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There is now a body of evidence to indicate that coupling occurs between the lithosphere–atmosphere–ionosphere prior to earthquake events. Nevertheless the physics of these phenomena and the possibilities of their use as part of an earthquake early warning system remain poorly understood. Proposed here is a programme to create a much greater unders...
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... experimental data by a single underlying cause and outline the interconnection between the observed parameters. This approach is realized in electro- dynamic model of the lithosphere-atmosphere-ionosphere coupling ( Sorokin et al., 2001Sorokin et al., , 2005bSorokin et al., , 2007Sorokin and Chmyrev, 2010), which is illustrated by a scheme in Fig. ...
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Plasma Analyzer (IAP) and Langmuir Probe (ISL) experiments of the DEMETER microsatellite were used to check the state of the ionosphere in the region of the M8.1 East of Kuril Islands earthquake of 13th January, 2007,30 days afore and 10 days after the event using statistical approach. The study strongly revealed that all three investigated ionosph...
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... Prior to an earthquake activity, a gigantic quantity of energy is usually released due to crustal motion, and at the instant of the shock, a break down occurs between the source of the energy and the environment. Research findings have opined that these observable changes before, during and after such events do have varying physical and chemical effects on the lithosphere, atmosphere and ionosphere (Hayakawa and Molchanov 2002;Rapoport et al. 2004;Rozhnoi et al. 2009;Chmyrev et al. 2013;Thomas 2021), thus making their detection possible. Consequently, noticeably perturbations in threshold status of lithospheric, atmospheric and ionospheric parameters can serve as indicators (precursor) of earthquakes. ...
... The kp index showed unsettled condition between − 9 and − 7 days afore the seismic event. This agrees with Chmyrev et al. (2013) that the earthquake scenes before and after retain uncharacteristic variations in geomagnetic indices. This research showed that about 36.4% of these variations were from Dst and kp activities. ...
Using the Plasma analyzer (IAP) and Langmuir Probe (ISL) experiments of the Detection of Electromagnetic Emissions
Transmitted from Earthquake Regions (DEMETER) lithospheric–atmospheric–ionospheric coupling has been observed
before, during and after five major earthquakes with magnitudes greater than 6.5. The aim of this study is to use ionospheric
parameters to identify the ionospheric perturbations associated with the five earthquake regions screened. All the three
investigated ionospheric parameters of electron density, electron temperature and total ion density recorded perturbations
within the investigative period. A total of 36 anomalies were obtained with 18 each for nighttime and daytime readings. The
observed anomalies being screened for false alarm using the geomagnetic indices of Kernnifzer digit (kp) and disturbance
storm time (Dst.) revealed 27.8% as geomagnetically induced perturbations. Thus, 72.2% of the studied anomalies transpired
in quiet geomagnetic conditions, which is linked to seismic events.
... Similar magnetometer-equipped satellite networks have been proposed to supplement crucial RADAR-based early warning systems for dangerous tectonic activity [4,5,11,55,56] through the detection of magnetic anomalies prior to earthquakes (e.g., Global Earthquake Satellite System (GESS)). ...
Aerospace technologies are crucial for modern civilization; space-based infrastructure underpins weather forecasting, communications, terrestrial navigation and logistics, planetary observations, solar monitoring, and other indispensable capabilities. Extraplanetary exploration—including orbital surveys and (more recently) roving, flying, or submersible unmanned vehicles—is also a key scientific and technological frontier, believed by many to be paramount to the long-term survival and prosperity of humanity. All of these aerospace applications require reliable control of the craft and the ability to record high-precision measurements of physical quantities. Magnetometers deliver on both of these aspects and have been vital to the success of numerous missions. In this review paper, we provide an introduction to the relevant instruments and their applications. We consider past and present magnetometers, their proven aerospace applications, and emerging uses. We then look to the future, reviewing recent progress in magnetometer technology. We particularly focus on magnetometers that use optical readout, including atomic magnetometers, magnetometers based on quantum defects in diamond, and optomechanical magnetometers. These optical magnetometers offer a combination of field sensitivity, size, weight, and power consumption that allows them to reach performance regimes that are inaccessible with existing techniques. This promises to enable new applications in areas ranging from unmanned vehicles to navigation and exploration.
... Figure 6 shows an artistic rendition of the GOES-R spacecraft, illustrating the location of the FGM. Similar magnetometer-equipped satellite networks have been proposed to supplement crucial RADAR-based early warning systems for dangerous tectonic activity [4,5,11,112,113] through the detection of magnetic anomalies prior to earthquakes (e.g., GESS, Global Earthquake Satellite System). ...
Aerospace technologies are crucial for modern civilization; space-based infrastructure underpins weather forecasting, communications, terrestrial navigation and logistics, planetary observations, solar monitoring, and other indispensable capabilities. Extraplanetary exploration -- including orbital surveys and (more recently) roving, flying, or submersible unmanned vehicles -- is also a key scientific and technological frontier, believed by many to be paramount to the long-term survival and prosperity of humanity. All of these aerospace applications require reliable control of the craft and the ability to record high-precision measurements of physical quantities. Magnetometers deliver on both of these aspects, and have been vital to the success of numerous missions. In this review paper, we provide an introduction to the relevant instruments and their applications. We consider past and present magnetometers, their proven aerospace applications, and emerging uses. We then look to the future, reviewing recent progress in magnetometer technology. We particularly focus on magnetometers that use optical readout, including atomic magnetometers, magnetometers based on quantum defects in diamond, and optomechanical magnetometers. These optical magnetometers offer a combination of field sensitivity, size, weight, and power consumption that allows them to reach performance regimes that are inaccessible with existing techniques. This promises to enable new applications in areas ranging from unmanned vehicles to navigation and exploration.
... These anomalous phenomena are considered as the manifestation for the existence of a lithosphere-atmosphere-ionosphere (LAI) coupling [17,18]. As for this LAI mechanism, two main models are currently considered. ...
The correlation and synchronization between ground-based and space-based electric field in calm period, is the basis for a comprehensive study of earthquake monitoring. However, it is difficult to study their relevance because of large dissimilarities on data records. The DC-ULF electric field recorded by the DEMETER satellite and the geo-electric field observed in ground-based stations in China were comprehensively analyzed in this paper. The results show that the ionospheric electric field after removing the additional electric field caused by the satellite motion in the magnetic field has a stable annual variation trend; both the annual variation trend and the amplitude of ionospheric electric field above different locations in China are similar. The synchronous, corresponding and similar significant annual variation trends of both ionospheric electric field and geo-electric field in the same direction and with same frequency were found above some locations. The trend displays higher value in summer and lower value in winter. The Sq (Solar quiet) current system is the main source for these phenomena. It is noticed that the shapes and amplitude of geo-electric field for different stations are different, largely due to their individual underground layer conductivity, water level and so on. It is of great significance to explore the correlation and consistency between ground-based and space-based data in order to recognize the anomalies related to the seismic activity and to understand the LAI (Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionosphere) coupling mechanism.
... Precursors to changes have been really explored in various domains, such as epileptic seizure [10], natural phenomenon [11], aviation [12], etc. These studies aim at alerting to a predefined influential event early enough for prevision, treatment, or management of consequences. ...
... Because of the requirement to explain what is coming after the precursor and what human(s) should do, these approaches directly or indirectly use knowledge and models of the dynamics of events in the target domain. For example, the state transition in disease progress [10] has been modeled for detecting precursory symptoms, and physical models have been used for monitoring events relevant to future earthquakes [11]. Methods for precursor detection have been developed also in aviation, to enable human-machine interaction for managing anomalous events [12,13]. ...
Graph-based entropy, an index of the diversity of events in their distribution to parts of a co-occurrence graph, is proposed for detecting signs of structural changes in the data that are informative in explaining latent dynamics of consumers’ behavior. For obtaining graph-based entropy, connected sub-graphs are first obtained from the graph of co-occurrences of items in the data. Then, the distribution of items occurring in events in the data to these sub-graphs is reflected on the value of graph-based entropy. For the data on the position of sale, a change in this value is regarded as a sign of the appearance, the separation, the disappearance, or the uniting of consumers’ interests. These phenomena are regarded as the signs of dynamic changes in consumers’ behavior that may be the effects of external events and information. Experiments show that graph-based entropy outperforms baseline methods that can be used for change detection, in explaining substantial changes and their signs in consumers’ preference of items in supermarket stores.
... In general, this technology is widely used by countries that have just developed space technology and have limited experiences and cost (Xue et al. 2008). Payloads on small satellites can be adjusted to the missions that will be achieved and with many kinds of utilized potential including remote sensing applications such as land cover classification (Qian 2008), identification of agricultural, coast and urban areas (Laguarde et al. 2010), monitoring such as cyclones, floods, droughts and landslides (Sandhu and Brieb 2008;Xue et al. 2008), volcanic activity (Blackett 2017) and earthquake detection and monitoring (Chmyrev et al. 2013). ...
LAPAN-A3 is the 3 rd generation satellite for remote sensing developed by National Institute of Aeronautics and Space (LAPAN). The camera provides imagery with 15 m spatial resolution and able to view a swath 120 km wide. This research analyzes the performance of LAPAN-A3 satellite data to classify land cover in Toba Lake area, North Sumatera. Data processing starts from the selection of region of interest up to the assessment of accuracy. Supervised classification with maximum likelihood approach and confusion matrix method was applied to classify and evaluate the assessment results. The land cover is classified into five classes; water, bare land, agriculture, forest and secondary forest. The result of accuracy test is 93.71%. It proves that LAPAN-A3 data could classify the land cover accurately. The data is expected to complement the need of the satellite data with medium spatial resolution.
... Preparatory to an earthquake activity, a vast amount of energy is usually transferred due to crustal movement and at the instant of the shock, a break down occurs between the source of the energy and the environment. Studies have shown that these alterations before, during and after such events do have different physical and chemical effects on the lithosphere, atmosphere and ionosphere (Chmyrev et al., 2013;Rozhnoi et al., 2009, Kamogawa, 2006Hayakawa and Molchanov, 2002;Rapoport et al., 2004) thus making their detection possible. Consequently, perturbations in threshold state of lithospheric, atmospheric and ionospheric parameters can serve as earthquake indicators (precursor). ...
Using the IAP experiment on board, the DEMETER and TEC from GPS data, unusual ionospheric variations have been observed some days before the 7.4 magnitude New Zealand earthquake. Both sets of data recorded perturbations 10 days before the earthquake at about the same time. The total ion density per centimeter cube (cm⁻³), recorded a variation of 6.94 while the differential total electron content (DTEC) in total electron content unit 10¹⁶ electron per metre square gave a value of 2.93TECU. The observed anomalies were screened for false alarm using the geomagnetic indices of Kernnifzer digit (Kp) and disturbance storm time (Dst.) It was however seen that the state of the ionosphere was geomagnetically quiet during this period; hence the observed variations were seismogenic.
... The importance of the study of precursors or indicators of seismic activity is a key to early detecting and preventing succession of major disasters [37]. ...
For populations that may be affected, the risks of earthquakes and tsunamis are a major concern worldwide. Therefore, early detection of an event of this type in good time is of the highest priority. The observatories that are capable of detecting Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) waves (<300 Hz) today represent a breakthrough in the early detection and study of such phenomena. In this work, all earthquakes with tsunami associated in history and all existing ELF wave observatories currently located worldwide are represented. It was also noticed how the southern hemisphere lacks coverage in this matter. In this work, the most suitable locations are proposed to cover these geographical areas. Also, ELF data processed obtained from the observatory of the University of Almeria in Calar Alto, Spain are shown. This is a contribution to help protect against natural disasters such as those caused by earthquakes and tsunamis.
... Continuous monitoring and surveillance of these potential presignals helps us in differentiating earthquake related variations from seasonal changes and atmospheric effects. Strong and even moderate earthquakes are exceptional events reflecting very long-term deformation processes in a subduction zone [Takeshi et al., 2011;Chmyrev et al., 2013]. To develop a comprehensive understanding of seismic events beside short-term precursors we must also consider geodetic, geological and geomorphological information about crustal deformation. ...
Cumulative stress energy in seismic active regions under operating tectonic force manifests various earthquake precursors. For seismic hazard analysis in Vrancea area placed in the Eastern Carpathians, Romania have been selected the earthquake presignals detectable from space: land (LST) and air (AT) surface temperature anomalies, outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) provided by time-series satellite NOAA AVHRR and MODIS (Terra/Aqua) data. This study analyzed the presignal anomalies of geophysical parameters for some strong and medium recorded earthquake events in Vrancea geotectonic active area: 1977, March 4th, Mw = 7.4; May 30ty, 1990, Mw = 7; 1986 August, 30ty, Mw= 7.1; 2004, October 27th , Mw =5.9. © 2016 by the authors; licensee Italian Society of Remote Sensing (AIT).
... Another research topic deals with the prediction of earthquakes from space [55,56]. Earthquakes have been observed to modify the properties of the electromagnetic fields in space, and this includes emissions of VLF waves detected in the ionosphere. ...
Electromagnetic waves with helical phase surfaces arise in different fields of physics such as space plasmas, laboratory plasmas, solid-state physics, atomic, molecular and optical sciences. Their common features are the wave orbital angular momentum associated with the circular wave propagation around the axis of wave propagation. In plasmas these waves are called helicons. When particles or waves change the field momentum they experience a pressure and a torque which can lead to useful applications. In plasmas electrons can damp or excite rotating whistlers, depending on the electron distribution function in velocity space. A magnetized plasma is an anisotropic medium in which electromagnetic waves propagate differently than in space. Phase and group velocities are different such that wave focusing and wave reflections are different from those in free space. Electrons experience Doppler shifts and cyclotron resonance which creates wave damping and growth. All media exhibit nonlinear effects which do not occur in free space. Common and different features of vortex waves in different fields will be reviewed. However, a comprehensive review of this vast field is not possible and further readings are referred to the cited literature.
