seashore and estuarine sites where landslide prevention measures were implemented have a common nature and are determined by the combination and interrelation of the following factors (Cherkez et al, 2006;Cherkez et al, 2012;Cherkez et al, 2020aCherkez et al, , 2020bKozlova et al. 2020a;): a) vertical differentiated movements and inclinations of micro-blocks; b) horizontal quasiperiodic compressions-extensions within linearly localized fracture-weakened zones, which desiccate the massif into separate structural elements (micro-blocks) and are in the regime of differentfrequency activation obeying the laws of rotational dynamics; c) exogenous processes of gravitational nature; d) rheological properties of rocks of the main deformable horizon. Hence, it follows that the design solutions on landslide prevention measures and structures should be "inscribed" into the modern engineering geodynamics of rock masses and take into account the discreteness and mobility of the main deformable horizon. ...
... They rather develop in certain directions and with certain spatial interval indicating that they prepare some structural canvas of geological space. Monitoring of some buildings' and engineering facilities' state also shows that their deformations are caused by the reasons, which are regularly distributed in time and geological space (Cherkez et al., 1997(Cherkez et al., , 2006Shmouratko et al., 2013). With that, publications dedicated to studies of underwater slope of landslide coast from engineering-geological viewpoint are scares (Кozlova et al., 2017). ...
Purpose of the work has been to reveal structural-tectonic discreteness of abrasion-landslide bench on a segment of Odesa Black Sea coastline. The results of bathymetric surveys performed in 2006, 2009, 2016 and remote underwater video recording of 2008 have been used to study the submarine nearshore slope. Methodology of surveys data processing consisted in building of sea bottom digital models using sizes of deviation from depths trend surface, establishing of elements of structural-tectonic canvas via building of lineaments net on slip ridges that cropped up in the course of abrasion changes. Results.
Regularly orientated at 30-60 m intervals lineaments of underwater relief with north-eastern and northwestern direction have been revealed, which enables us to connect them with the regmatic net. It has been shown that the latter could have served a natural canvas for both ancient and modern landslide processes. Conclusions. The studies performed have: а) confirm ed widespread development of abrasion and landslide bench of the landslide segments in the north-western Black Sea coast; в) revealed identity of size of landslide blocks and strikes of landslide dislocations in ancient (Pleistocene-Holocene) and modern pressing-out landslides; с) shown evident influence of structural-tectonic factor on landslide processes development, both ancient and modern.
... d. landslides - (Fig. 3) the most widespread natural hazard, in what concerns the prediction by means of statistical modelling, which has become an increasingly common method in the assessment of landslide hazard [48,[59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73]; the first phase in landslide hazard mitigation is identifying and assessing the hazard [74]. e. rock fall -represents the falling of a newly detached mass of rock from a cliff or down a very steep slope and occur especially in the mountains or steep areas; this kind of hazard is highly studied in what concerns the negative effects on ICH [75][76][77][78][79][80][81][82]. ...
This study presents a review of how natural hazards can impact on immovable cultural heritage (ICH). In the last few decades, the global impact of natural hazards on cultural heritage appears to be growing, which in part, may be a response to the changes in the intensity and frequency of geomorphological processes in the light of climate and environmental change. Research undertaken at present by geographers, geologists, archaeologists, conservationists, and other specialists, shows significant interest in the protection, assessment, and mitigation of natural risk phenomena on ICH. However, attempts of evaluating the present state, and to predict the future degradation of cultural heritage is a real challenge. A review of the published literature indicates that the emergence of studies focused on the degradation of ICH by natural hazards started approximately 40 years ago, with an increasing trend starting from early in the 21st century; Europe is the most studied area globally. These studies demonstrate that conservation measures need to be implemented to protect and prevent further degradation of the world's cultural heritage, to preserve a legacy for future generations.
... Landslide deformation is an integrated reflection of geological structure, internal and external influence factors of landslide mass, therefore, landslide deformation monitoring [3] is a basis on analysis of the geological structure and dynamic deformation characteristics of the investigated landslide mass, a support for the informatization design of sliding remediation project, and a promise of feasible technology to predict and pre-warn against the geo-hazards. Among them, the landslide deep displacement monitoring is of the most significance, through which we can determine the deformation mode of landslide mass, target the position and depth of sliding plane, obtain information about the dynamic range and trends of slide deformation, so as to provide reliable information and scientific basis for the analysis of landslide's stability condition and deformation mechanics and the related design of treatment engineering [4] [5] . ...
... 159-173. [3] Shuren Wu, Yimin Jin, etc. Investigations and assessment of the landslide hazards of Fengdu county in the reservoir region of the Three Gorges project on the Yangtze River.Environmental Geology 45 (2004) 560–566 [3] ...
... 159-173. [3] Shuren Wu, Yimin Jin, etc. Investigations and assessment of the landslide hazards of Fengdu county in the reservoir region of the Three Gorges project on the Yangtze River.Environmental Geology 45 (2004) 560–566 [3] ...
The sensing principle and structural design for a proposed novel underground displacement sensor based on mutual inductance theory is studied. Thanks to its specific capability to synchronously convert the varied sliding displacement and tilt angle at any depth within the landslide mass to the variation of mutual inductance (including its strictly proportioned mutual inductance voltage) detected from the proposed sensor, it has such advantages as simple sensor structure, high sensitivity, a remote, real-time, and automatic monitoring towards the underground landslide mass over the conventional underground displacement sensors. In order to further raise the sensor's sensitivity and measurement ranges, both a detailed theoretical modeling and simulation for its geometric parameters and a large number of ground-based testing experiments are studied and implemented, which followed by a close comparison to them, can provide the theoretical and practical dual guidances to an in-depth understanding of sensing characterics and influence factors for the mutual inductanced-based underground sensor.
Purpose of the work has been to study different coastal areas’ growth/ reduction resulting from coastlines dynamics changes under abrasion and accumulation processes in the North-Western Black Sea (NWBS) influenced by natural and anthropogenic factors in 1983-2013. Methodology. LANDSAT space images of 1983-2013 and historical experimental data have been utilized as the initial and geological data for thisinvestigation. Processing has been done out using ArcGIS 9.2. Results. The results of study have shown that main areas with maximal changes of coastline location are river deltas (Danube, Dniester, Dnipro), as well as bay-bars of practically all the Black Sea limans (estuaries). Estimations of changes of coastal land areas’ increase (+)/ decrease (-) have been presented and discussed. Conclusions. Maximal changes of coastline position in the North-Western part of the Black
Sea were registered in the Danube Delta, areas of the Sasyk and Dniester Limans and Odesa Bay. Land area in those locations grew by more than 16 km2. In other NWBS coastal areas decrease of land terrain was observed, i.e. destruction of coasts, which made about 5 km2. At that, it should be noted that the biggest changes were taking place in the past decade.
The development of abrasion-landslide processes on the north-west coast of the Black Sea depends on several factors: geological structure, slope exposure, neotectonic, climatic and hydrodynamic conditions. However, the nature of this relation is not always obvious and insufficiently studied. The goal is to identify patterns of spatial and temporal development of landslide processes in the north-west coast of the Black Sea. Methods of correlation-regression, and spectral analysis were used. Periods of activation of landslide processes depending on changing climatic and hydrodynamic conditions were determined. On the south-west from the Odessa bay, abrasion process is described by dependence model abrasion indicators from wind wave energy, width of a beach and a precipitation. On the east from the Odessa bay the most proved model is dependence between abrasion indicators, sea level and a precipitation. Beaches have a significant role in the rate of abrasion and landslide processes. Gentle slopes at some sections of the beaches are the result of the predominance of silt and clay components in abraded loess strata of coastal slopes. All identified patterns have significant correlation coefficients (r > 0.5). It was found that the landslide processes in relation to climate and hydrodynamic impacts have a delay of 1–2 years, due to the inertia of the coastal geological system.
