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This study assessed household assets and livelihood strategies among tobacco-growing households in comparison to non-tobacco-growing households in the south Nyanza region, Kenya. It was meant to provide basic information that could be used to advice on local enforcement of Article 17 of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) through...
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... livelihoods app- roach was meant to give an understanding of the farmer's strengths (assets or capital) which according to Bebbington (1999), is crucial in the analysis of how people convert their assets into positive livelihood outcomes. Table 2 shows that the mean age of sampled farmers was 44.3 years. The household size among tobacco fa- milies was slightly larger (9.1) than non tobacco families (8.9). ...
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Using data from a survey carried out in six tobacco growing villages across Malawi in 2004–5, this paper summarizes some main differences found in subsistence production and income levels between male- and female-headed households and the disparities among female-headed households in the light of economic liberalization policies of the past two dec...
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... In recent decades, transnational tobacco corporations have lowered production costs by shifting tobacco leaf production from high-income to low-income countries, where around 90% of tobacco farming now takes place (Geist et al., 2009). Tobacco is now broadly grown as a cash crop in developing countries where wealthy multinational companies are growers, traders, and manufacturers (Kibwage et al., 2009). Bangladeshi tobacco ranks as the world's 6 th largest cash earning but 2 nd top most exporting crop that lies in the world at 14 th position in area acreage and 12 th position for production (1.3% of global tobacco production). ...
... feel that advanced agricultural inputs such as fertilizers, seeds, safety materials, loans for building curing house etc., are provided by tobacco companies (though these are later deducted from the sale of tobacco leaves), this is one of the reasons for growing tobacco. According to (Kibwage et al., 2009, PRI, 2012, Ali et al., 2015, Hassan et al., 2015, Baliwada et al., 2018, Appau et al., 2020& Srinivas et al., 2020, tobacco farming received high profit than others field crops. In Zambia, the greatest proportions (33.8%) of farmers grow tobacco because they viewed it as the most viable crop (Goma et al., 2017). ...
... These findings are in accordance with (Talukder et al., 2020). According to (Kibwage et al., 2009& Rahman et al., 2019; maximum number of tobacco grower are middle aged (30-49 years) and education level was `can sign only to PSC pass'. Though (Chavez et al., 2016 in Philippines) showed that most heads of TF were more than 50 years old with a modal educational attainment of finishing high school. ...
Tobacco farming is profitable, earning a lot of money at once, and using unpaid family labor were the main reasons for tobacco farming. The study was carried out to explore the basic socioeconomic determinants that significantly influence farmers in tobacco farming in Kushtia district of Bangladesh. The study was exploratory, combining primary and secondary data. Data were collected through a well-structured questionnaire in face-to-face interviews. The acreage of tobacco cultivation in Kushtia district for the last 10 years is decreasing at a rate of 4.65% per year. Labor shortages, high input cost, and health problems are the main reasons for the decline of tobacco cultivation. Tobacco cultivation requires a large amount of fertilizer (645 kg/acre).>boro rice (1.25). The age of farmers and size of their own cultivated land had no effect on tobacco cultivation; larger farm and family size were more important, but educated people were less inclined towards tobacco cultivation. Governments can diversify tobacco growers or switch to more profitable crops such as maize as an alternative to tobacco to improve farmers' livelihoods.
... With the development of productivity and global marketization, the structure of agricultural production has undergone major changes. Scholars have considered the impact of agricultural nonfood and marketization on farmers' livelihoods [20][21][22]. Wamalwa found that some elements of Jatropha farming as an agricultural strategy can improve farmers' livelihoods [23]. Through a study on agricultural development and farmers' livelihoods on the Loess Plateau, Wu et al. found that fruit production was one of the important reasons for the differentiation of farmers' livelihood strategies [24]. ...
Analyzing the impact of industry development on farmers’ livelihoods is of great significance for promoting rural revitalization and the sustainable development of farmers’ livelihoods in China. In this paper, taking Dali County of the Guanzhong Plain as an example, in accordance with the sustainable livelihoods approach (SLA), we adopted the comprehensive index method, statistical analysis method and relevant analysis method to explore the impact of rural industry development on farmers’ livelihoods by analyzing the evolution of farmers’ livelihood strategies in different times (2000, 2010 and 2019) and the differentiation of forms of livelihood capital and livelihood outcomes among different types of farmers in 2019 under the background of industrial development. The main conclusions were as follows: The degree of commercialization of the agricultural industry has improved, and the overall development of the rural industry presents an obvious trend away from agriculture. With the upgrading of the rural industrial structure, the leading livelihood strategies of farmers have gradually changed from the crop-planting type to the work-oriented type, and forms of livelihood capital and livelihood outcomes differ significantly among farmer households. Compared to traditional agriculture, the development of the fruit industry and service industry and the degree of participation in these industries are conducive to the accumulation of farmers’ livelihood capital, while migrant work alone has a negative impact on the improvement in farmers’ livelihood capital. The development of the fruit industry and nonagricultural industries and the degree of participation in these industries are more conducive to the improvement in farmers’ livelihood outcomes than is participation in traditional agriculture.
... A household's social capital typically refers to the resources available to individuals and groups through membership in social networks [48]. Empirical studies have demonstrated that households with higher endowments of social assets have better access to stable paying jobs [49], and a more developed social network provides households with more off-farm opportunities; rich household social capital allows a richer diversity of household livelihood strategies that are not limited to agricultural dominance [50]. ...
In the context of the implementation of the rural revitalization strategy, the industrialization of agriculture and rural areas is rapidly increasing, and more and more capable people in rural management are actively leasing land to develop modern agriculture, broaden diversified livelihood channels, and pursue sustainable development. We used leased-in farmland households as an entry point, focusing on the development of rural industries and the choice of livelihood strategies to fill a gap in the existing literature. Based on sustainable livelihood theory, we constructed a sustainable livelihood analysis framework for leased-in farmland households using the survey data of 283 leased-in farmland households in Yudu County. A livelihood capital indicator system was constructed, and the entropy value method and other measurement methods were used. Firstly, we analyzed and comprehensively evaluated the livelihood capital and livelihood strategies of leased-in farmland households in Yudu County, Jiangxi Province. We then used binary logistic regression models and polynomial logistic regression models to analyze the influence of the differentiation in leased-in farmland households’ livelihood capital on the choice of livelihood strategies and their transformation and conducted robustness tests on the relevant findings. Different types of livelihood capital have different effects on agriculture-led livelihood strategies. Natural capital and physical capital have significant positive effects on agriculture-led livelihood strategies, but financial capital, human capital, and social capital have negative effects. Natural capital has a significant negative effect on the pluriactivity strategy, while physical, human, and social capital have insignificant effects on it. For off-farm livelihood strategies, natural capital and financial capital have insignificant effects, physical capital has a significant negative effect, and human capital and social capital have a significant positive contribution.
... However, sustaining livelihoods in facing poverty will be different if there is a dependency on the environment (Walelign et al., 2017). In maintaining livelihoods, Kibwage et al. (2009) emphasise the importance of the availability and capability of access to capital. It means that differences in socio-cultural conditions and location of regions affect the availability and ability of community access to capital to improve their welfare with sustainable livelihood patterns. ...
This article aims to describe the livelihoods of communities around the mining area through cases in Mulawarman Village, Tenggarong Seberang District, Kutai Kartanegara Regency, East Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. This research uses a qualitative method with a case study approach. These findings show that the vegetation index value in Mulawarman Village degraded from 2014 (0.35) until 2019 (0.33). It shows forest degradation, which affects the livelihoods of rural communities that depend on agriculture or forestry. The leading cause of the decline in the vegetation index value is the expansion of coal mining activities. Indirectly, coal mining activities have limited the ability of the Mulawarman village community to access natural resources. Some residents of Mulawarman village have decided to sell agricultural land and move to other places. However, residents still survive to live in Mulawarman village by starting livestock and trading businesses to maintain their livelihoods.
... Indeed, research from a number of contexts suggests diversification to other crops can foster more sustainable livelihoods. Comparisons in Kenya found that those growing alternative crops had higher incomes, better household quality and higher education levels compared to those growing tobacco (Kibwage & Odondo, 2009). A study in Bangladesh found alternative crops required fewer inputs and provided greater returns than tobacco (Kaur, Rinkoo, & Arora, 2014). ...
... For example, Geist, Chang, Etges, and Abdallah (2009) interviewed farmers in Brazil, Germany, Tanzania and Taiwan about their perspectives and attitudes towards diversifications. Similar studies have focused on farmer perceptions and experiences in the United States (Altman, Levine, Howard, & Hamilton, 1996), Argentina (Chavez et al., 2014), Brazil (Vargas & Campos, 2005), Zambia (Labonté et al., 2018), Kenya (Kibwage & Odondo, 2009) and Malawi (Makoka et al., 2017). Most of these conclude, somewhat unsurprisingly, that farmers are willing to diversify if financing, inputs and lucrative markets are available. ...
There is growing recognition that diversifying away from tobacco farming can contribute to progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals in lower‐ and middle‐income countries. However, diversification projects are often limited in scope and impact. This paper analyses structural barriers to tobacco diversification and opportunities to challenge them, based on the perceptions of those engaged in policy processes in Malawi, the most tobacco dependent country in the world. Through analysis of 11 key informant interviews, four structural barriers are identified: perceived economic importance, lack of alternatives, vested industry interests, and the polarised conflict between tobacco control advocates and farmers. Respondents suggest these might be overcome through import substitution, a focus on securing alternative markets, and the inclusion of tobacco farmers in global processes. In ratifying the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, the Government of Malawi would be able to access diversification support, build a positive relationship with the global tobacco control community and address industry influence.
... Our inquiry included analyzing the livelihoods of tobacco farmers and the political economic context in which they produce tobacco for the market [17][18][19][20]. Until our detailed, statistically powered, and nationally representative farmer surveys, research on tobacco farmer livelihoods have most often been conducted with non-representative samples focusing on the broader challenges of tobacco farming [21], specific working conditions, including child labor [22][23][24] and mostly small, localized experiments with alternative crops [25,26]. Few studies had rigorously examined the economic status of a large, nationally representative sample of smallholder tobacco farmers [27,28], or systematically incorporated labor costs into the analysis [29]. ...
Changing global markets have generated a dramatic shift in tobacco consumption from high-income countries (HICs) to low-and middle-income countries (LMICs); by 2030, more than 80% of the disease burden from tobacco use will fall on LMICs. Propelling this shift, opponents of tobacco control have successfully asserted that tobacco is essential to the economic livelihoods of smallholder tobacco farmers and the economy of tobacco-growing countries. This nexus of economic, agricultural and public health policymaking is one of the greatest challenges facing tobacco control efforts, especially in LMICs. To date, there is a lack of comparative, individual level evidence about the actual livelihoods of tobacco-growing farmers and the political economic context driving tobacco production. This comparative evidence is critically important to identify similarities and differences across contexts and to provide local evidence to inform policies and institutional engagement. Our proposed four-year project will examine the economic situation of smallholder farmers in two major tobacco-growing LMICs-Mozambique and Zimbabwe-and the political economy shaping farmers' livelihoods and tobacco control efforts. We will collect and analyze the existing data and policy literature on the political economy of tobacco in these two countries. We will also implement household-level economic surveys of nationally representative samples of farmers. The surveys will be complimented with focus group discussions with farmers across the major tobacco-growing regions. Finally, we will interview key informants in these countries in order to illuminate the policy context in which tobacco production is perpetuated. The team will develop country-level reports and policy briefs that will inform two sets of dissemination workshops in each country with relevant stakeholders. We will also conduct workshops to present our findings to the survey and focus group participants, and other members of these tobacco-growing communities, so they can directly benefit from the research to which they are contributing.
... Therefore, more family labor support leads a farmer to cultivate more tobacco. The findings are similar to the studies such as (Bhavya, 2014;Abay et al., 2004;Naher & Efroymson, 2007;Karagiannis & Sarris, 2005;Rahman & Parvin, 2017;Hassan et al., 2015;Kibwage et al., 2009;Obwona, 2006;Ali et al., 2015;Chikkala, 2015). ...
The study was undertaken to assess the extent of the area used for tobacco cultivation and to determine some selected characteristics of tobacco farmers that significantly influence farmers’ cultivation of tobacco. The selected characteristics were- age, education, farm size, annual income, tobacco cultivation experience, family labor, time spent in tobacco cultivation, profitability, agent contact, input availability, level of pest infestation and market security perception. The study was conducted at three villages of Mirpur upazilla under Kushtia district with the help of an interview schedule from September 12 to October 3, 2018. Twenty-five percent (25%) of the farmers were randomly selected from a population of 424 tobacco farmers. Out of the total population, 106 tobacco farmers were selected as the sample of the study. Multiple linear regressions were used in order to identify the important factors for tobacco cultivation. The findings also revealed that age, education, annual income, family labor and agent contact have a significant positive contribution to tobacco cultivation. Therefore, to reduce tobacco cultivation area coverage by the farmers, the policy should be made by giving emphasize on the significant factors.
... Numbers of research studies have outlined the cost and benefits of tobacco farming (Hu & Lee, 2015;Austin, Beach, & Altman, 2008;Kibwage, Odondo, & Momanyi, 2009;WHO, 2007;Lecours et al., 2012). However, more efforts are needed to document how the lucrative value of tobacco influences the social standing of the farmers, especially among lower-income rural settlements. ...
Despite the growing concern regarding the hazardous effects of tobacco by the international community, tobacco farming still prevails worldwide. This study was planned to explore how the rural farmers perceive the significance of tobacco farming in term of its social impacts on the farming community in district Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. Tobacco farming was taken as independent variables and its social impacts on the farmers were selected as the outcome variable. The social impact variable was operationalized with sub-variables as income, social status, expanding kin relationships, labor opportunity, and linkages with people of different social background. Data were collected from 144 tobacco growers through structured questionnaire and analyzed through correlation and regression models. The study concluded that tobacco farming brings about positive impacts on the social status of the farming community by increasing their income, elevates their social status, expands kin relationships, and provides labor opportunity to the farmers.
... egions on a complex basis. Prakongsai (2006) was to investigate the connection between outcomes using alternative methods for categorizing households into various socio-economic classes, ranked by income and property list. To determine the weight or factor score of each asset, the asset index was developed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Kibwage et. al. (2009) analyzed tobacco-growing household wealth and subsistence approaches compared to non-tobacco-growing households in southern Nyanza, Kenya. It was also noticed that the majority of nontobacco farming households have a better quality of housing and education and a greater diversity of businesses than their counterparts. Hagerty et. al (20 ...
An important development of the urban settlements during the last few decades has been the rapid expansion of the population and the built-up area into the administratively different suburbs and areas surrounding the large towns and cities. These areas suffer from the negative consequences of unplanned urban growth, associated land use changes, rapid social change and degradation of natural resources. Burdwan city is situated along the greater Kolkata metropolitan area and Asansol industrial area corridor. As a result, this city has experienced problems such as socio-spatial segregation, socioeconomic and cultural gaps as well as uncontrolled land markets and the spread of informal development. The present study examines the empirical findings of socioeconomic transformation as a part of peripheral urbanization. For a better analysis, the livelihood asset index (LAI) and household quality of life index (HQLI) were determined. Livelihood asset index is analysed by considering four capitals i.e. physical, human, financial and social with 12 index components. Villages located nearby city have high index whereas far distance villages have a low index. Finally, it is concluded that as livelihood asset increases, the quality of life also increases in the peri-urban villages of Burdwan area.
... These figures suggest that tobacco growing is labour intensive, and are consistent with other research findings, 17 and also with how the tobacco farmers in Zambia themselves describe their efforts: ...
Tobacco is a product that when used as suggested by the manufacturers it will kill more than half its users. Reducing tobacco use should therefore be a cornerstone of any government’s public health strategy. Yet tobacco control measure consistently face enormous opposition, often from opponents using arguments with a supposed economic logic. Our continuing study on the political economy of tobacco control and tobacco farming in Zambia challenges these arguments with solid empirical evidence.
