Fig 4 - uploaded by Mohammad Tareq
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Bandwidth Curve for the designed Half-Wave Dipole Antenna Bandwidth of the antenna has shown in the Fig. 4. Bandwidth of the designed antenna has found as 0.54983 GHz. Ranges of frequency at -10 dB are 4.6667 GHz and 5.2165 GHz.
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In this paper, a simple half-wave dipole antenna has been designed and analyzed for wireless applications. Resonant frequency for the dipole antenna was 5 GHz and as a simulation tool CST Microwave Studio (MWS) has been used. After that the return loss curve, the VSWR and the far-field radiation patterns of the half-wave dipole antenna have been ob...
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Citations
... L: the total length of the dipole antenna in meters.in our design, the length of wire that we used is less than the obtain length for both LBA and HBA because of the resistance of the wire used in the manufacture of the antenna, which affects the inductive current The feeding gap (g) and wire radius (r) were calculated from equations (3) and (4), respectively [23] = 200 ...
Radiofrequency interference (RFI) describes the weakening of radio astronomy transmissions caused by man-made radio signal noise in radio telescope observation indicates the level of radio frequency noise in the sky at all times, regardless of any astronomical sources. This noise is affected by various sources, including Earth's atmosphere or solar activity and all communications equipment operating near the radio telescope. In this study, the background noise which includes RFI was measured using HSA2000 series receiver spectrum analyzer, which connected with two dipole antennas in different frequency bands (15-80 MHz) low band antenna, and (110-240 MHz) high band antenna during the partial solar eclipse in Baghdad on October 25, 2022, at (12:00-15:00), as a simple radio telescope to observe the radio astronomical background level in the sky. It is clear that the average amount of RFI level during a partial solar eclipse (-83.249 dBm for LBA decreased by about (0.93) from the value on a normal day (-77.495 dBm). And For HBA -84.711 dBm decreased by about (0.85) from the value on a normal day (-72.784 dBm). Also, it was noticed that these amounts are approximately equal to the RFI level at night (-82.352 dBm for LBA and -82.739 dBm for HBA). It is (0.98) for LBA and (0.97) for HBA, respectively. This research confirms that despite the short duration of the partial eclipse, the average value during the partial eclipse period is close to the average values during the night period due to the decrease in the electronic density of the ionosphere, especially at low frequencies, and the FRI of ground disturbances as a result of the activities of human from the surrounding the monitoring area. also, found that at the monitoring point, there is a good relationship between the time of the maximum partial eclipse and the peaks of signal gain strength.
... Typically, the dimensions of a dipole antenna are proportional to the wavelength, with the half-wave dipole antenna being the most prevalent design, where each rod has a length equivalent to one-quarter of the wavelength. The half-wave dipole has a radiation resistance of 73 Ω [67,68]. ...
Over the previous two decades, a notable array of space exploration missions have been initiated with the primary aim of facilitating the return of both humans and robots from Earth to the moon. The significance of these endeavors cannot be emphasized enough as numerous entities, both public and private, from across the globe have invested substantial resources into this pursuit. Researchers have committed their efforts to addressing the challenges linked to lunar communication. Even with all of these efforts, only a few of the many suggested designs for communication and antennas on the moon have been evaluated and compared. These designs have also not been shared with the scientific community. To bridge this gap in the existing body of knowledge, this paper conducts a thorough review of lunar surface communication and the diverse antenna designs employed in lunar communication systems. This paper provides a summary of the findings presented in lunar surface communication research while also outlining the assorted challenges that impact lunar communication. Apart from various antenna designs reported in this field, based on their intended usage, two additional classifications are introduced: (a) mission-based antennas—utilized in actual lunar missions—and (b) research-based antennas—employed solely for research purposes. Given the critical need to comprehend and predict lunar conditions and antenna behaviors within those conditions, this review holds immense significance. Its relevance is particularly pronounced in light of the numerous upcoming lunar missions that have been announced.
... Since then, most routers have converted from single-band to dual-band, allowing them to send wireless signals using either of the two Wi-Fi frequency bands (Zhang et al. 2022), (Gupta and Kumar, 2023). The wireless spectrum's 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands, known as Wi-Fi frequency bands, are used to transmit Wi-Fi signals (Tareq, et al. 2014), (Haque, Zakariya, Singh, Rahman, and Paul, 2023). The 2.4 GHz band has more Wi-Fi coverage than the 5 GHz band. ...
... The design uses Computer Simulation Tool Studio Suite (CST) software. The CST was chosen for this project because of its application versatility and ability to handle design with a frequency in the range of Giga-Hertz (GHz) and Tera-Hertz (THz) (Tareq et al., 2014). The software simplifies the implementation and development of various antenna models, such as wire Yagi-Uda antennas, waveguides, cone antenna reflector antennas, and parabolic antennas. ...
This research focuses on designing and simulating the Yagi-Uda antenna with folded dipole as a driven element for gain and bandwidth optimization. Four models were investigated to guide the designer in choosing the most suitable model for Wi-Fi applications with a resonance frequency of 2.4 GHz. The designed antenna shows promising results in terms of bandwidth, gain, reflection coefficient |S11|, and directivity. The proposed design produced a bandwidth (BW) of 0.33 GHz with a corresponding peak realized gain of 10.43 dB when the driven element was replaced with the folded dipole, at 2.40 GHz. The design achieved a directivity of 10.44 dBi, and a voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) of 1.01:1. This suggests a good matching between the transmission line (TL) and the folded dipole. The high input impedance of approximately 300 Ω is another significant advantage of using a folded dipole. The |S11| of the optimized design is-52.018 dB at 2.40 GHz. This research has application in broadband services where high gain and bandwidth is of concern, such as backhauling using point-to-point and point-to-multipoint services. An appreciable gain is maintained with an improved bandwidth of 4% compared to existing works.
... In this work some basic radiation characteristics for a uniform and non-uniform linear 10 element dipole antenna array has been analyzed through the optimization of the spacing between the elements by using 4NEC2X software Genetic Algorithm for a uniform array, Dolph Chebyshev and Binomial non-uniform excitation arrays. The length (L) and the wire radius (R) of the array elements of half wavelength dipole antenna has been calculated from the equations below [12,13]. ...
Genetic algorithm (GA) is global numerical optimization approach is based on the genetic recombination and assessment in nature. This kind of optimization can be utilized to optimize the amplitude, phase levels and spacing distribution for the elements of an antenna array to achieve its best performance. In this study the genetic algorithm of the 4NEC2X software has been used to optimize the element spacing ( of both a uniform and non-uniform (Binomial and Chebyshev) current excitation for 10-element, 2.4 GHz linear broadside dipole antenna arrays. As a consequence, for the above-mentioned array antennas the spacing optimization yielded a notable improve in their directivity and Gain (dBi), such that for the uniform current excitation the gain was reached to 14.8dBi and for both Binomial and Chebyshev non-uniform current excitation the gain increased to 12.57 dBi and 15.04 dBi respectively.
... In this work some basic radiation characteristics for a uniform and non-uniform linear 10 element dipole antenna array has been analyzed through the optimization of the spacing between the elements by using 4NEC2X software Genetic Algorithm for a uniform array, Dolph Chebyshev and Binomial non-uniform excitation arrays. The length (L) and the wire radius (R) of the array elements of half wavelength dipole antenna has been calculated from the equations below [12,13]. ...
... Therefore, for this study, two dipole antennas were modelled at 868 MHz and 2.4 GHz using copper (annealed) material, with the gain and impedance of 2.19 dBi and 73 Ω, respectively, at both frequencies. The dimensions of the dipole antennas at both frequencies were calculated using standard expressions (15) . The dipole antennas at both frequencies were optimised as wearable dipoles by a parametric sweep in the Computer Simulation Technology (CST) MWS software 2019 academic licence (16) . ...
The radiofrequency field levels may increase in confined environments, such as underground mines, due to reflections from inner boundaries (walls and arches). This study investigated the specific absorption rate (SAR) in the head and torso of a miner wearing a wireless device in underground mine scenarios. Two high-resolution voxel models were used to analyse the effects of a tunnel structure, a metal arch and a safety helmet at 2.4 GHz and 868 MHz. The results indicated that the SAR increase is modest for all simulated underground mine scenarios and was maximum in the presence of a metal arch. At 868 MHz, some observed that the SAR was greater in deep tissues of the head and torso as compared to SAR at 2.4 GHz. Also, the torso is a better site for mounting wearable devices on the body to mitigate exposure.
... Two-way traffic system of Wi-Fi. 15 In performing tasks online using Wi-Fi, a wireless adapter in a computer translates input data to a radio signal. The radio signal is then transmitted via an antenna to a decoder, otherwise known as a router. ...
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It is well known that there are three phases of water: gas, liquid and solid. Yet, recently, a fourth phase, known as Exclusion Zone (EZ) water, has been identified. The fourth phase is the major constituent in cells, which cannot function without an ample supply. Here, we report on how Wi-Fi, as an external source of disturbance, impacts EZ water. Thus, the size of EZ was measured under Wi-Fi exposure. It was tracked for 20 minute periods, and at various displacements of the Wi-Fi source. We found a diminution of EZ size by 15 - 20 %, and a negative impact of Wi-Fi on EZ size with shorter displacements. Thus, Wi-Fi exposure may impact cell functionality.
... Meanwhile, the calculation results of the formula for the Dipole comparator antenna have been described [16]. For length λ/2 Dipole antenna Refer to (11) and Feeding Gap between the two antenna wire Refer to (12). ...
... Half wave dipole has a simpler structure as compared to other antenna types and it has some advantageous features such as reasonable size, radiation pattern uniformity, manageable input impedance, and gain consistency. Many UWB half wavelength antennas have been discussed in the literature to investigate the antenna characteristics over the frequency range of interest [2][3][4][5][6]. ...
... According to calculation, the center frequency is obtained as 6.85 GHz. Thus, all antenna dimension parameters are calculated at the resonant frequency, 6.85 GHz, in order to observe antenna behavior for UWB applications [2]. Length, feeding gap, wavelength and radius of the antenna are calculated through equations (2-5) respectively as follows: ...
In this paper, thin dipole is investigated in the 3.1-10.6 GHz Ultra-Wide Band frequency range. The study includes the design of half wave dipole antenna with different dipole radii to improve the antenna characteristics. Antenna parameters including return loss, Voltage Standing Wave Ratio,-10 dB bandwidth and radiation pattern are examined according to Federal Communication Commission regulations and Ultra-Wide Band system requirements in this frequency range. Additionally, two optimization techniques, Genetic Algorithm and Particle Swarm Optimization are applied to obtain the best dipole radius. CST Microwave Studio, an electromagnetic simulation program, is used for the design of the antenna structure and the simulation purposes. The simulation is performed in transient mode. The results show that the antenna performance can be improved by selecting the suitable antenna dimensions. Additionally, Genetic Algorithm and Particle Swarm Optimization techniques are compared in terms of time consumption to obtain the best VSWR and return loss values. The results also depict that Genetic Algorithm yields better results for the proposed structure.
... It is now necessary to carry out a brief review of literature that are germane to our interest here. An interesting development presented elsewhere [4] concerns the design of half-wave dipole antennas which are applicable to wireless applications. It has been investigated how the performance characteristics of a dipole are adjustable when the variations of its design parameters are effected, and such parameters, identified as current distribution, radiation resistance, input impedance, size and bandwidth are of great practical significance [5]. ...
