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A ganoid fish from the lacustrine bed at Krasiejów, possibly "Dictyopyge" socialis (Berger, 1843). A. Preliminary restora− tion of the body. B. Anterior part of the body with head and pectoral fins preserved in calcareous concretion. C. Posterior part of the body preserved in clay (specimen collected by K. Książkiewicz).
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Mass accumulations of vertebrate fossils in the tetrapod "graveyard" at Krasiejów near Opole, SW Poland, occur in a vast lacustrine marly claystone horizon and claystone lenses of various extent within fluviatile cross-laminated mudstone. These fossil assemblages do not differ from each other in taxonomic composition, but the proportions of aquatic...
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Context 1
... in the lacustrine fossil−bearing hori− zon at Krasiejów, but articulated specimens are rare and difficult to extract from the rock. The most informa− tive specimens are preserved within small limestone concretions. In two of them, details of the skull bones are recognizable and the relative position of pectoral, pelvic and anal fins can be seen (Fig. 6). Two other ar− These specimens could be "Dictyopyge" socialis (Berger, 1843), known from mass occurrences in the Ladinian Semionotus Sandstone at Haarth near Coburg (Hauschke and Wilde 1999), but the published data available to us do not describe enough diagnostic characters for comparison with the Krasiejów material. Its relationship ...
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... Из всего небольшого разнообразия циклид известен один пресноводный вид -Opolanka decorosa. Его ископаемые остатки обнаружены в озерных отложениях формации Вессер (триас, карийский ярус) недалеко от польского г.Красеюв [9]. Любопытно, что этот пресноводный вид отличался наибольшими размерами среди циклид: его уплощенный панцирь достигал почти 6 см в ширину. ...
... The exoskeletons of most oceanic creatures are biomineralized calcium carbonate removed from the water. Some earthbound shellfish created a calcium carbonate exoskeleton, and land creatures cannot depend on a consistent gracefully broken calcium carbonate [9]. Biomineralization typically impacts the exocuticle and the external aspect of the endocuticle [10]. ...
... In the samples taken for the trials, the number of termites was the lowest, contributing just 6%, and there were only Figure 5: Cluster analysis of wolf spider, centipede, mites, and tiger beetle species in all observed trees to construct groups, or clusters, while ensuring that within a group, the observations are as similar as possible, while observations belonging to different groups are as different as possible. 9 BioMed Research International 285. In contrast, the percentage of ants was 10%, with 522 of them (Table 8). ...
Arthropods can be either large or too small to be seen from the microscope. Their legs are jointed and perform a specific function in the soil. Several arthropods have been identified to date. Therefore, it is essential to identify them in a different type of soil. An experiment to quantify the soil arthropods in the urban forests of D.G. Khan was conducted at the Zoology lab of Ghazi University on four tree plants, i.e., neem (Azadirachta indica), mango (Mangifera indica), guava (Psidium guajava), and phalsa (Grewia asiatica). Soil samples were taken from different areas and on different months. The diversity of arthropods was analyzed through the Shannon index. The results were all significant. The total number of arthropods found in the experiment was 5151, with the following distributions: millipedes were 132 in neem, 133 in guava, 113 in mango, and 121 in phalsa; centipedes were 136 in neem, 142 in guava, 118 in mango, and 132 in phalsa; springtails were 138 in neem, 130 in guava, 120 in mango, and 134 in phalsa. There were a total of 12 different species of arthropods found. Neem (Azadirachta indica) have mites, centipede, and ants; guava (Psidium guajava) have centipedes and ants. Mango (Mangifera indica) have millipedes, centipedes, mites, springtail, and ants, and phalsa (Grewia asiatica) have mites, ants, and centipedes. The study reveals that millipedes, centipedes, springtails, and ants were found abundantly in the urban forest area of D.G. Khan, resulting in increased organic matter decomposition and appropriate distribution of nutrients through the soil having beneficial effects on the terrestrial ecosystem.
... A -sche matic sec tion of the up per Tri as sic suc ces sion in the Krasiejów sec tion; note the strati graphic po si tion of bone-bear ing ho ri zons (mod i fied from Gruszka and Zieliñski, 2008;Jewu³a et al., 2019); B -sche matic sec tion of the upper Neo gene in the Konin lig nite opencasts; note that the palaeochannel-fills trans form up wards from sandy to muddy (mod i fied from Widera, 2013;Maciaszek et al., 2019); C -sche matic sec tion of the up per Qua ter nary of the up per Narew River; note that the old est ra dio car bon dates for peat are <10 ka (mod i fied from Gradziñski et al., 2000Gradziñski et al., , 2003a partly in an al lu vial plain en vi ron ment, and partly un der the condi tions of a lake and ma rine delta (see Fig. 1D). The lac us trine hy poth e sis of the or i gin of the mudstones was re peated by Dzik and Sulej (2007). In con trast, Szulc (2005) con cluded that the sed i men tary en vi ron ment was rep re sented by an al lu vial fan dom i nated by de bris-flow pro cesses. in terpreted the depositional en vi ron ment of the Krasiejów ba sin as a playa with nu mer ous lakes de vel oped in a gilgai-type to pog raphy (i.e., shal low de pres sions in muddy ter rain gen er ated by pedogenic pro cesses). ...
We review the three regional anastomosing fluvial systems, both ancient and modern. The dinosaur-bearing upper Triassic succession in Krasiejów (S Poland) is composed of siltstones and claystones that are divided into three facies associations. One of the fluvial
ssociations is characterized by features typical of a low-energy anastomosing river system in a tropical semiarid climate, interpreted as the result of accumulation in deep, wide and low-sinuosity palaeochannels with pronounced vertical accretion. Deposition from suspension predominated in flows of very low stream power. The upper Neogene muddy succession in a tectonically active area (Kleczew Graben, central Poland) includes a great number of fluvial palaeochannels filled with sand and/or mud. These rib bon-shaped fluvial bodies are deep and wide, and represent channels showing very
limited lateral migration. They were filled mostly under low-energy conditions, and their mapped course shows an “anabranching” pattern in plan view. The palaeochannels are transitional from sand- to mud-dominated. The Holocene upper Narew River (NE Poland) represents a modern anastomosing fluvial system. The interconnected channels form an anabranching pattern. The channels are straight to slightly sinuous, relatively deep and wide. Interchannel, low-ly ing “islands” are covered by peat-forming plants. Despite the low stream power, in-channel deposition is dominated by sand transported as bedload. The channel banks are stabilised by vegetation, which effectively prevents their lateral migration.
... This hypothetical ancestor wa s a small and lightly-constructed bipedal reptile of fa univorous habits, probably similar to Lagosuchus and Lewisuchus. On the other hand, although also gracile and with a parasagittal posture, silesaurids were somewhat larger, with a body length of up to 2.5 m (Ba rrett et al., 2015), a specialized skull (Dzik and Sulej, 2007), and likely quadrupedal (Kubo and Kubo, 2012). Also, its members (with the exception of Lewisuchus, if it is actually a silesaurid) are characterized by a skull with a beaked snout and dentition apparently indicating an herbivorous diet (but see Qvarnström et al., 2019 for an insectivorous hypothesis). ...
Triassic beds from Argentina and Brazil provide the most relevant fossil record of early dinosauriforms in terms of numerical abundance and taxonomic diversity. This record currently represents the best source to understand the origin and early evolutionary radiation of dinosaurs. In the present paper we offer an updated review focused on the available evidence of Carnian dinosaurs from this continent, but we also discuss the record of Triassic dinosaur precursors and the evolution of Triassic dinosaurs in other continents. It is clear that, aside the agreed taxonomic composition of some particular dinosaurian subclades (e.g., Herrerasauridae, Neotheropoda), there is no consensus about early dinosaur phylogeny, and our paper is not the exception. Recent years witnessed the discovery of several new early dinosaurian taxa, as well as reviews of the taxonomic allocation of several renowned forms such as Lagerpeton, Lewisuchus, Pisanosaurus, and Eoraptor. New analyses demonstrate that evidence supporting the taxonomic referrals of pre-Norian dinosaurs to Theropoda, Sauropodomorpha and Ornithischia are tenuous, at best. Here we present new anatomical observations and comparisons for each of these South American early dinosauriforms with the aim to test previous phylogenetic interpretations. Evidence from South America allows reviewing the phylogenetic relationships of taxa from other continents, including Tawa, Chindesaurus, and Daemonosaurus, which are here suggested to nest within Herrerasauria. Evidence at hand indicates that herrerasaurs were a successful clade of archaic predatory saurischians that inhabited both South and North America, and probably also India and Europe.
... As for the impressions of the sacral vertebrae, we agree with most authors that there is evidence of at least four elements and that the sacral ribs are shared between two vertebrae. Silesaurids have either two or three sacral vertebrae 120,121 and sacral ribs shared between two vertebrae are seen in both silesaurids 120,130 and early ornithischians 132,138 (Scelidosaurus harrisonii, NHMUK PV R1111). Hence (contra Agnolín and Rozadilla 107 ), the latter trait cannot be employed prima facie to infer a silesaurid affinity for Pi. ...
Present knowledge of Late Triassic tetrapod evolution, including the rise of dinosaurs, relies heavily on the fossil-rich continental deposits of South America, their precise depositional histories and correlations. We report on an extended succession of the Ischigualasto Formation exposed in the Hoyada del Cerro Las Lajas (La Rioja, Argentina), where more than 100 tetrapod fossils were newly collected, augmented by historical finds such as the ornithosuchid Venaticosuchus rusconii and the putative ornithischian Pisanosaurus mertii. Detailed lithostratigraphy combined with high-precision U–Pb geochronology from three intercalated tuffs are used to construct a robust Bayesian age model for the formation, constraining its deposition between 230.2 ± 1.9 Ma and 221.4 ± 1.2 Ma, and its fossil-bearing interval to 229.20 + 0.11/− 0.15–226.85 + 1.45/− 2.01 Ma. The latter is divided into a lower Hyperodapedon and an upper Teyumbaita biozones, based on the ranges of the eponymous rhynchosaurs, allowing biostratigraphic correlations to elsewhere in the Ischigualasto-Villa Unión Basin, as well as to the Paraná Basin in Brazil. The temporally calibrated Ischigualasto biostratigraphy suggests the persistence of rhynchosaur-dominated faunas into the earliest Norian. Our ca. 229 Ma
age assignment to Pi. mertii partially fills the ghost lineage between younger ornithischian records and the oldest known saurischians at ca. 233 Ma.
... Yet, within the Silesunionoidea, the ornamentation of juvenile shells is also distinctive. The hinge of the Silesunionoidea is still poorly studied (but see Dzik and Sulej, 2007 for a general overview), mainly due to the limited information yielded by the fossils. ...
... These features are not easy to assess in silesaurids because of the incompletely preserved published specimens. However, the posterior portion of the mandible in Silesaurus shows a relatively small, eye-shaped external mandibularfenestra and a very tall coronoid process (Dzik & Sulej 2007). In other silesaurids, such as Sacisaurus and Technosaurus, the concave dorsal margin of the dentary suggests that its posterior end was probably elevated, as occurs in ornithischians. ...
... In other basal dinosaurs, however, the condyle is in line with the tooth row, as seen in Herrerasaurus, Staurikosaurus and basal theropods (Gilmore 1920;Welles 1984;Colbert 1989;Charig & Milner 1997;Sampson et al. 1998). Silesaurus is similar to ornithischians and Pisanosaurus in that the glenoid is ventrally displaced with respect to the horizontal axis of the dorsal margin of the dentary (Dzik & Sulej 2007).Sereno (1991;see also Norman et al. 2004) recognized that the cheek emargination of maxilla and dentary of Pisanosaurus was a feature present in ornithischians more derived than 'fabrosaurids' (i.e. Genasauria). ...
... Presence of sub-triangular teeth without caudal curvature in maxillary and dentary teeth are features considered bySereno (1986Sereno ( , 1991) to be apomorphic for ornithischians, including Pisanosaurus.Langer & Benton (2006)differentiated this condition from that of sauropodomorphs and Silesaurus in which tooth crowns are often asymmetrical, with the rostral border longer than the caudal, giving a slight caudal inclination to the crown. However, no caudal tooth inclination is present in Silesaurus, Asilisaurus and Sacisaurus (Dzik & Sulej 2007;Nesbitt et al. 2010;Langer & Ferigolo 2013), indicating that these characters are more widespread than previously thought. In spite of gross similarities, Pisanosaurus, silesaurids and ornithischians differ from sauropodomorphs in the combination of bulbous teeth, smaller (or absent) denticles and a well-developed constriction between root and crown (Irmis et al. 2007). ...
Pisanosaurus mertii was originally described on the basis of an incomplete skeleton from the early Late Triassic (Carnian) of northern Argentina. It is consistently regarded by most authors as a very basal ornithischian, the sister group of remaining members of the clade. The referral to Ornithischia is based mainly on tooth-bearing bones and tooth morphology. On the other hand, the postcranium is recognized as strikingly plesiomorphic for ornithischians, and even for dinosaurs. The recent description of non-dinosaurian dinosauriforms of the clade Silesauridae having ornithischian-like dentition invites a review of the phylogenetic affinities of Pisanosaurus. In this regard, an overview of the holotype specimen allows a reanalysis of previous anatomical interpretations of this taxon. The phylogenetic analysis presented here suggests that Pisanosaurus may be better interpreted as a member of the non-dinosaurian Silesauridae. It shares with silesaurids reduced denticles on the teeth, teeth fused to maxilla and dentary bone, sacral ribs shared between two sacral vertebrae, lateral side of proximal tibia with a fibular flange, and dorsoventrally flattened pedal ungual phalanges. The present analysis indicates that Pisanosaurus should be removed from the base of the Ornithischia and should no longer be considered the oldest representative of this dinosaurian clade.
... Silesaurids, a clade of non-dinosaurian dinosauriforms, are not known to incorporate a trunk vertebra into the sacrum; however, the early-diverging silesaurid Asilisaurus kongwe possesses anteriorly projecting flanges on the ribs of its first sacral vertebra ( Fig. 6F; Nesbitt et al. 2010), similar to what we have described in PEFO 34852. In the more-derived silesaurid Silesaurus opolensis, which possesses three sacral vertebrae, sacral ribs are shifted such that they are shared between sacral vertebrae (Dzik, 2003;Dzik & Sulej, 2007;Nesbitt, 2011). Although two primordial sacrals is the plesiomorphic dinosaurian condition (e.g. ...
The sacrum – consisting of those vertebrae that articulate with the ilia – is the exclusive skeletal connection between the hindlimbs and axial skeleton in tetrapods. Therefore, the morphology of this portion of the vertebral column plays a major role in the evolution of terrestrial locomotion. Whereas most extant reptiles only possess the two plesiomorphic sacral vertebrae, additional vertebrae have been incorporated into the sacrum multiple times independently among early-diverging archosaurian (crocodylians + birds) clades. Phytosauria was a diverse, abundant, and cosmopolitan clade of archosauriforms throughout the Late Triassic, but postcrania of this clade are rarely described and few species-level taxonomic placements of phytosaurian postcranial material are available, potentially hampering knowledge of morphological disparity in the postcranial skeleton among phytosaurs. Here, we describe the sacrum of Smilosuchus adamanensis, a phytosaur recovered from the Upper Triassic Chinle Formation of Arizona. This sacrum consists of the two primordial sacral vertebrae, but has a vertebra incorporated from the trunk into the sacrum (= a dorsosacral) and is therefore the first Late Triassic phytosaur and one of the first non-archosaurian archosauromorphs to be described with more than two sacral vertebrae. Our interpretation of this element as a dorsosacral is justified by the lateral extent of the dorsosacral ribs, clear surfaces of articulation between the distal ends of the dorsosacral ribs and the first primordial sacral ribs, and the scar on the medial surface of each ilium for articulation with each dorsosacral rib. Additionally, we provide the first detailed description of the vertebral junction formed by two anteriorly projecting flanges on the first primordial sacral ribs and their corresponding facets on the centrum of the dorsosacral. Computed tomographic (CT) imaging reveals that the two primordial sacrals are not co-ossified and that the dorsosacral morphology of this specimen is not the result of obvious pathology. We place this incorporation of a trunk vertebra into the phytosaurian sacrum in a broader evolutionary context, with this shift in vertebral identity occurring at least seven times independently among Triassic archosauriforms, including at least three times in early crocodylian-line archosaurs and at least four times among bird-line archosaurs. Additionally, anteriorly projecting flanges of sacral ribs which articulate with the anterior-adjacent centrum have evolved several times in archosauriforms, and we interpret ‘shared’ sacral ribs (= a sacral rib that articulates with two adjacent sacral centra more or less equally) present in some archosaurian clades as a more extreme example of this morphology. In extant taxa the highly conserved Hox gene family plays a central role in the patterning of the axial skeleton, especially vertebral identity; therefore, the independent incorporation of a trunk vertebra into the sacrum across multiple archosauriform lineages may suggest a homologous underlying developmental mechanism for this evolutionary trend.
... Bone-bearing beds and horizons are well known from a very broad variety of terrestrial and marine environments (for instance from Triassic settings: Reif, 1982;Schultze et al., 1986;Dzik et al., 2000;Oosterink et al., 2003;Heckert et al., 2005;Lehman and Chatterjee, 2005;Dzik and Sulej, 2007;Lucas et al., 2007;Bardziński et al., 2008;Diedrich, 2009;Lucas et al., 2010;Hagdorn and Mutter, 2011;Bodzioch and Kowal-Linka, 2012;Diedrich, 2012;Reolid et al., 2014;Colombi et al., 2015;Szulc et al., 2015). However, bonebeds have rarely been documented from transitional environments, such as coastal zones (excluding river deltas and estuaries), tidal flats, or sabkhas (e.g., Parrish, 1978;Schultze, 1998;Rogers et al., 2013); vertebrate footprints have been more commonly described from such environments (e.g., Hunt and Lucas, 2007;Valdiserri and Avanzini, 2007;Diedrich, 2008). ...
... Bone-bearing beds and horizons are well known from a very broad variety of terrestrial and marine environments (for instance from Triassic settings: Reif, 1982;Schultze et al., 1986;Dzik et al., 2000;Oosterink et al., 2003;Heckert et al., 2005;Lehman and Chatterjee, 2005;Dzik and Sulej, 2007;Lucas et al., 2007;Bardziński et al., 2008;Diedrich, 2009;Lucas et al., 2010;Hagdorn and Mutter, 2011;Bodzioch and Kowal-Linka, 2012;Diedrich, 2012;Reolid et al., 2014;Colombi et al., 2015;Szulc et al., 2015). However, bonebeds have rarely been documented from transitional environments, such as coastal zones (excluding river deltas and estuaries), tidal flats, or sabkhas (e.g., Parrish, 1978;Schultze, 1998;Rogers et al., 2013); vertebrate footprints have been more commonly described from such environments (e.g., Hunt and Lucas, 2007;Valdiserri and Avanzini, 2007;Diedrich, 2008). ...
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031018216306988
Three bone-bearing horizons, consisting of seven bone-bearing beds with fish and reptile remains, were recently discovered in the Uppermost Röt (Buntsandstein, Lower Triassic) peritidal and shallow marine carbonates in the vicinity of Gogolin (S Poland). The aim of this study is to recognize the genesis and depositional environments of the bonebeds. Detailed fieldwork, microfacies analysis, and SEM-EDS analysis reveal that the vertebrate remains occur to a great extent alongside evidence for former microbial activity. The reptile remains represent at least Dactylosaurus and Nothosaurus (Sauropterygia) genera, while the fish remains belong to the Chondrichthyes and Actinopterygii. The vertebrate remains were deposited in a transitional zone between the costal sabkha and the epicontinental sea. The first bone-bearing horizon originated in the most landward setting, in the uppermost intertidal zone, likely at the margins of a pond or coastal lagoon. The second bone-bearing horizon was formed in the upper intertidal zone. The vertebrate remains of the third bone-bearing horizon were accumulated in two different settings: in the lower intertidal zone (in a small palaeopond) and in the subtidal zone (in a protected back-shoal lagoon). Three bone accumulations occur within planar stromatolites, while the other bone-bearing beds reveal more indirect evidence for former microbial activity. In our opinion, the presence of the sticky microbial mats in the intertidal settings was the crucial factor that allowed the establishment of and controlled these accumulations of vertebrate remains. The soft gluey substrates trapped vertebrate remains that were transported across them. Once trapped, the vertebrate bioclasts were efficiently immobilized and thus protected against damage due to sedimentological agents. The lack of any orderly arrangement of the vertebrate bioclasts suggests that they may have been delivered to the individual mat surfaces by diverse media, from various directions, and also at different times.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00310182/466
