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Armodendrilla bergquistae gen. nov., sp. nov., section of skeleton (magnified 65x) of holotype CMNZAQ1082(1), New Zealand, Chatham Rise, off Chatham Islands, 43.6667°S 179.9167°E, depth 396-725 m, coll. Chatham Islands 1954 Expedition station 6 (photo reproduced from Bergquist 1961: fig. 5b).
Source publication
The occurrence of different sponge species bearing the same Linnean binomial name combination, i.e. homonyms, is to be avoided for obvious reasons. In a review of sponge taxon names of the World Porifera Database, we detected 121 homonymic cases (115 species-group names, 6 genus-group names), involving a total of 272 nominal taxa. It is the object...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... consistency to Dendrilla cactos (see for an extensive description of that species Wiedenmayer (1989: 152). The surface is conulose, externally very like a Dysidea, conuli are 3-5 mm high and irregularly spaced. A distinctive feature of the specimens is the presence of an armoured dermal region constructed entirely of spicule fragments. Fibres (Fig. 2) taper somewhat as they branch upwards but there is no clear distinction between primaries and secondaries. Range in fibre diameter is 4.8-4.9 µm. None of the fibres contain any debris and the skeleton appears dendritic; occasional anastomoses are discernible. Flagellate chambers are oval, 52-80 µm long. Etymology. The genus name is a ...
Context 2
... The name is used again in Linnaeus (1767Linnaeus ( : 1297, but there provided with several (pre-Linnaean) sources, the first of which is Van Royen (1740: 522) as "Spongia tenax ramosissima erecta, ramos teniusculis obtusis". As a third reference he cites Spongia fastigiata Pallas, 1766: 392, which in turn cites an image in Seba (1758: pl. 97 fig. 2), and as locality 'Indian Ocean'. The World Porifera Database currently (2019) has Pallas' species erroneously accepted as Halichondria fastigiata, taxon inquirendum. The Seba image to which Pallas refers is clearly not a sponge, almost certainly a zoanthid (Cnidaria, Zoantharia), but it remains unclaimed in that animal group (cf. ...
Context 3
... 1887) is a junior secondary homonym, which needs to be replaced (ICZN Art. 57.3). However, its transfer to the genus Haliclona as Haliclona villosa (Von Lendenfeld, 1887) comb. nov. removes the homonymy (ICZN Art. 59.2). The name Haliclona (Reniclona) viola was differently spelled in the heading (as viloa) and in the caption to the illustration ( fig. 26) (as viola). The first spelling is an obvious lapsus calami in the sense of ICZN Art. 32.5.1 (because the color mentioned in the description is 'deep violet'), to be corrected as incorrect original spelling to viola. Reniclona De Laubenfels, 1954: 64 is assigned to the synonymy of Haliclona (Reniera) Schmidt, 1862: 72 by De Weerdt (2002: 867), but ...
Citations
... It has been reported from sub-antarctic waters by Boury-Esnault & Van Beveren (1982), Uriz (1988) and Hooper (1991). Soest et al. (2020) proposed Raspailia (Hymeraphiopsis) hentscheli nom. nov., named after Ernst Hentschel, because they considered that Raspailia (Hymeraphiopsis) irregularis Hentschel, 1914 is the junior secondary homonym of Raspailia irregularis (Von Lendenfeld, 1888) and in the absence of known synonyms, it required a new name (ICZN Art. ...
The South Orkney Islands (SOI) is a poorly studied Antarctic archipelago located in the Scotia Arc. In this study, we added 25 Demospongiae species to the SOI known sponge richness, which was previously represented by only 16 species. Of these, 22 species represent new records for SOI region, although they were previously recorded from other Antarctic sectors. Samples were collected during two Argentinean Antarctic Research Cruises onboard RV Puerto Deseado. The most frequently collected species were Artemisina apollinis, Iophon gaussi, I. unicorne, Lissodendoryx (E.) ramilobosa, Myxodoryx hanitschi and Tedania (T.) tantula. Data and illustrations of some rare or uncommon species are provided: Iophon gaussi, Lissodendoryx (E.) anacantha, Microxina charcoti, Raspailia (H.) hentscheli, Haliclona spongiosissima, Haliclona (G.) cf. cucurbitiformis. Although the present results increase substantially the previously known information on sponge species, this is still an underestimation of total richness because certain orders (Tetractinellida, Suberitida, Biemnida, Polymastiida) and classes were not studied during the current investigation, although previous records were included.
... No applications for elevation in rank of these taxa were made to the Commission of the ICZN. As stated above I include some proposals for corrections of nomenclatural errors and additional nomina nova for junior homonyms detected since recent attempts to remove all remaining Poriferan homonymy (van Soest et al. 2020). ...
... van Soest & Hooper (2020: 22) proposed Ircinia polejaeffi as replacement name for Cacospongia dendroides sensu Poléjaeff, 1884, but these authors omitted to discuss the varieties. The variety dura as the typical variety is a junior synonym of Ircinia polejaeffi van Soest & Hooper, 2020. The var. friabilis was elevated to species rank as Hircinia (= Ircinia) friabilis by von Lendenfeld (1889: 566) (cf. ...
... rigida Hyatt, 1877: 536 (no illustration to the typical variety and thus it likely belongs to Dysidea, but the distinguishing features are unrecognizable and are lacking any illustration. Since the variety is almost certainly distinct from the typical variety in view of the geographic separation, the variety must be elevated to the status of species, as Dysidea rigida (Hyatt, 1877 van Soest & Hooper, 2020(in van Soest et al. 2020 Hyatt's name is not an available name (as it has a fourth name, ICZN art. 45.5). ...
... About 25 species were known as the type locality for Sunda Shelf/Java Sea. Some of them have been revised, such as Ascaltis caroli Haeckel, 1872 and Ascaltis erasmi Haeckel, 1872 as Janusya darwinii (Haeckel, 1870), Spirastrella aurivillii f. excavans Lindgren, 1897 as Cliothosa aurivillii (Lindgren, 1897) (Rosell & Uriz 1997), Clathria ramosa Lindgren, 1897 as Clathria (Wilsonella) lindgreni Hooper, 1996, andIsops nigra Lindgren, 1897 as Geodia nilslindgreni van Soest & Hooper, 2020 after preoccupied combination and homonym removal (Hooper 1996;van Soest et al. 2020). Most of these type locality species are possibly endemics and only found on Sunda Shelf/Java Sea marine ecoregion, e.g., Agelas linnaei de Voogd et al. 2008, Spheciospongia semilunaris (Lindgren, 1897), Desmacella democratica (Sollas, 1902), Aaptos laxosuberites (Sollas, 1902), Ciocalypta melichlora Sollas, 1902, Ciocalypta rutila Sollas, 1902, Tethycometes sibogae Sarà, 1994 pauper Sollas, 1902, Erylus decumbens Lindgren, 1897, Jaspis biangulata (Lindgren, 1897), Stelletta tenuis Lindgren, 1897, Dysidea digitata (Sollas, 1902), and Euplectella aspergillum indonesica Tabachnick et al. 2008. ...
... The marine ecoregion of the Malacca Strait comprises three different nations, namely Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore. Only three classes (without Homoscleromorpha) were recorded from this marine ecoregion containing three species of Calcarea, 76 species of Demospongiae, and three species of Hexactinellida (Annandale 1918;Becking & Lim 2009;Bowerbank 1869Bowerbank , 1875Carter 1883b;Dragnewitsch 1905;Gray 1858Gray , 1873Haeckel 1872;Hardwicke 1822;Hooper et al. 2008;Ridley 1884a;Schlegel 1858;van Soest et al. 2020van Soest et al. , 2021van Soest & de Voogd 2015). The Haplosclerida is the most speciose order consisting of 22 species within five families. ...
Sponges in Indonesia have been studied since the 19th century during several historical expeditions and international collaborations. Hundreds of new species were reported from various locations, e.g., Ambon, Ternate, Sulawesi, Aru, and Kei Islands. This study aimed to create a sponge (Porifera: Calcarea, Demospongiae, Hexactinellida, and Homoscleromorpha) species checklist from Indonesia based on World Porifera Database. With a total of 731 species, our checklist comprises approximately 45 species of Calcarea, 566 species of Demospongiae, 115 species of Hexactinellida, and five species of Homoscleromorpha. The number of species are recorded from 12 marine ecoregions across the Indonesian Archipelago and freshwater habitats (Spongillida) between 1820–2021. The species composition indicates higher regional endemism or poorly studied since no other report after the original description. However, several marine ecoregions of Indonesia remain highly overlooked (e.g., Northeast Sulawesi, Papua, Southern Java, Western Sumatra), including freshwater habitats. Therefore, a taxonomic biodiversity baseline study, particularly on Porifera, is necessary to better understand the aquatic and marine biodiversity in the Indonesia Archipelago.
... Although the Western Indian Ocean Province presents a rich sponge fauna, the Mascarene Islands ecoregion is still poorly known (Van Soest et al., 2012;Van Soest & De Voogd, 2018). The Mascarene Islands ecoregion includes the islands of La Réunion, Mauritius and Rodrigues (Spalding et al., 2007) and, to date, 66 species of sponges have been recorded from this ecoregion (Schuffner, 1877;Vacelet, 1977;Lévi, 1986;Bourmaud, 2003;Van Soest & De Voogd, 2018;Van Soest et al., 2020), 16 belonging to the class Calcarea (Schuffner, 1877;Vacelet, 1977;Bourmaud, 2003;Van Soest & De Voogd, 2018). ...
The Western Indian Ocean Province is reckoned for its rich marine diversity; however, sponges of the Mascarene Islands ecoregion are still poorly known. In La Réunion, only three species of class Calcarea have been registered. Hence, calcareous sponges were searched in seven sites representing various habitats of the Western coast of La Réunion, but found in only three of them. A total of 23 sponge samples was identified using morphological and molecular taxonomy. This sampling represents 11 species, all new records for the region, and seven of them are new to science: Ascandra mascarenica sp. nov., A. oceanusvitae sp. nov., Janusya indica gen. et sp. nov., Leucascus tenuispinae sp. nov., Lelapiella tertia sp. nov., Soleneiscus intermedius sp. nov. and Leucandra ornata sp. nov.; and a new genus, Janusya gen. nov.. Based on results from this and from previous studies, we propose the synonymization of the order Murrayonida with Clathrinida. A very low sampling effort has thus increased the number of calcareous sponge species from the Mascarenes Islands ecoregion by 69 % and from La Réunion by 367%.
... Innovative technologies, such as gene sequencing, have also enabled the resolution of taxonomically-challenging taxa (Samaai et al. 2017b), and the characterisation of sponge-associated bacterial communities (Matobole et al. 2017;Waterworth et al. 2017). Finally, some of the latest work comprises the correction of several South African sponge species names (Ribeiro & Muricy 2011;Samaai et al. 2017a;Sim-Smith & Kelly 2019;Samaai et al. 2020b;van Soest et al. 2020b). ...
Sponges are functionally important and ubiquitous components of the global marine benthos. South Africa accounts for roughly 4% of the global marine sponge diversity, comprising 374 described species and seven varieties/forms, with elevated apparent endemism (59.3%). However, an estimated 900 sponge species are thought to be undescribed, and much work is needed to update and expand our knowledge of the South African sponge fauna.
The Amathole region is situated offshore of the Amathole District, around the city of East London, on the south-east coast of South Africa. This area has been historically unexplored and was thus the focus of the Imida Frontiers Project initiated in 2015, under the auspices of the African Coelacanth Ecosystem Programme (phase IV). As a component of this larger project, the research presented here focuses exclusively on the diversity, depth distribution and biogeographic affinities of the heteroscleromorph demosponge fauna.
This study included 474 specimens, from four expeditions comprising 48 sites across depths of 3–229 m. Non-random-stratified sampling was undertaken during two cruises
onboard the R/V Ellen Khuzwayo in 2016, with 457 specimens collected from 42 sites using an epibenthic dredge. An additional 11 specimens were included from three dredge sites in 2015, as were six specimens from three SCUBA sites sampled by the Coral Reef Research Foundation in 1999. Underwater visual surveys were undertaken onboard the R/V Phakisa using a Remotely Operated Vehicle during two expeditions in 2017, with in situ images used for species accounts.
The Amathole region was found to support elevated heteroscleromorph demosponge
diversity, with the fauna dominated by two orders (Poecilosclerida, Tetractinellida), and three families (Geodiidae, Isodictyidae, Latrunculiidae). Of the 74 species obtained, 47 were known, while 27 are likely new to science. Twenty-three species were further described, eight as new. This study also documented an additional 35 species and 11 genera for South Africa, and three genera for the Indian Ocean. Consequently, the number of marine sponge species from South Africa will increase to 410 with six varieties/forms. Assemblages did change with depth, and taxa-specific depth restrictions were observed. However, low average similarities and a relatively high number of unique species were indicative of heterogeneity within each depth zone, possibly driven by habitat type. Species richness peaked in the mesophotic zone, which was likely an artefact of the collection effort. Finally, faunal affinities were primarily with southern Africa, with additional influence from the Western Indian Ocean region. Species were shared with every ecoregion in South Africa, but the fauna was most similar to that found in the Agulhas and southern Benguela ecoregions.
Findings were limited by the exclusion of aspiculate demosponges, and specimens from the other classes, as well as under-sampling in the shallow and sub-mesophotic depth zones. Nevertheless, this study supports the position of the region within the Algoa to
Amathole Ecologically or Biologically Significant Marine Area, and formation of the Amathole Offshore Marine Protected Area in 2019. Sixty-three (85%) of the recorded species fall within the latter, and thus receive some level of protection.
... cinctum, Endectyon sp. 1, Endectyon sp. 2, Eurypon sp. 2, H. stellifera, a Mycale sp., and a Raspaciona sp.). In addition to some Eurypon species and H. stellifera, Bell and Barnes (20) also noted the presence of a whitish encrusting species, Paratimea constellata, and an arborescent species, Stelligera rigida (now Stelligera montagui [73]), both Axinellida, at 30 m on Labhra Cliff. In the present study, P. constellata was observed (but not sampled); however, S. montagui was not observed. ...
Climate change is expanding marine oxygen minimum zones (OMZs), while anthropogenic nutrient input depletes oxygen concentrations locally. The effects of deoxygenation on animals are generally detrimental; however, some sponges (Porifera) exhibit hypoxic and anoxic tolerance through currently unknown mechanisms. Sponges harbor highly specific microbiomes, which can include microbes with anaerobic capabilities. Sponge-microbe symbioses must also have persisted through multiple anoxic/hypoxic periods throughout Earth’s history. Since sponges lack key components of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway responsible for hypoxic responses in other animals, it was hypothesized that sponge tolerance to deoxygenation may be facilitated by its microbiome. To test this hypothesis, we determined the microbial composition of sponge species tolerating seasonal anoxia and hypoxia in situ in a semienclosed marine lake, using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. We discovered a high degree of cryptic diversity among sponge species tolerating seasonal deoxygenation, including at least nine encrusting species of the orders Axinellida and Poecilosclerida. Despite significant changes in microbial community structure in the water, sponge microbiomes were species specific and remarkably stable under varied oxygen conditions, which was further explored for Eurypon spp. 2 and Hymeraphia stellifera. However, some symbiont sharing occurred under anoxia. At least three symbiont combinations, all including large populations of Thaumarchaeota, corresponded with deoxygenation tolerance, and some combinations were shared between some distantly related hosts. We propose hypothetical host-symbiont interactions following deoxygenation that could confer deoxygenation tolerance. © 2021 Schuster et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license.
... Callyspongia subtilis Pulitzer-Finali, 1993 was a junior homonymy recently removed by Van Soest & Hooper (2020) who renamed the species in honor of Gustavo Pulitzer-Finali. ...
The diversity of Porifera from Ponta do Ouro (Mozambique) has been evaluated; this paper presents the first taxonomic effort devoted to sponges in the area, while studies of closeby areas are quite dated. Overall, 55 specimens were examined, leading to 26 described species; among these, four are new (Hyattella sulfurea Calcinai & Belfiore sp. nov., H. pedunculata Calcinai & Belfiore sp. nov., Amphimedon palmata Calcinai & Belfiore sp. nov. and Phoriospongia mozambiquensis Calcinai & Belfiore sp. nov.) and four (Chondrosia corticata Thiele, 1900, Callyspongia (Cladochalina) aerizusa Desqueyroux-Faundez, 1984, Clathria (Thalysias) hirsuta Hooper & Levi, 1993 and Ciocalypta heterostyla Hentschel, 1912) are new records for the Indian Ocean. For Callyspongia (Euplacella) abnormis Pulitzer-Finali, 1993, Callyspongia (Callyspongia) pulitzeri Van Soest & Hooper, 2020 and Amphimedon brevispiculifera (Dendy, 1905) this represents the first record after their initial discovery. The majority of the species have a wide distribution in the Indo-Pacific Ocean, but species from South and East Africa have also been recorded. These data highlight the characteristic of Ponta do Ouro as a transitional zone, located between a tropical and temperate biogeographic province, as well as the importance of increasing biodiversity knowledge of this biogeographic border to monitor possible shifts in the area as a consequence of climate crisis.
Collections of encrusting sponges from the shallow subtidal zone of three southern fjords in British Columbia, Canada, and adjacent waters provided the material for the description of 14 new species. Species represent 5 orders, 8 families and 11 genera providing a cross section of British Columbia shallow water fjord Demospongiae. New species include Eurypon reiswigi n. sp., E. scruposus n. sp., E. microtuberculatum n. sp., Hymeraphia pacifica n. sp., Hamigera bakusi n. sp., Hymedesmia (Hymedesmia) anvilensis n. sp., Hymetrochota austini n. sp., Discorhabdella atypica n. sp., Antho (Acarnia) flavoaurantiaca n. sp., Clathria (Microciona) aquaradiata n. sp., Hymeniacidon globularis n. sp., Oceanapia polytuba n. sp., O. flava n. sp., and Spongionella tenuis n. sp. Species range from uncommon to common both within and outside fjord environments. Range extensions of genera include: Eurypon, Northeast Pacific range extension from Mexico to BC; Hymeraphia, range extension to the Northeast Pacific, Hamigera, range extension to the Northeast Pacific, Hymetrochota, range extension to the Northeast Pacific and depth extension to shallow water, and Oceanapia, Northeast Pacific range extension from the Gulf of California to central BC.
Background. A numer of Haliclona species (Demospongiae, Haplosclerida) in the Austin and McDaniel collections at the Royal British Columbia Museum (RBCM) are identified only to genus or genus and species. The collections are representative of over 40 years of sampling principally by the late Dr. William C. Austin and one of us (Neil McDaniel) through SCUBA diving on the west coast of British Columbia and specimens provided by others to Dr. Austin. We have selected representative Haliclona species in the collections for detailed examination and placement in subgenera and species (where species were not identified). Haliclona is recognized to have several subgenera, thus identification of specimens to genus and species is incomplete. Our study updates this status for the species examined.
Methods. Methods of collection included intertidal scrapings or removal of non-encrusting specimens usually accompanied by in-situ photos, similar methods at SCUBA diving depths (subtidal to 35 m) and from other dredging, trawling and biological sampling activities.
Results. We describe eleven new Haliclona (Demospongeae Haplosclerida Chalinadae) species and a range extension for Haliclona (Flagellia) edaphus de Laubenfels, 1930 for shallow waters of Southwestern British Columbia, Canada. New species include Haliclona (Gellius) hartmani n. sp., Haliclona (Gellius) shishalhensis n. sp., Haliclona (Reniera) gesteta n. sp., Haliclona (Rhizoniera) aborescens n. sp., Haliclona (Rhizoniera) blanca n. sp., Haliclona (Rhizoniera) boothensis n. sp., Haliclona (Rhizoniera) filix n. sp., Haliclona (Rhizoniera) kunechina n.sp., Haliclona (Rhizoniera) meandrina n. sp., Haliclona (Rhizoniera) penelakuta n. sp., and Haliclona (Rhizoniera) vulcana n. sp. We also redescribe Haliclona mollis (Lambe, 1893 [1894]) and propose placing it in the subgenus Haliclona. Except for Lambe syntype slides of Haliclona mollis which are deposited at the Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa, Canada, all holotypes and voucher specimens of species described are deposited at RBCM.
The online World Porifera Database (WPD), the Porifera part of the World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS), lists virtually all published scientific names of sponges. The names of the WPD (as indeed all names in WoRMS) are guided by the Code of the International Comnission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN). The WPD names include all currently accepted as well as original combinations, and a majority of non-accepted non-original combinations. Currently, among the accepted names about 200 original lower taxa combinations were found to be accepted by default, usually varieties or formae, which were given that status in the WPD because there was no sufficient published information to support arguments for or against the accepted status. After 1961, varieties and formae are considered infrasubspecific taxa whose names are not regulated by the Code and the names are unavailable, but prior to that date these trinominal taxa are potential available names. It is the purpose of the present study to evaluate these original default ‘accepted’ combinations and arrive at an argumented judgement on whether they are to be truly accepted or non-accepted. Furthermore, additional lower taxa name violations of the Code are also included. Overall, there are three categories of names of lower taxa treated here, (1) with combinations, which are judged to be accepted with elevated status as (sub)specific taxa, (2) with combinations judged to be junior synonyms, and (3) with combinations, which are violating articles of the Code. Among the last category there are a small number of varietal taxa described after the 1960 cut-off date, which are unavailable but are proposed to have the original name combination retained, but as new names with authorship and year changed to those of the present article. Also, names found to be unavailable for various reasons (four-name combinations, junior homonyms, phylocode names) are in this category. The following 31 new names are proposed (three of which are junior synonyms of senior accepted names, and an additional three are unavailable names made available by employing the same name combination with the present authorship and year): Aaptos hoshinoi nom.nov., Ancorina nanosclera nom.nov., Axinella kurushima nom.nov., Callyspongia (Cladochalina) desqueyrouxfaundezae nom.nov., Cliona carpenteri subsp. hentscheli nom.nov., Callyspongia (Toxochalina) gustavoi nom.nov., Craniella microspira nom.nov., Dictyaulus romani nom.nov., Grantia breitfussi nom.nov., Haliclona alba subsp. albapontica nom.nov., Haliclona aquaeductus subsp. sebastopolensis nom.nov., Haliclona inflata subsp. vladimiri nom.nov., Haliclona informis subsp. voldomaroi nom.nov., Haliclona palmata subsp. pontuseuxiniensis nom.nov., Haliclona (Gellius) arthuri nom.nov., Haliclona (Gellius) godthaabae nom.nov., Haliclona merguiensis nom.nov., Haliclona senjitanitai nom.nov., Iophon hentscheli nom.nov., Leucandra wilsoni nom.nov., Paraleucilla bassensis nom.nov. (= P. saccharata), Pione carpenteri subsp. hentscheli nom.nov., Psammocinia samaaii nom.nov., Protoschmidtia czerniavskyi nom.nov. (= Metschnikowia tuberculata), Reiswiginella nom.nov., Scalarispongia lamarcki nom.nov., Spheciospongia hentscheli nom.nov., Spongia (Spongia) vonlendenfeldi nom.nov. (= S. (S.) lignosa), Suberites austral nom.nov., Suberites dendyi nom.nov., Suberites simae nom.nov., and Timea levii nom.nov.
