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This work provides a systematic literature review of blockchain-based applications across multiple domains. The aim is to investigate the current state of blockchain technology and its applications and to highlight how specific characteristics of this disruptive technology can revolutionise "business-as-usual" practices. To this end, the theoretica...
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... principle, a blockchain should be considered as a distributed append-only timestamped data structure.Blockchains allow us to have a distributed peer-to-peer network where non-trusting members can verifiably interact with each without the need for a trusted authority [4]. To achieve this one can consider blockchain as a set of interconnected mechanisms which provide specific features to the infrastructure, as illustrated in Figure 1. At the lowest level of this infrastructure, we have the signed transactions between peers. ...
Citations
... Who has the power to add a block to the connected chain of blocks, or "chain," is decided by the consensus method used in blockchain technology? (Casino et al., 2019) ...
Blockchain technology has emerged as a transfor-mative innovation across multiple sectors, including finance, healthcare, agriculture, and real estate. Despite its widespread adoption, the healthcare system in Jordan has not yet fully lever-aged blockchain for patient information storage, encountering significant implementation challenges. This study aims to identify the obstacles faced by physicians in verifying patient conditions and accessing medical histories, as well as the limitations inherent in current off-chain systems. By examining these issues, the study seeks to propose solutions to improve the efficiency of the healthcare system. Healthcare professionals and software developers from both government and private hospitals, as well as medical laboratories , participated in this study. Data was collected from 100 participants and analyzed to derive conclusions and insights. The primary finding suggests that the adoption of blockchain technology for storing patient healthcare records and electronic health records can greatly enhance the security, reliability, integrity, and privacy of patient data. The study advocates for the integration of health systems from private and government hospitals into a unified, independent system that shares a common database while preserving individual hospital information. The study emphasizes blockchain's capability to ensure data security both on-chain and off-chain, thereby reducing the risks of data loss and forgery. It highlights the challenges physicians face in verifying patient cases and retrieving medical histories, stressing the necessity for streamlined processes to manage patient data more efficiently. These results provide valuable insights for healthcare professionals , software developers, and organizations, highlighting the potential benefits of blockchain technology in addressing security and privacy concerns within the healthcare sector.
... This synergy can mitigate the risks associated with data breaches and fraud, which are critical in sectors like finance, healthcare, and supply chain management. Additionally, blockchain can enhance the trustworthiness of AI systems by providing transparent audit trails, thus enabling more robust and accountable decision-making processes (Casino et al., 2019). Furthermore, decentralized AI models on the blockchain can democratize access to AI capabilities, preventing monopolistic control and fostering a more equitable distribution of technological benefits (Salah et al., 2019). ...
Generative AI models, such as GPT-4 and Stable Diffusion, have demonstrated powerful and disruptive capabilities in natural language and image tasks. However, deploying these models in decentralized environments remains challenging. Unlike traditional centralized deployment, systematically guaranteeing the integrity of AI model services in fully decentralized environments, particularly on trustless blockchains, is both crucial and difficult. In this paper, we present a new inference paradigm called \emph{proof of quality} (PoQ) to enable the deployment of arbitrarily large generative models on blockchain architecture. Unlike traditional approaches based on validating inference procedures, such as ZKML or OPML, our PoQ paradigm focuses on the outcome quality of model inference. Using lightweight BERT-based cross-encoders as our underlying quality evaluation model, we design and implement PQML, the first practical protocol for real-world NLP generative model inference on blockchains, tailored for popular open-source models such as Llama 3 and Mixtral. Our analysis demonstrates that our protocol is robust against adversarial but rational participants in ecosystems, where lazy or dishonest behavior results in fewer benefits compared to well-behaving participants. The computational overhead of validating the quality evaluation is minimal, allowing quality validators to complete the quality check within a second, even using only a CPU. Preliminary simulation results show that PoQ consensus is generated in milliseconds, 1,000 times faster than any existing scheme.
... Currently, blockchain has been applied in various fields such as financial, public services, smart grid, healthcare, and many more [16]. In the field of copyright protection, blockchain technology has garnered significant attention due to its decentralized, tamper-proof, and traceable nature. ...
Zero-watermarking technology is an effective method to protect image copyright, but it relies on trusted third party to store and manage the zero-watermarks. To solve this problem and meet the requirement of copyright trading simultaneously, this paper proposed a copyright protection and trading scheme by integrating zero-watermarking with blockchain technology. The proposed scheme provides functions including copyright registration, copyright trading and copyright query. In the copyright registration process, instead of uploading the actual image, the zero-watermark representing the image is registered on the blockchain. This approach ensures that duplicate images cannot be registered, safeguarding the ownership rights of the original image. The copyright trading procedure is designed with two phases to ensure that the trading details are approved and signed by both the seller and the buyer. This process guarantees the credibility and authenticity of the trading transaction. Additionally, the scheme allows the seller to determine whether the buyer has the right to resell the copyright, providing more flexibility in subsequent transactions. The function of copyright query also incorporates robust tracing capabilities enabled by zero-watermarking. This ensures that even if the image undergoes various attacks or modifications, it can still be traced and authenticated on the blockchain. Experimental evaluations have been conducted to validate the effectiveness of the copyright functions. Furthermore, the demonstration system showcases its robust traceability on the blockchain, as well as its efficient performance in terms of transactions throughput and latency.
... Since the time needed to mine a block of transactions in the blockchain is about 18-24 s, the rate at which the blockchain can commit the purchase transactions is about 3-4 per second. However, the performance of the blockchain is complex to evaluate since it depends on several factors, such as the node implementation, the consensus algorithm, and the number of nodes that are averagely involved in the mining process [51,52]. In this regard, it is worth noting that the PoW consensus algorithm is particularly suited to a public and decentralized blockchain [51][52][53]. ...
... However, the performance of the blockchain is complex to evaluate since it depends on several factors, such as the node implementation, the consensus algorithm, and the number of nodes that are averagely involved in the mining process [51,52]. In this regard, it is worth noting that the PoW consensus algorithm is particularly suited to a public and decentralized blockchain [51][52][53]. However, it is characterized by low performance due to the time needed for propagating, processing, and validating the purchase transactions [54]. ...
In a global context characterized by a pressing need to find a solution to the problem of digital copyright protection, buyer-seller watermarking protocols based on asymmetric fingerprinting and adopting a "buyer-friendly" approach have proven effective in addressing such a problem. They can ensure high levels of usability and security. However, they usually resort to trusted third parties (TTPs) to guarantee the protection process, and this is often perceived as a relevant drawback since TTPs may cause conspiracy or collusion problems, besides the fact that they are generally considered as some sort of "big brother". This paper presents a buyer-seller watermarking protocol that can achieve the right compromise between usability and security without employing a TTP. The protocol is built around previous experiences conducted in the field of protocols based on the buyer-friendly approach. Its peculiarity consists of exploiting smart contracts executed within a blockchain to implement preset and immutable rules that run automatically under specific conditions without control from some kind of central authority. The result is a simple, usable, and secure watermarking protocol able to do without TTPs.
... Detecting and mitigating rogue devices is crucial, facilitated by blockchain's tracking capabilities and anomaly detection algorithms. Additionally, interoperability challenges between IoT devices and blockchain networks necessitate standardized communication protocols and APIs [68]. Furthermore, as IoT device interconnections grow, adopting blockchain can streamline data flow by enabling direct device interactions without centralized servers, enhancing system efficiency and security [5,21,75]. ...
... Data integrity and immutability: Ensures data integrity from IoT devices, offering an immutable ledger where data records are cryptographically linked, time-stamped, and unalterable. Each transaction is securely stored, guaranteeing the authenticity and reliability of IoT data[2,56,68]. 2. Secure device identity and authentication: Verifies IoT device identities and prevents unauthorized access. Blockchain-based digital certificates uniquely identify devices, with smart contracts enforcing access control. ...
This paper surveys the implementation of blockchain technology in cybersecurity in In-ternet of Things (IoT) networks, presenting a comprehensive framework that integrates blockchain technology with intrusion detection systems (IDS) to enhance IDS performance. This paper reviews articles from various domains, including AI, blockchain, IDS, IoT, and Industrial IoT (IIoT), to identify emerging trends and challenges in this field. An analysis of various approaches incorporating AI and blockchain demonstrates the potentiality of integrating AI and blockchain to transform IDS. This paper's structure establishes the foundation for further investigation and provides a blueprint for the development of IDS that is accessible, scalable, transparent, immutable, and decentralized. A demonstration from case studies integrating AI and blockchain shows the viability of combining the duo to enhance performance. Despite the challenges posed by resource constraints and privacy concerns, it is notable that blockchain is the key to securing IoT networks and that continued innovation in this area is necessary. Further research into lightweight cryptography, efficient consensus mechanisms, and privacy-preserving techniques is needed to realize all of the potential of blockchain-powered cybersecurity in IoT.
... These findings align with the research conducted by Viano et al. (2022), which suggests that blockchain technology can serve as a socio-economic driver by enabling financial inclusion, granting access to financial services for individuals that are traditionally unbanked or underbanked. In consistence with the research conducted by Casino et al. (2019), the findings of this study indicate that techno-political drivers have a significant impact on the construction supply chain. These findings are also supported by the study of Lee et al. (2020), which suggests that companies striving for a larger market share are increasingly adopting technological advancements. ...
Purpose-The construction industry is frequently scrutinised by the public for a variety of issues, including waste, inefficiency, narrow profit margins, scheduling setbacks, budget overruns, quality concerns, trust deficits, transparency issues, coordination challenges, communication issues and fraud. The purpose of this paper is to assess the effect of blockchain technology adoption on the construction supply chain. Design/methodology/approach-This study used a quantitative research approach through a questionnaire survey that was conducted among professionals in the Nigerian construction industry using the snowball sampling method, which resulted in a selection of 155 respondents. The collected data were analysed using partial least squares structural equation modelling, enabling a thorough assessment of the proposed relationships and offering valuable insights specific to the construction industry. Findings-The study's findings validated the conceptual framework established. The results indicated that implementing blockchain across all stages of the construction supply chain has the potential to improve the construction process. The study also revealed that blockchain technology will significantly affect the construction supply chain in a positive manner. Research limitations/implications-This research was carried out in the Southwestern region which is one of the six geo-political zones in Nigeria using a cross-sectional survey method. The study holds implications not only for local construction practices but will also contribute to the broader discourse on national construction sector challenges and possible solutions. Practical implications-The findings of this study will be immensely beneficial to both professionals, practitioners and stakeholders in the Nigerian construction industry in learning about the potential of blockchain technology application in improving the construction supply chain. Originality/value-The study in this paper constructed and evaluated a conceptual framework by exploring the connections between the variables. The results have significant implications for the construction sector, as they provide avenues for enhancing the construction process and the overall supply chain. These findings are valuable for researchers examining the potential effects of blockchain technology on the construction supply chain.
... Present genetic algorithm implementation to block-chain [27] It's to cover the future applications of blockchain 2020 ML techniques of Linear Regression Intrusion decision system, Binary Neural Networks [28] The system will evaluate and ensure the integrity of smart contracts, Execution time, and Transactional delay. ...
Cryptocurrencies have gained a lot of attention in the last 12 years after the launch of Bitcoin's decentralized system which allows direct online payments, Bitcoin opens up the way for many other digital currencies and coins like BNB, Ethereum, ETC (Ethereum Classic), XRP (Ripple), and many others. Many developed countries like America, Germany, France, and Belarus have started accepting payments from digital currency wallets, and their trade exchanges also allow trade through these digital coins and currencies, people of their countries use these currencies as digital financial assets, but many countries are even not ready to accept or legalize these digital currencies and coins due to chance of fraud, cyber security issues, anonymity, and privacy issues. In this paper, we have presented an ANN-based framework through which we can give a way to overcome these threats and vulnerabilities which will be helpful to countries who are looking to regularize it and who have security concerns over it. We have tested our dataset on two different models of Neural Networks, ANN and CNN. In the results CNN gives an accuracy of 81.97% on the other hand ANN gives the best accuracy of 96.72% on our dataset.
... In blockchain literature and reviews, the focus on theory application and theory development has been limited. Most reviews have only focused on blockchain applications and trends (e.g., Casino et al., 2019;Sun et al., 2022). The discourse of some reviews has been centered around both applications and theories in a specific research area of blockchain, but the nexus of theories and themes arising from the literature has not been deeply evaluated (e.g., Alkhudary et al., 2020;Lei and Ngai, 2023). ...
The rising prominence of blockchain technology has spurred researchers to delve deeper into its applications through the lens of organizational and management theories. Our thematic analysis of blockchain literature reveals examination across five key domains: economic, strategic, operational, behavioral, and implementation considerations, each viewed through various theoretical perspectives. The multifaceted nature of blockchain phenomena necessitates diverse types of theory and research questions. Thus, the unique characteristics within each domain stimulate the formulation of inquiries that address a system of research questions about what, how, why, when, where, what will be, and how to do. Existing literature predominantly emphasizes explanatory and predictive theories, notably expanding research topics such as blockchain adoption behavior. However, this singular focus limits the exploration of diverse reasoning approaches suited to blockchain's complexity. Our study illustrates how different types of theory contribute to understanding each of the identified blockchain application areas. Based on our findings, we propose pertinent questions that highlight the need for varied theoretical frameworks and address specific issues within each application domain. Furthermore, we recommend appropriate theories to address these questions, fostering a more multi-perspective investigation across the breadth of blockchain-related research topics and areas. By embracing diverse theoretical perspectives, we aim to create a more balanced research landscape, facilitating deeper insights into blockchain phenomena.
... Blockchain technology presents a game-changing answer to the enduring problem of preserving accuracy and data integrity in financial reporting (Casino, Dasaklis, and Patsakis, 2019;Kabir, Farid, Sobhani, et al., 2021). The immutability of blockchain ensures that financial transactions are permanently recorded, protecting the integrity of financial data and removing the possibility of illegal changes or mistakes (Politou, Casino, Alepis, et al., 2021). ...
The significant influence of blockchain technology on contemporary financial reporting and auditing procedures is examined in this paper. The rapid spread of blockchain technology brought about a new era in financial data management, which can completely transform the accounting ecosystem's efficiency, security, and transparency. This study explores the various ramifications of blockchain adoption in accounting, concentrating on how it affects regulatory compliance, audit trail integrity, cost-effectiveness, smart contracts, and financial reporting accuracy. This study aims to clarify blockchain technology's advantages and challenges to accounting professionals, regulators, and auditors by analyzing its disruptive potential. With the help of growing regulatory frameworks and real-world use examples, it offers a thorough grasp of how financial reporting and auditing processes are changing in the blockchain era. The study also emphasizes the significance of understanding how blockchain technology changes traditional accounting practices as more companies incorporate it into their financial operations. It draws attention to the benefits of blockchain technology. Also, it emphasizes the need for flexibility and compliance with legal requirements to fully realize its potential in the fields of audit assurance and financial reporting. This investigation allowed us to provide accounting managers, professionals, policymakers, and other stakeholders with priceless knowledge of the potential for blockchain technology to revolutionize the accounting industry.
... However, despite the advantages, OI also comes with some challenges (see Dabić et al., 2023), such as the need to integrate components developed by different external actors into the firm's operations (Park, 2018;Gurca et al., 2021) and the need to find a feasible balance between sharing and protecting knowledge (Majchrzak et al., 2015). In this scenario, innovation intermediariespublic or private organizations that support firm-level and system-level innovation by creating knowledge links between organizations, sharing knowledge about technologies, providing knowledge-intensive services, and advising policymakers (Caloffi et al., 2023;Howells, 2006;Kivimaa et al., 2019) play a key role in managing such challenges and helping firms, in particular SMEs, in their (open) innovation endeavors (Rossi et al., 2022). ...
... Digital technologies can therefore automate many of the intermediaries' activities. Moreover, digital technologies are giving rise to new types of non-human intermediaries, such as crowdsourcing platforms and distributed ledgers (e.g, blockchain), which support innovation, widening participation, decentralizing business models, and radically changing sectors such as health, supply chain management, education or finance (Casino et al., 2019;Chen and Bellavitis, 2020;Christidis and Devethikiotis, 2016;Paladini et al., 2021;Swan, 2015). ...
